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Cassinotti L, Guil M, Bianciotti L, Vatta M. Role of Brain Endothelin Receptor Type B (ET B) in the Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Olfactory Bulb of DOCA-Salt Hypertensive Rats. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023; 21:246-256. [PMID: 37349999 DOI: 10.2174/1570161121666230622121956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that endothelins (ETs) regulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and expression in the olfactory bulb (OB) of normotensive and hypertensive animals. Applying an ET receptor type A (ETA) antagonist to the brain suggested that endogenous ETs bind to ET receptor type B (ETB) to elicit effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to evaluate the role of central ETB stimulation on the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and the catecholaminergic system in the OB of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. METHODS DOCA-salt hypertensive rats were infused for 7 days with cerebrospinal fluid or IRL-1620 (ETB receptor agonist) through a cannula placed in the lateral brain ventricle. Systolic BP (SBP) and heart rate were recorded by plethysmography. The expression of TH and its phosphorylated forms in the OB were determined by immunoblotting, TH activity by a radioenzymatic assay, and TH mRNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Chronic administration of IRL-1620 decreased SBP in hypertensive rats but not in normotensive animals. Furthermore, the blockade of ETB receptors also decreased TH-mRNA in DOCA-salt rats, but it did not modify TH activity or protein expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that brain ETs through the activation of ETB receptors contribute to SBP regulation in DOCA-salt hypertension. However, the catecholaminergic system in the OB does not appear to be conclusively involved although mRNA TH was reduced. Present and previous findings suggest that in this salt-sensitive animal model of hypertension, the OB contributes to chronic BP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cassinotti
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Guil
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bianciotti
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Vatta
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Endothelin System and Ischemia-Induced Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101627. [PMID: 36295062 PMCID: PMC9605000 DOI: 10.3390/life12101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the contemporary treatment of acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmic complications occurring prior to medical attendance remain significant, mandating in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Sympathetic activation has long been known to play a key role in the pathophysiology of ischemia-induced arrhythmias, but the regulating factors remain under investigation. Several lines of evidence implicate the endothelin system (a family of three isopeptides and two specific receptors) as an important modulator of sympathetic activation in the setting of acute coronary syndromes. Such interaction is present in the heart and in the adrenal medulla, whereas less is known on the effects of the endothelin system on the central autonomic network. This article summarizes the current state-of-the-art, placing emphasis on early-phase arrhythmogenesis, and highlights potential areas of future research.
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Central endothelin ET B receptor activation reduces blood pressure and catecholaminergic activity in the olfactory bulb of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173543. [PMID: 32896551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelins regulate catecholaminergic activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Administration of an endothelin ETA receptor antagonist decreases blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) rats along with a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and expression. In the present work, we sought to establish the role of brain endothelin ETB receptor on blood pressure regulation and its relationship with the catecholaminergic system within the OB of DOCA-Salt rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and DOCA-Salt groups. Blood pressure, heart rate and TH activity as well as neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression were assessed following IRL-1620 (selective endothelin ETB receptor agonist) applied to be brain. IRL-1620 significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure in DOCA-Salt hypertensive rats. It also decreased TH activity, TH total and phosphorylated forms expression as well as its mRNA in the OB of hypertensive animals. The expression of phospho-Ser1417-nNOS, which reflects nNOS activation, was significantly decreased in the of OB of DOCA-salt rats, but it was enhanced by IRL-1620. These findings suggest that DOCA-Salt hypertension depends on endogenous central endothelin ETA receptor activity, rather than on ETB, and that low endothelin ETB stimulation is essential for blood pressure elevation in this animal model. The effect of endothelin ETA receptor antagonism may also result from endothelin ETB receptor overstimulation. The present study shows that endothelin receptors are involved in the regulation of TH in the OB and that such changes are likely implicated in the hemodynamic control and sympathetic outflow.
