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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Lee WT, Lin MH, Lee EJ, Hung YC, Tai SH, Chen HY, Chen TY, Wu TS. Magnolol reduces glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity and protects against permanent focal cerebral ischemia up to 4 hours. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39952. [PMID: 22808077 PMCID: PMC3392264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective efficacy of magnolol, 5,5′-dially-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenyl, was investigated in a model of stroke and cultured neurons exposed to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Magnolol or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally, at 1 hr pre-insult or 1–6 hrs post-insult. Brain infarction was measured upon sacrifice. Relative to controls, animals pre-treated with magnolol (50–200 mg/kg) had significant infarct volume reductions by 30.9–37.8% and improved neurobehavioral outcomes (P<0.05, respectively). Delayed treatment with magnolol (100 mg/kg) also protected against ischemic brain damage and improved neurobehavioral scores, even when administered up to 4 hrs post-insult (P<0.05, respectively). Additionally, magnolol (0.1 µM) effectively attenuated the rises of intracellular Ca2+ levels, [Ca2+](i), in cultured neurons exposed to glutamate. Consequently, magnolol (0.1–1 µM) significantly attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and cell swelling (P<0.05). Thus, magnolol offers neuroprotection against permanent focal cerebral ischemia with a therapeutic window of 4 hrs. This neuroprotection may be, partly, mediated by its ability to limit the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Lee
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hui Lin
- Department of Early Childhood Education, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - E-Jian Lee
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Chang Hung
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tai
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University and Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Refined Qingkailing Protects MCAO Mice from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis with a Broad Time Window. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:567872. [PMID: 22536287 PMCID: PMC3320064 DOI: 10.1155/2012/567872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we are investigating effect of refined QKL on ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury in mice. Methods. Mice were employed to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury of brain by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RQKL solution was administered with different doses (0, 1.5, 3, and 6 mL/kg body weight) at the same time of onset of ischemia, and with the dose of 1.5 mL/kg at different time points (0, 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 h after MCAO). Neurological function and brain infarction were examined and cell apoptosis and ROS at prefrontal cortex were evaluated 24 h after MCAO, and western blot and intracellular calcium were also researched, respectively. Results. RQKL of all doses can improve neurological function and decrease brain infarction, and it performed significant effect in 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 h groups. Moreover, RQKL was able to reduce apoptotic process by reduction of caspase-3 expression, or restraint of eIF2a phosphorylation and caspase-12 activation. It was also able to reduce ROS and modulate intracellular calcium in the brain. Conclusion. RQKL can prevent ischemic-induced brain injury with a time window of 6 h, and its mechanism might be related to suppress ER stress-mediated apoptotic signaling.
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Tai SH, Chen HY, Lee EJ, Chen TY, Lin HW, Hung YC, Huang SY, Chen YH, Lee WT, Wu TS. Melatonin inhibits postischemic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation via dual modulation of plasminogen/plasmin system and endogenous MMP inhibitor in mice subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:332-41. [PMID: 20663046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that melatonin attenuated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and decreased the risk of hemorrhagic transformation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Herein, we investigate the possible involvement of the plasminogen/plasmin system and endogenous MMPs inhibitor underlying the melatonin-mediated MMP-9 inhibition. Mice were subjected to 1-hr ischemia and 48-hr reperfusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was intravenously injected upon reperfusion. Brain infarction and hemorrhagic transformation were measured. Extracellular matrix damage was determined by Western immunoblot analysis for laminin protein. The activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by gelatin zymography, in situ zymography, and Western immunoblot analysis. In addition, the activities of tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) were evaluated by plasminogen-dependent casein zymography. Endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1) were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblot analysis, respectively. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced increased MMP-9 activity and expression at 12-48 hr after reperfusion onset. Relative to controls, melatonin-treated animals had significantly decreased MMP-9 activity and expression (P<0.05), in addition to reduced brain infarction and hemorrhagic transformation as well as improved laminin protein preservation. This melatonin-mediated MMP-9 inhibition was accompanied by reduced uPA activity (P<0.05), as well as increased TIMP-1 expression and PAI activity (P<0.05, respectively). These results demonstrate the melatonin's pluripotent mechanisms for attenuating postischemic MMP-9 activation and neurovascular damage, and further support it as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Huang Tai
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center and Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
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Samuni U, Samuni Y, Goldstein S. On the Distinction between Nitroxyl and Nitric Oxide Using Nitronyl Nitroxides. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8428-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101945j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, and Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, and Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yuval Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, and Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, and Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, and Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, and Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Chen HY, Hung YC, Chen TY, Huang SY, Wang YH, Lee WT, Wu TS, Lee EJ. Melatonin improves presynaptic protein, SNAP-25, expression and dendritic spine density and enhances functional and electrophysiological recovery following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2009; 47:260-70. [PMID: 19709397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapto-dendritic dysfunction and rearrangement takes place over time at the peri-infarct brain after stroke, and the event plays an important role in post-stroke functional recovery. Here, we evaluated whether melatonin would modulate the synapto-dendritic plasticity after stroke. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle at reperfusion onset after transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 90 min. Local cerebral blood perfusion, somatosensory electrophysiological recordings and neurobehavioral tests were serially measured. Animals were sacrificed at 7 days after tMCAO. The brain was processed for Nissl-stained histology, Golgi-Cox-impregnated sections, or Western blotting for presynaptic proteins, synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and synaptophysin (a calcium-binding protein found on presynaptic vesicle membranes). Relative to controls, melatonin-treated animals had significantly reduced infarction volumes (P < 0.05) and improved neurobehavioral outcomes, as accessed by sensorimotor and rota-rod motor performance tests (P < 0.05, respectively). Melatonin also significantly improved the SNAP-25, but not synaptophysin, protein expression in the ischemic brain (P < 0.05). Moreover, melatonin significantly improved the dendritic spine density and the somatosensory electrophysiological field potentials both in the ischemic brain and the contralateral homotopic intact brain (P < 0.05, respectively). Together, melatonin not only effectively attenuated the loss of presynaptic protein, SANP-25, and dendritic spine density in the ischemic territory, but also improved the reductions in the dendritic spine density in the contralateral intact brain. This synapto-dendritic plasticity may partly account for the melatonin-mediated improvements in functional and electrophysiological circuitry after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yi Chen
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center and Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
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