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Safwat SM, Aboonq MS, El Tohamy M, Mojaddidi M, Al-Qahtani SAM, Zakari MO, ElGendy AA, Hussein AM. New Insight into the Possible Roles of L-Carnitine in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38248238 PMCID: PMC10813446 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on cuprizone (Cup) demyelinating rat model and its possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to three groups: the normal control group; the Cup group, in which Cup was administrated at a dose of 450 mg/kg per day orally via gastric gavage for 5 weeks; and the Cup + LC group, which received the same dose of Cup as the Cup group, except that the rats were treated additionally with LC 100 mg/kg/day orally for 5 weeks. The nerve conduction (NCV) in isolated sciatic nerves was measured; then, the sciatic nerves were isolated for H&E staining and electron microscope examination. The expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), IL-1β, p53, iNOS, and NF-KB by immunohistochemistry was detected in the isolated nerves. A PCR assay was also performed to detect the expression of antioxidant genes Nrf2 and HO-1. In addition, the level of IL-17 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in NCV in the Cup group compared to normal rats (p < 0.001), which was significantly improved in the LC group (p < 0.001). EM and histopathological examination revealed significant demyelination and deterioration of the sciatic nerve fibers, with significant improvement in the LC group. The level of IL-17 as well as the expression of IL-1β, p53, iNOS, and NF-KB were significantly increased, with significant reduction expression of MBP in the sciatic nerves (p < 0.01), and LC treatment significantly improved the studied parameters (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates a neuroprotective effect of LC in a Cup-induced demyelinating rat model. This effect might be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Safwat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moutasem Salih Aboonq
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Mahmoud El Tohamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moaz Mojaddidi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Saeed Awad M. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Madaniah Omar Zakari
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Ahmed A. ElGendy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Abdelaziz M. Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
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Safwat SM, El Tohamy M, Aboonq MS, Alrehaili A, Assinnari AA, Bahashwan AS, ElGendy AA, Hussein AM. Vanillic Acid Ameliorates Demyelination in a Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis Rat Model: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Brain Sci 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 38248227 PMCID: PMC10813517 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of vanillic acid (VA) on a Cuprizone (Cup) demyelinating rat model and the mechanisms behind such effect. METHODS Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Cuprizone, and VA groups. Cuprizone was administrated at a dose of 450 mg/kg per day orally via gastric gavage for 5 weeks. The nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was studied in an isolated sciatic nerve, and then the sciatic nerve was isolated for histopathological examination, electron microscope examination, immunohistochemical staining, and biochemical and PCR assay. The level of IL17 was detected using ELISA, while the antioxidant genes Nrf2, HO-1 expression at the level of mRNA, expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP), interferon-gamma factor (INF)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and apoptotic marker (caspase-3) were measured using immunohistochemistry in the sciatic nerve. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in NCV in Cup compared to normal rats (p < 0.001), which was markedly improved in the VA group (p < 0.001). EM and histopathological examination revealed significant demyelination and deterioration of the sciatic nerve fibers with significant improvement in the VA group. The level of IL17 as well as the expression of INF-γ and caspase-3 were significantly increased with a significant reduction in the expression of MBP, Nrf2, and HO-1 in the sciatic nerve (p < 0.01), and VA treatment significantly improved the studied parameters (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated a neuroprotective effect for VA against the Cup-induced demyelinating rat model. This effect might be precipitated by the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Safwat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Mahmoud El Tohamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moutasem Salih Aboonq
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Amaal Alrehaili
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Ahmad A. Assinnari
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Bahashwan
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Ahmed A. ElGendy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Abdelaziz M. Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
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Akyuz E, Doğanyiğit Z, Okan A, Yılmaz S, Uçar S, Akın AT. Immunoreactivity of Kir3.1, muscarinic receptors 2 and 3 on the brainstem, vagus nerve and heart tissue under experimental demyelination. Brain Res Bull 2023; 197:13-30. [PMID: 36967090 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Demyelination affects the propogation of neuronal action potential by slowing down the progression. This process results in a neuro-impairment like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Evidence show that MS also contributes to involvement of the autonomic system. In the molecular approach to this involvement, we aimed to observe muscarinic ACh receptor 2-3 (mAChR2-3), and inwardly rectifying potassium channel 3.1 (Kir3.1) immunoreactivities on the brainstem, vagus nerve, and heart under cuprizone model. MAIN METHODS Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 8 groups; duplicating 4 groups as male and female: control groups (n = 3 +3), Cuprizone groups (n = 12 +12), sham groups (n = 4 +4), and carboxy-methyl-cellulose groups (n = 3 +3). Cuprizone-fed rats underwent demyelination via Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining of the hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus and Cornu Ammonis) and cortex. Immunohistochemistry analysis followed to the pathologic measurement of the brainstem, vagus nerve, and heart for mAChR2, mAChR3 and Kir3.1 proteins KEY FINDINGS: A significant demyelination was observed in the hippocampus and cortex tissues of rats in the female and male cuprizone groups. Myelin basic protein immunoreactivity demonstrated that cuprizone groups, in both males and females, had down-regulation in the hippocampus and cortex areas. The weights of the cuprizone-fed rats significantly decreased over six weeks. Dilated blood vessels and neuronal degeneration were severe in the hippocampus and cortex of the cuprizone groups. In the female cuprizone group, expression of mAChR2 and mAChR2 was significantly increased in the brainstem, atrium/ventricle of heart, and left/right sections of vagus nerve. Kir3.1 channels were also up-regulated in the left vagus nerve and heart sections of the female cuprizone group SIGNIFICANCE: Especially in our data where female-based significant results were obtained reveal that demyelination may lead to significant mAChR2, mAChR3 and Kir3.1 changes in brainstem, vagus nerve, and heart. A high immunoreactive response to demyelination at cholinergic centers may be a new target.
