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Johansson Y, Andreassen M, Hartsch M, Wagner S, Forsby A. Attenuated neuronal differentiation caused by acrylamide is not related to oxidative stress in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114623. [PMID: 38554842 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a known neurotoxicant and developmental neurotoxicant. As a soft electrophile, ACR reacts with thiol groups in cysteine. One hypothesis of ACR induced neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is conjugation with reduced glutathione (GSH) leading to GSH depletion, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and further oxidative stress and cellular damage. In this regard, we have investigated the effect of ACR on neuronal differentiation, glutathione levels and ROS production in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell model. After 9 days of differentiation and exposure, ACR significantly impaired area neurites per cell at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.33 μM and 10 μM). Furthermore, 10 μM ACR dysregulated 9 mRNA markers important for neuronal development, 5 of them being associated with cytoskeleton organization and axonal guidance. At the non-cytotoxic concentrations that significantly attenuate neuronal differentiation, ACR did neither decrease the level of GSH or total glutathione levels, nor increased ROS production. In addition, the expression of 5 mRNA markers for cellular stress was assessed with no significant altered regulation after ACR exposure up to 320 μM. Thus, ACR-induced DNT is not due to GSH depletion and increased ROS production, neither at non-cytotoxic nor cytotoxic concentrations, in the SH-SH5Y model during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Johansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mathilda Andreassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muriel Hartsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stella Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Taurine Promotes Differentiation and Maturation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Subventricular Zone via Activation of GABA A Receptors. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2206-2219. [PMID: 36862323 PMCID: PMC10181976 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons in the brain, occurs throughout the lifespan in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles of the mammal brain. In this process, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its ionotropic receptor, the GABAA receptor (GABAAR), play a critical role in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration process of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPC). Taurine, a non-essential amino acid widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, increases the proliferation of SVZ progenitor cells by a mechanism that may involve GABAAR activation. Therefore, we characterized the effects of taurine on the differentiation process of NPC expressing GABAAR. Preincubation of NPC-SVZ with taurine increased microtubule-stabilizing proteins assessed with the doublecortin assay. Taurine, like GABA, stimulated a neuronal-like morphology of NPC-SVZ and increased the number and length of primary, secondary, and tertiary neurites compared with control NPC of the SVZ. Furthermore, neurite outgrowth was prevented when simultaneously incubating cells with taurine or GABA and the GABAAR blocker, picrotoxin. Patch-clamp recordings revealed a series of modifications in the NPCs' passive and active electrophysiological properties exposed to taurine, including regenerative spikes with kinetic properties similar to the action potentials of functional neurons.
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Cervetto C, Pistollato F, Amato S, Mendoza-de Gyves E, Bal-Price A, Maura G, Marcoli M. Assessment of neurotransmitter release in human iPSC-derived neuronal/glial cells: a missing in vitro assay for regulatory developmental neurotoxicity testing. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 117:108358. [PMID: 36863571 PMCID: PMC10112275 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and their differentiated neuronal/glial derivatives have been recently considered suitable to assess in vitro developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) triggered by exposure to environmental chemicals. The use of human-relevant test systems combined with in vitro assays specific for different neurodevelopmental events, enables a mechanistic understanding of the possible impact of environmental chemicals on the developing brain, avoiding extrapolation uncertainties associated with in vivo studies. Currently proposed in vitro battery for regulatory DNT testing accounts for several assays suitable to study key neurodevelopmental processes, including NSC proliferation and apoptosis, differentiation into neurons and glia, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neuronal network formation. However, assays suitable to measure interference of compounds with neurotransmitter release or clearance are at present not included, which represents a clear gap of the biological applicability domain of such a testing battery. Here we applied a HPLC-based methodology to measure the release of neurotransmitters in a previously characterized hiPSC-derived NSC model undergoing differentiation towards neurons and glia. Glutamate release was assessed in control cultures and upon depolarization, as well as in cultures repeatedly exposed to some known neurotoxicants (BDE47 and lead) and chemical mixtures. Obtained data indicate that these cells have the ability to release glutamate in a vesicular manner, and that both glutamate clearance and vesicular release concur in the maintenance of extracellular glutamate levels. In conclusion, analysis of neurotransmitter release is a sensitive readout that should be included in the envisioned battery of in vitro assays for DNT testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Centro 3R, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, JRC, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Centro 3R, Pisa, Italy.
