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Avila EK, Chamberlain M, Schiff D, Reijneveld JC, Armstrong TS, Ruda R, Wen PY, Weller M, Koekkoek JAF, Mittal S, Arakawa Y, Choucair A, Gonzalez-Martinez J, MacDonald DR, Nishikawa R, Shah A, Vecht CJ, Warren P, van den Bent MJ, DeAngelis LM. Seizure control as a new metric in assessing efficacy of tumor treatment in low-grade glioma trials. Neuro Oncol 2016; 19:12-21. [PMID: 27651472 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with low-grade glioma frequently have brain tumor-related epilepsy, which is more common than in patients with high-grade glioma. Treatment for tumor-associated epilepsy usually comprises a combination of surgery, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Response to tumor-directed treatment is measured primarily by overall survival and progression-free survival. However, seizure frequency has been observed to respond to tumor-directed treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. A review of the current literature regarding seizure assessment for low-grade glioma patients reveals a heterogeneous manner in which seizure response has been reported. There is a need for a systematic approach to seizure assessment and its influence on health-related quality-of-life outcomes in patients enrolled in low-grade glioma therapeutic trials. In view of the need to have an adjunctive metric of tumor response in these patients, a method of seizure assessment as a metric in brain tumor treatment trials is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Avila
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Marc Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Jaap C Reijneveld
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Roberta Ruda
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Johan A F Koekkoek
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Ali Choucair
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - David R MacDonald
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Aashit Shah
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Charles J Vecht
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Paula Warren
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Lisa M DeAngelis
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (E.K.A., L.M.D.); Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (M.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Neurology, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (J.C.R.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital, Torino, Italy (R.R.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/ Brigham and Women's Center, Boston, Massachusetts (P.W.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands (J.A.F.K.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of Graduate Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.A.); Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois (A.C.); Department of Epilepsy and Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.G.-M.); Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada (D.R.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (R.N.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (A.S.); Service Neurologie Mazarin, CHU Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France (C.J.V.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (P.W.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
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