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Lekkas P, Kontonika M, Georgiou ES, La Rocca V, Mouchtouri ET, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kolettis TM. Endothelin receptors in the brain modulate autonomic responses and arrhythmogenesis during acute myocardial infarction in rats. Life Sci 2019; 239:117062. [PMID: 31734261 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelin has been implicated in various processes in the brain, including the modulation of sympathetic responses. The present study examined the pathophysiologic role of brain endothelin-receptors in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, characterized by high incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. MAIN METHODS We investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of antagonists of endothelin-receptors ETA, ETB, or both, during a 24 h-observation period post-coronary ligation in (n = 70) rats. Continuous recording was performed via implanted telemetry transmitters, followed by arrhythmia-analysis and calculation of autonomic indices derived from heart rate variability. The regional myocardial electrophysiologic properties were assessed by monophasic action potentials and multi-electrode recordings. KEY FINDINGS Sympathetic-activity was decreased and vagal-activity was enhanced after intracerebroventricular ETA-receptor blockade, thus attenuating regional myocardial repolarization inhomogeneity. As a result, the incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias was markedly lower in this group. Such effects were also observed after intracerebroventricular blockade of ETB-, or both, ETA- and ETB-receptors, although to a lesser extent. SIGNIFICANCE ETA-receptors in the brain modulate sympathetic and vagal responses and alter arrhythmogenesis during evolving myocardial necrosis in rats. These findings provide insights into arrhythmogenic mechanisms during acute myocardial infarction and call for further investigation on the role of endothelin in the central autonomic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Lekkas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Ioannina and Athens, Greece; Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Eleni-Taxiarchia Mouchtouri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Ioannina and Athens, Greece; Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theofilos M Kolettis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Ioannina and Athens, Greece; Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece.
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Chronic Blockade of Brain Endothelin Receptor Type-A (ET A) Reduces Blood Pressure and Prevents Catecholaminergic Overactivity in the Right Olfactory Bulb of DOCA-Salt Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030660. [PMID: 29495426 PMCID: PMC5877521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and central endothelins (ETs) are involved in the development of hypertension. Besides the well-known brain structures involved in the regulation of blood pressure like the hypothalamus or locus coeruleus, evidence suggests that the olfactory bulb (OB) also modulates cardiovascular function. In the present study, we evaluated the interaction between the endothelinergic and catecholaminergic systems in the OB of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Following brain ET receptor type A (ETA) blockade by BQ610 (selective antagonist), transcriptional, traductional, and post-traductional changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were assessed in the OB of normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Time course variations in systolic blood pressure and heart rate were also registered. Results showed that ETA blockade dose dependently reduced blood pressure in hypertensive rats, but it did not change heart rate. It also prevented the increase in TH activity and expression (mRNA and protein) in the right OB of hypertensive animals. However, ETA blockade did not affect hemodynamics or TH in normotensive animals. Present results support that brain ETA are not involved in blood pressure regulation in normal rats, but they significantly contribute to chronic blood pressure elevation in hypertensive animals. Changes in TH activity and expression were observed in the right but not in the left OB, supporting functional asymmetry, in line with previous studies regarding cardiovascular regulation. Present findings provide further evidence on the role of ETs in the regulation of catecholaminergic activity and the contribution of the right OB to DOCA-salt hypertension.