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Alfonsi C, Stephan-Otto C, Cortès-Saladelafont E, Palacios NJ, Podzamczer-Valls I, Cruz NG, Jiménez MRD, Micó SI, Vila MT, Jeltsch K, Hübschmann OK, Opladen T, Fragua RV, Gómez T, Fortuny OA, Jiménez IG, Laso EL, Martínez AR, López JM, Garcia-Cazorla À. Volumetric study of brain MRI in a cohort of patients with neurotransmitter disorders. Neuroradiology 2022; 64:2179-2190. [PMID: 35662359 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-02989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inborn errors of neurotransmitters are rare monogenic diseases. In general, conventional neuroimaging is not useful for diagnosis. Nevertheless, advanced neuroimaging techniques could provide novel diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers. We aim to describe cerebral volumetric findings in a group of Spanish patients with neurotransmitter disorders. METHODS Fifteen 3D T1-weighted brain images from the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter related Disorders Spanish cohort were assessed (eight with monoamine and seven with amino acid disorders). Volumes of cortical and subcortical brain structures were obtained for each patient and then compared with those of two healthy individuals matched by sex and age. RESULTS Regardless of the underlying disease, patients showed a smaller total cerebral tissue volume, which was apparently associated with clinical severity. A characteristic volumetric deficit pattern, including the right Heschl gyrus and the bilateral occipital gyrus, was identified. In severe cases, a distinctive pattern comprised the middle and posterior portions of the right cingulate, the left superior motor area and the cerebellum. In succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, volumetric affection seems to worsen over life. CONCLUSION Despite the heterogeneity and limited size of our cohort, we found novel and relevant data. Total volume deficit appears to be a marker of severity, regardless of the specific neurotransmitter disease and irrespective of the information obtained from conventional neuroimaging. Volumetric assessment of individual brain structures could provide a deeper knowledge about pathophysiology, disease severity and specific clinical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alfonsi
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, and MetabERN, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan De Deu Nº 2, 08950, Esplugues De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli n.108, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Stephan-Otto
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Pg Sant Joan De Deu Nº 2, 08950, Esplugues De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisenda Cortès-Saladelafont
- Unit of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Neuropediatrics, Hospital German Trias I Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaza Cívica, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Juliá Palacios
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, and MetabERN, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan De Deu Nº 2, 08950, Esplugues De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Podzamczer-Valls
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaza Cívica, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Carrer de Sant Antoni Maria Claret n. 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Gutiérrez Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Av. de Orellana s/n, 28911, Leganés, Spain
| | - María Rosario Domingo Jiménez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Ibáñez Micó
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Tomás Vila
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Fe, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell n.106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg and MetabERN, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oya Kuseyri Hübschmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg and MetabERN, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg and MetabERN, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramón Velázquez Fragua
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital La Paz, C. de Pedro Rico n. 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gómez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General de Granollers, Carrer de Francesc Ribas s/n, 08402, Granollers, Spain
| | - Oscar Alcoverro Fortuny
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General de Granollers, Carrer de Francesc Ribas s/n, 08402, Granollers, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García Jiménez
- Metabolic Disorders Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, P.º Isabel La Católica, 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Eduardo López Laso
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Reina Sofía, IMIBIC, Av. Menendez Pidal S/N, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro n. 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Roche Martínez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Parc Tauli, Parc Taulí n. 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jordi Muchart López
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Pg Sant Joan De Deu Nº 2, 08950, Esplugues De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Garcia-Cazorla
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, and MetabERN, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan De Deu Nº 2, 08950, Esplugues De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro n. 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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D’Alessandro G, Lauro C, Quaglio D, Ghirga F, Botta B, Trettel F, Limatola C. Neuro-Signals from Gut Microbiota: Perspectives for Brain Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2810. [PMID: 34199968 PMCID: PMC8200200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma tumor in adult brain. Among the numerous factors responsible for GBM cell proliferation and invasion, neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and glutamate can play key roles. Studies performed in mice housed in germ-free (GF) conditions demonstrated the relevance of the gut-brain axis in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The gut-brain communication is made possible by vagal/nervous and blood/lymphatic routes and pave the way for reciprocal modulation of functions. The gut microbiota produces and consumes a wide range of molecules, including neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], and glutamate) that reach their cellular targets through the bloodstream. Growing evidence in animals suggests that modulation of these neurotransmitters by the microbiota impacts host neurophysiology and behavior, and affects neural cell progenitors and glial cells, along with having effects on tumor cell growth. In this review we propose a new perspective connecting neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota to glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Xing L, Huttner WB. Neurotransmitters as Modulators of Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation During Mammalian Neocortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:391. [PMID: 32528958 PMCID: PMC7264395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) play a central role during the development and evolution of the mammalian neocortex. Precise temporal and spatial control of NPC proliferation by a concert of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors is essential for the correct formation and proper function of the neocortex. In this review, we focus on the regulation of NPC proliferation by neurotransmitters, which act as a group of cell-extrinsic factors during mammalian neocortex development. We first summarize, from both in vivo and in vitro studies, our current knowledge on how γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and serotonin modulate NPC proliferation in the developing neocortex and the potential involvements of different receptors in the underlying mechanisms. Another focus of this review is to discuss future perspectives using conditionally gene-modified mice and human brain organoids as model systems to further our understanding on the contribution of neurotransmitters to the development of a normal neocortex, as well as how dysregulated neurotransmitter signaling leads to developmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Dihydromyricetin prevents fetal alcohol exposure-induced behavioral and physiological deficits: the roles of GABAA receptors in adolescence. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1147-61. [PMID: 24676702 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) can lead to a variety of behavioral and physiological disturbances later in life. Understanding how alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) affects fetal brain development is essential to guide the development of better therapeutics for FAE. One of EtOH's many pharmacological targets is the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR), which plays a prominent role in early brain development. Acute EtOH potentiates inhibitory currents carried by certain GABAAR subtypes, whereas chronic EtOH leads to persistent alterations in GABAAR subunit composition, localization and function. We recently introduced a flavonoid compound, dihydromyricetin (DHM), which selectively antagonizes EtOH's intoxicating effects in vivo and in vitro at enhancing GABAAR function as a candidate for alcohol abuse pharmacotherapy. Here, we studied the effect of FAE on physiology, behavior and GABAAR function of early adolescent rats and tested the utility of DHM as a preventative treatment for FAE-induced disturbances. Gavage administration of EtOH (1.5, 2.5, or 5.0 g/kg) to rat dams on day 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 of pregnancy dose-dependently reduced female/male offspring ratios (largely through decreased numbers of female offspring) and offspring body weights. FAE (2.5 g/kg) rats tested on postnatal days (P) 25-32 also exhibited increased anxiety and reduced pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure threshold. Patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells (DGCs) in hippocampal slices from FAE (2.5 g/kg) rats at P25-35 revealed reduced sensitivity of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and tonic current (Itonic) to potentiation by zolpidem (0.3 μM). Interestingly, potentiation of mIPSCs by gaboxadol increased, while potentiation of Itonic decreased in DGCs from FAE rats. Co-administration of EtOH (1.5 or 2.5 g/kg) with DHM (1.0 mg/kg) in pregnant dams prevented all of the behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological alterations observed in FAE offspring. DHM administration alone in pregnant rats had no adverse effect on litter size, progeny weight, anxiety level, PTZ seizure threshold, or DGC GABAAR function. Our results indicate that FAE induces long-lasting alterations in physiology, behavior, and hippocampal GABAAR function and that these deficits are prevented by DHM co-treatment of EtOH-exposed dams. The absence of adverse side effects and the ability of DHM to prevent FAE consequences suggest that DHM is an attractive candidate for development as a treatment for prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Stanslowsky N, Haase A, Martin U, Naujock M, Leffler A, Dengler R, Wegner F. Functional differentiation of midbrain neurons from human cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:35. [PMID: 24636737 PMCID: PMC4055096 DOI: 10.1186/scrt423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer great promise for regenerative therapies or in vitro modelling of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Currently, widely used cell sources for the generation of hiPSCs are somatic cells obtained from aged individuals. However, a critical issue concerning the potential clinical use of these iPSCs is mutations that accumulate over lifetime and are transferred onto iPSCs during reprogramming which may influence the functionality of cells differentiated from them. The aim of our study was to establish a differentiation strategy to efficiently generate neurons including dopaminergic cells from human cord blood-derived iPSCs (hCBiPSCs) as a juvenescent cell source and prove their functional maturation in vitro. Methods The differentiation of hCBiPSCs was initiated by inhibition of transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling using the small molecules dorsomorphin and SB 431542 before final maturation was carried out. hCBiPSCs and differentiated neurons were characterized by immunocytochemistry and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Since functional investigations of hCBiPSC-derived neurons are indispensable prior to clinical applications, we performed detailed analysis of essential ion channel properties using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging. Results A Sox1 and Pax6 positive neuronal progenitor cell population was efficiently induced from hCBiPSCs using a newly established differentiation protocol. Neuronal progenitor cells could be further maturated into dopaminergic neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, the dopamine transporter and engrailed 1. Differentiated hCBiPSCs exhibited voltage-gated ion currents, were able to fire action potentials and displayed synaptic activity indicating synapse formation. Application of the neurotransmitters GABA, glutamate and acetylcholine induced depolarizing calcium signal changes in neuronal cells providing evidence for the excitatory effects of these ligand-gated ion channels during maturation in vitro. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that hCBiPSCs can be used as a juvenescent cell source to generate a large number of functional neurons including dopaminergic cells which may serve for the development of novel regenerative treatment strategies.