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Ibrahim Fouad G. Sulforaphane, an Nrf-2 Agonist, Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Cuprizone-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:46-60. [PMID: 36650404 PMCID: PMC9859885 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a neurotoxic agent that is used to induce demyelination and neurotoxicity in rats. This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of sulforaphane (SF), nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf-2) activator, against CPZ-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Male adult Wistar rats (n = 18) were fed with a regular diet or a CPZ-contained diet (0.2%) for four weeks. The rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): negative control rats, CPZ-exposed rats, and CPZ + SF treated rats. SF was intraperitoneally administrated (2 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of SF were investigated biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. CPZ increased serum levels of cardiac troponin 1 (CTn1), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, serum levels of inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and pro-inflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were significantly elevated. Moreover, CPZ administration provoked oxidative stress as manifested by declined serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as, stimulated lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activities in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. SF treatment reversed all these biochemical alterations through exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and this was supported by histopathological investigations in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This SF-triggered modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation is strongly associated with Nrf-2 activation, as evidenced by activated immunoexpression in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This highlights the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities of SF via Nrf-2 activation and enhancing catalase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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Marenna S, Huang SC, Dalla Costa G, d’Isa R, Castoldi V, Rossi E, Comi G, Leocani L. Visual Evoked Potentials to Monitor Myelin Cuprizone-Induced Functional Changes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:820155. [PMID: 35495042 PMCID: PMC9051229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.820155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is one of the most accessible routes to study the central nervous system under pathological conditions, such as in multiple sclerosis (MS). Non-invasive visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to assess visual function and neuroretinal thickness in C57BL/6 taking 0.2% cuprizone for 7 weeks and at 5, 8, 12, and 15 days after returning to a normal diet. VEPs were significantly delayed starting from 4 weeks on cuprizone, with progressive recovery off cuprizone, becoming significant at day 8, complete at day 15. In contrast, OCT and neurofilament staining showed no significant axonal thinning. Optic nerve histology indicated that whilst there was significant myelin loss at 7 weeks on the cuprizone diet compared with healthy mice, at 15 days off cuprizone diet demyelination was significantly less severe. The number of Iba 1+ cells was found increased in cuprizone mice at 7 weeks on and 15 days off cuprizone. The combined use of VEPs and OCT allowed us to characterize non-invasively, in vivo, the functional and structural changes associated with demyelination and remyelination in a preclinical model of MS. This approach contributes to the non-invasive study of possible effective treatments to promote remyelination in demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marenna
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Chun Huang
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Dalla Costa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele d’Isa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Castoldi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rossi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Casa di Cura Privata del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Letizia Leocani,
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Khodaei F, Khoshnoud MJ, Heidaryfar S, Heidari R, Karimpour Baseri MH, Azarpira N, Rashedinia M. The effect of ellagic acid on spinal cord and sciatica function in a mice model of multiple sclerosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22564. [PMID: 32640490 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a well-known neurodegenerative disorder, causing toxicity in different organs, such as spinal cord tissue. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of ellagic acid (EA) against spinal cord and sciatica function in cuprizone (Cup)-induced demyelination model. Animals were divided into six equal groups. The first group received tap water as the control. Cup group was treated with Cup (0.2% w/w in fed). EA 100 group was orally treated with EA (100 mg/kg). EA + Cup groups were orally treated with three doses of 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg of EA plus Cup (0.2% w/w). All groups received treatment for 42 days. Open field, rotarod, and gait tests were done to evaluate the behavioral changes following Cup and/or EA treatment. Also, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase enzymes activity in spinal cord was evaluated. Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining also the behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the model. Cup increased ROS levels and oxidative stress in their spinal cord tissues. Also, Cup reduced antioxidant capacity, SOD, and catalase activity. EA (especially at 100 mg/kg) prevented these abnormal changes. EA co-treatment dose-dependently was able to ameliorate behavioral impairments in mice that received Cup. EA might act as a protective agent in MS by modulating spinal cord function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Mohammad Javad Khoshnoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Food and Supplements Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Heidaryfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Karimpour Baseri
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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