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Wang Y, Sung CC, Chung KKK. Novel enhancement mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylase enzymatic activity by nitric oxide through S-nitrosylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44154. [PMID: 28287127 PMCID: PMC5347018 DOI: 10.1038/srep44154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting step enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. Catecholamines function both as hormone and neurotransmitters in the peripheral and central nervous systems, therefore TH’s expression and enzymatic activity is tightly regulated by various mechanisms. Several post-translational modifications have been shown to regulate TH’s enzymatic activity such as phosphorylation, nitration and S-glutathionylation. While phosphorylation at N-terminal of TH can activate its enzymatic activity, nitration and S-glutathionylation can inactivate TH. In this study, we found that TH can also be S-nitrosylated by nitric oxide (NO). S-nitrosylation is a reversible modification of cysteine (cys) residue in protein and is known to be an emerging signaling mechanism mediated by NO. We found that TH can be S-nitrosylated at cys 279 and TH S-nitrosylation enhances its enzymatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a novel mechanism of how NO can modulate TH’s enzymatic activity through S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Chau Sung
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenny K K Chung
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Sriram K, Jefferson AM, Lin GX, Afshari A, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Meighan TG, McKinney W, Jackson M, Cumpston A, Cumpston JL, Leonard HD, Frazer DG, Antonini JM. Neurotoxicity following acute inhalation of aerosols generated during resistance spot weld-bonding of carbon steel. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:720-32. [PMID: 25265048 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.954654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Welding generates complex metal aerosols, inhalation of which is linked to adverse health effects among welders. An important health concern of welding fume (WF) exposure is neurological dysfunction akin to Parkinson's disease (PD). Some applications in manufacturing industry employ a variant welding technology known as "weld-bonding" that utilizes resistance spot welding, in combination with adhesives, for metal-to-metal welding. The presence of adhesives raises additional concerns about worker exposure to potentially toxic components like Methyl Methacrylate, Bisphenol A and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we investigated the potential neurotoxicological effects of exposure to welding aerosols generated during weld-bonding. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed (25 mg/m³ targeted concentration; 4 h/day × 13 days) by whole-body inhalation to filtered air or aerosols generated by either weld-bonding with sparking (high metal, low VOCs; HM) or without sparking (low metal; high VOCs; LM). Fumes generated under these conditions exhibited complex aerosols that contained both metal oxide particulates and VOCs. LM aerosols contained a greater fraction of VOCs than HM, which comprised largely metal particulates of ultrafine morphology. Short-term exposure to LM aerosols caused distinct changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), in various brain areas examined. LM aerosols also specifically decreased the mRNA expression of the olfactory marker protein (Omp) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) in the olfactory bulb. Consistent with the decrease in Th, LM also reduced the expression of dopamine transporter (Slc6a3; Dat), as well as, dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) in the olfactory bulb. In contrast, HM aerosols induced the expression of Th and dopamine D5 receptor (Drd5) mRNAs, elicited neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier-related changes in the olfactory bulb, but did not alter the expression of Omp. Our findings divulge the differential effects of LM and HM aerosols in the brain and suggest that exposure to weld-bonding aerosols can potentially elicit neurotoxicity following a short-term exposure. However, further investigations are warranted to determine if the aerosols generated by weld-bonding can contribute to persistent long-term neurological deficits and/or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sriram
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, WV , USA
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Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG, Guil MJ, Hope SI. Regulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter by Endothelins. HORMONES AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2015; 98:371-405. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Le Bourhis M, Rimbaud S, Grebert D, Congar P, Meunier N. Endothelin uncouples gap junctions in sustentacular cells and olfactory ensheathing cells of the olfactory mucosa. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2878-87. [PMID: 24995882 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several factors modulate the first step of odour detection in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Among others, vasoactive peptides such as endothelin might play multifaceted roles in the different OM cells. Like their counterparts in the central nervous system, the olfactory sensory neurons are encompassed by different glial-like non-neuronal OM cells; sustentacular cells (SCs) surround their cell bodies, whereas olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) wrap their axons. Whereas SCs maintain both the structural and ionic integrity of the OM, OECs assure protection, local blood flow control and guiding of olfactory sensory neuron axons toward the olfactory bulb. We previously showed that these non-neuronal OM cells are particularly responsive to endothelin in vitro. Here, we confirmed that the endothelin system is strongly expressed in the OM using in situ hybridization. We then further explored the effects of endothelin on SCs and OECs using electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging approaches on both in vitro and ex vivo OM preparations. Endothelin induced both robust calcium signals and gap junction uncoupling in both types of cells. This latter effect was mimicked by carbenoxolone, a known gap junction uncoupling agent. However, although endothelin is known for its antiapoptotic effect in the OM, the uncoupling of gap junctions by carbenoxolone was not sufficient to limit the cellular death induced by serum deprivation in OM primary culture. The functional consequence of the endothelin 1-induced reduction of the gap junctional communication between OM non-neuronal cells thus remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Le Bourhis