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Giachino C, Barz M, Tchorz JS, Tome M, Gassmann M, Bischofberger J, Bettler B, Taylor V. GABA suppresses neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus through GABAB receptors. Development 2013; 141:83-90. [PMID: 24284211 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is tightly regulated through the interaction of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) with their niche. Neurotransmitters, including GABA activation of GABAA receptor ion channels, are important niche signals. We show that adult mouse hippocampal NSCs and their progeny express metabotropic GABAB receptors. Pharmacological inhibition of GABAB receptors stimulated NSC proliferation and genetic deletion of GABAB1 receptor subunits increased NSC proliferation and differentiation of neuroblasts in vivo. Cell-specific conditional deletion of GABAB receptors supports a cell-autonomous role in newly generated cells. Our data indicate that signaling through GABAB receptors is an inhibitor of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Giachino
- Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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GABA(A) receptor agonist and antagonist alter vestibular compensation and different steps of reactive neurogenesis in deafferented vestibular nuclei of adult cats. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15555-66. [PMID: 24068822 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5691-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong reactive cell proliferation occurs in the vestibular nuclei after unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN). Most of the newborn cells survive, differentiate into glial cells and neurons with GABAergic phenotype, and have been reported to contribute to recovery of the posturo-locomotor functions in adult cats. Because the GABAergic system modulates vestibular function recovery and the different steps of neurogenesis in mammals, we aimed to examine in our UVN animal model the effect of chronic infusion of GABA(A) receptor (R) agonist and antagonist in the vestibular nuclei. After UVN and one-month intracerebroventricular infusions of saline, GABA(A)R agonist (muscimol) or antagonist (gabazine), cell proliferation and differentiation into astrocytes, microglial cells, and neurons were revealed using immunohistochemical methods. We also determined the effects of these drug infusions on the recovery of posturo-locomotor and oculomotor functions through behavioral tests. Our results showed that surprisingly, one month after UVN, newborn cells did not survive in the UVN-muscimol group whereas the number of GABAergic pre-existent neurons increased, and the long-term behavioral recovery of the animals was drastically impaired. Conversely, a significant number of newborn cells survived up to 1 month in the UVN-gabazine group whereas the astroglial population increased, and these animals showed the fastest recovery in behavioral functions. This study reports for the first time that GABA plays multiple roles, ranging from beneficial to detrimental on the different steps of a functional postlesion neurogenesis and further, strongly influences the time course of vestibular function recovery.
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Ramírez M, Hernández-Montoya J, Sánchez-Serrano S, Ordaz B, Ferraro S, Quintero H, Peña-Ortega F, Lamas M. GABA-mediated induction of early neuronal markers expression in postnatal rat progenitor cells in culture. Neuroscience 2012; 224:210-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cesetti T, Fila T, Obernier K, Bengtson CP, Li Y, Mandl C, Hölzl-Wenig G, Ciccolini F. GABAA receptor signaling induces osmotic swelling and cell cycle activation of neonatal prominin+ precursors. Stem Cells 2011; 29:307-19. [PMID: 21732488 DOI: 10.1002/stem.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Signal-regulated changes in cell size affect cell division and survival and therefore are central to tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. In this respect, GABA receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are of particular interest because allowing anions flow across the cell membrane modulates the osmolyte flux and the cell volume. Therefore, we have here investigated the hypothesis that GABA may regulate neural stem cell proliferation by inducing cell size changes. We found that, besides neuroblasts, also neural precursors in the neonatal murine subependymal zone sense GABA via GABA(A) Rs. However, unlike in neuroblasts, where it induced depolarization-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) increase, GABA(A) Rs activation in precursors caused hyperpolarization. This resulted in osmotic swelling and increased surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Furthermore, activation of GABA(A) Rs signaling in vitro in the presence of EGF modified the expression of the cell cycle regulators, phosphatase and tensin homolog and cyclin D1, increasing the pool of cycling precursors without modifying cell cycle length. A similar effect was observed on treatment with diazepam. We also demonstrate that GABA and diazepam responsive precursors represent prominin(+) stem cells. Finally, we show that as in in vitro also in in vivo a short administration of diazepam promotes EGFR expression in prominin(+) stem cells causing activation and cell cycle entry. Thus, our data indicate that endogenous GABA is a part of a regulatory mechanism of size and cell cycle entry of neonatal stem cells. Our results also have potential implications for the therapeutic practices that involve exposure to GABA(A) Rs modulators during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cesetti
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Kaeser GE, Rabe BA, Saha MS. Cloning and characterization of GABAA α subunits and GABAB subunits in Xenopus laevis during development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:862-73. [PMID: 21384470 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult nervous system, acts via two classes of receptors, the ionotropic GABA(A) and metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. During the development of the nervous system, GABA acts in a depolarizing, excitatory manner and plays an important role in various neural developmental processes including cell proliferation, migration, synapse formation, and activity-dependent differentiation. Here we describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors during early development of Xenopus laevis. Using in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR, GABA(A) α2 was detected as a maternal mRNA. All other α-subunits were first detected by tailbud through hatching stages. Expression of the various subunits was seen in the brain, spinal cord, cranial ganglia, olfactory epithelium, pineal, and pituitary gland. Each receptor subunit showed a distinctive, unique expression pattern, suggesting these receptors have specific functions and are regulated in a precise spatial and temporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn E Kaeser
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Integrated Science Center, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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14
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Callihan P, Mumaw J, Machacek DW, Stice SL, Hooks SB. Regulation of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation by G protein coupled receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:290-306. [PMID: 21073897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics have the potential to effectively treat many terminal and debilitating human diseases, but the mechanisms by which their growth and differentiation are regulated are incompletely defined. Recent data from multiple systems suggest major roles for G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways in regulating stem cell function in vivo and in vitro. The goal of this review is to illustrate common ground between the growing field of stem cell therapeutics and the long-established field of G protein coupled receptor signaling. Herein, we briefly introduce basic stem cell biology and discuss how several conserved pathways regulate pluripotency and differentiation in mouse and human stem cells. We further discuss general mechanisms by which GPCR signaling may impact these pluripotency and differentiation pathways, and summarize specific examples of receptors from each of the major GPCR subfamilies that have been shown to regulate stem cell function. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic implications of GPCR regulation of stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Callihan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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15
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Ferrari MFR, Reis EM, Matsumoto JPP, Fior-Chadi DR. Gene expression profiling of cultured cells from brainstem of newborn spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:287-308. [PMID: 18949554 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a good model to study several diseases such as the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, cardiopulmonary impairment, nephropathy, as well as hypertension, which is a multifactor disease that possibly involves alterations in gene expression in hypertensive relative to normotensive subjects. In this study, we used high-density oligoarrays to compare gene expression profiles in cultured neurons and glia from brainstem of newborn normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats. We found 376 genes differentially expressed between SHR and WKY brainstem cells that preferentially map to 17 metabolic/signaling pathways. Some of the pathways and regulated genes identified herein are obviously related to cardiovascular regulation; in addition there are several genes differentially expressed in SHR not yet associated to hypertension, which may be attributed to other differences between SHR and WKY strains. This constitute a rich resource for the identification and characterization of novel genes associated to phenotypic differences observed in SHR relative to WKY, including hypertension. In conclusion, this study describes for the first time the gene profiling pattern of brainstem cells from SHR and WKY rats, which opens up new possibilities and strategies of investigation and possible therapeutics to hypertension, as well as for the understanding of the brain contribution to phenotypic differences between SHR and WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merari F R Ferrari
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n.321 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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16
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Wegner F, Kraft R, Busse K, Härtig W, Schaarschmidt G, Schwarz SC, Schwarz J, Hevers W. Functional and molecular analysis of GABA receptors in human midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1056-69. [PMID: 18796004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GABA(A) receptor function is involved in regulating proliferation, migration, and differentiation of rodent neural progenitor cells (NPCs). However, little is known about the molecular composition and functional relevance of GABA(A) receptors in human neural progenitors. Here, we investigated human fetal midbrain-derived NPCs in respect to their GABA(A) receptor function and subunit expression using electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and quantitative real-time PCR. Whole-cell recordings of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels demonstrate the ability of NPCs to generate action potentials and to express functional GABA(A) receptors after differentiation for 3 weeks in vitro. Pharmacological and molecular characterizations indicate a predominance of GABA(A) receptor heteromers containing subunits alpha2, beta1, and/or beta3, and gamma. Intracellular Ca(2+) measurements and the expression profile of the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter 1 and the K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter 2 in differentiated NPCs suggest that GABA evokes depolarizations mediated by GABA(A) receptors. These data indicate that NPCs derived from human fetal midbrain tissue acquire essential GABA(A) receptor properties during neuronal maturation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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