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Evry, France; Domaine de Vilvert, INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Biologie de l'Olfaction et Biosenseurs, Jouy en Josas, France; Neuro-Sud, IFR 144, Paris, France
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Nabhen SL, Guil MJ, Saffioti N, Morales VP, Bianciotti LG, Vatta MS. Calcium-dependent mechanisms involved in the modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by endothelins in the olfactory bulb of normotensive rats. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:389-98. [PMID: 23357475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelins (ETs) are widely expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB) and other brain areas where they function as neuropeptides. In a previous study we reported that in the OB ET-1 and ET-3 participate in the long-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the key enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. ETs stimulate TH activity by increasing total and phosphorylated enzyme levels as well as its mRNA. ET-1 response is mediated by a super high affinity ETA receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) activation whereas that of ET-3 through an atypical receptor coupled not only to these signaling pathways but also to phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C pathway. Given the participation of PLC and CaMKII in the regulation of TH by ETs in the OB we sought to establish the contribution of calcium to ETs response. Present findings show that calcium released from ryanodine-sensitive channels and extracellular calcium were necessary to stimulate TH by ETs through CaMK-II. On the other hand, intracellular calcium released by the endoplasmic reticulum partially mediated ETs-evoked increase in TH mRNA but calcium influx and CaMK-II inhibition abolished the response. However calcium mechanisms were not involved in ETs-evoked increase in TH protein content. Present findings support that different sources of calcium contribute to the long-term modulation of TH activity and expression mediated by ETs in the rat OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Nabhen
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IQUIMEFA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dermitzaki E, Tsatsanis C, Gravanis A, Margioris AN. The calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathway mediates the effect of corticotropin releasing factor and urocortins on catecholamine synthesis. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1861-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nabhen SL, Morales VP, Guil MJ, Höcht C, Bianciotti LG, Vatta MS. Mechanisms involved in the long-term modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by endothelins in the olfactory bulb of normotensive rats. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:196-205. [PMID: 21129429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbs play a relevant role in the interaction between the animal and its environment. The existence of endothelin-1 and -3 in the rat olfactory bulbs suggests their role in the control of diverse functions regulated at this level. Tyrosine hydroxylase, a crucial enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is tightly regulated by short- and long-term mechanisms. We have previously reported that in the olfactory bulbs endothelins participate in the short-term tyrosine hydroxylase regulation involving complex mechanisms. In the present work we studied the effect of long-term stimulation by endothelins on tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat olfactory bulbs. Our findings show that endothelin-1 and -3 modulated catecholaminergic transmission by increasing enzymatic activity. However, these peptides acted through different receptors and intracellular pathways. Endothelin-1 enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity through a super high affinity ET(A) receptor and cAMP/PKA and CaMK-II pathways, whereas, endothelin-3 through a super high affinity atypical receptor coupled to cAMP/PKA, PLC/PKC and CaMK-II pathways. Endothelins also increased tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and the enzyme total level as well as the phosphorylation of Ser 19, 31 and 40 sites. Furthermore, both peptides stimulated dopamine turnover and reduced its endogenous content. These findings support that endothelins are involved in the long-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, leading to an increase in the catecholaminergic activity which might be implicated in the development and/or maintenance of diverse pathologies involving the olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Nabhen
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IQUIMEFA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Endothelin-1 as a neuropeptide: neurotransmitter or neurovascular effects? J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 4:51-62. [PMID: 19847673 PMCID: PMC2821480 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endothelium-derived peptide that also possesses potent mitogenic activity. There is also a suggestion the ET-1 is a neuropeptide, based mainly on its histological identification in both the central and peripheral nervous system in a number of species, including man. A neuropeptide role for ET-1 is supported by studies showing a variety of effects caused following its administration into different regions of the brain and by application to peripheral nerves. In addition there are studies proposing that ET-1 is implicated in a number of neural circuits where its transmitter affects range from a role in pain and temperature control to its action on the hypothalamo-neurosecretory system. While the effect of ET-1 on nerve tissue is beyond doubt, its action on nerve blood flow is often ignored. Here, we review data generated in a number of species and using a variety of experimental models. Studies range from those showing the distribution of ET-1 and its receptors in nerve tissue to those describing numerous neurally-mediated effects of ET-1.
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