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Shu SY, Jiang G, Zheng Z, Ma L, Wang B, Zeng Q, Li H, Tan S, Liu B, Chan WY, Wu S, Zhu C, Li C, Wang P, Wu JY. A New Neural Pathway from the Ventral Striatum to the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert with Functional Implication to Learning and Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7222-7233. [PMID: 31001802 PMCID: PMC6728281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) are among the first group of neurons known to become degenerated in Alzheimer’s disease, and thus the NBM is proposed to be involved in learning and memory. The marginal division (MrD) of the striatum is a newly discovered subdivision at the ventromedial border of the mammalian striatum and is considered to be one part of the ventral striatum involved in learning and memory. The present study provided evidence to support the hypothesis that the MrD and the NBM were structurally connected at cellular and subcellular levels with functional implications in learning and memory. First, when wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was stereotaxically injected into the NBM, fusiform neurons in the MrD were retrogradely labeled with WGA-HRP gray-blue particles and some of them were double stained in brown color by AchE staining method. Thus, cholinergic neurons of the MrD were shown to project to the neurons in the NBM. Second, in anterograde tract-tracing experiments where WGA-HRP was injected to the MrD, the labeled WGA-HRP was found to be anterogradely transported in axons from the MrD to the synaptic terminals with dendrites, axons, and perikaryons of the cholinergic neurons in the NBM when observed under an electronic microscope, indicating reciprocal structural connections between the MrD and the NBM. Third, when bilateral lesions of the MrD were injured with kainic acid in rats, degenerative terminals were observed in synapses of the NBM by an electronic microscope and severe learning and memory deficiency was found in these rats by the Y-maze behavioral test. Our results suggest reciprocal cholinergic connections between the MrD of the ventral striatum and the NBM, and implicate a role of the MrD-NBM pathway in learning and memory. The efferent fibers of cholinergic neurons in the NBM mainly project to the cortex, and severe reduction of the cholinergic innervation in the cortex is the common feature of Alzheimer’s patients. The newly discovered cholinergic neural pathway between the MrD of the ventral striatum and the NBM is supposed involved in the memory circuitries of the brain and probably might play a role in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Shu
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Zhaocong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Qiyi Zeng
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Hong Li
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Shen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Bin Liu
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Wu
- Nanjing Junqu Hangzhou Sanatorium, 5 Long-jin Road, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Nanjing Junqu Hangzhou Sanatorium, 5 Long-jin Road, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Changke Li
- Anesthesia Department of Yue-Bei People Hospital, Shaoguan City, 512026 Guangdong China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900 China
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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Li MG, Chen YY, Chen ZY, Feng J, Liu MY, Lou X, Shu SY, Wang ZF, Ma L. Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot resting-state fMRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:183-192. [PMID: 30644620 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marginal division (MrD) is an important subcortical center involved in learning and memory. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is commonly seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the neurobiological basis is yet to be elucidated. PURPOSE To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the MrD in patients with PD-MCI. STUDY TYPE Prospective pilot study. POPULATION Twenty-five patients with PD-MCI; 25 PD patients and no cognitive impairment (PD-NCI); and 25 healthy control (HC) participants. SEQUENCE 3.0 T GE Healthcare MRI scanner; three-dimensional T1 -weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled echo (3D T1 -FSPGR); rs-fMRI. ASSESSMENT The MrD was defined using manual delineation, which was the seed point to compute the FC to examine correlations between low-frequency fMRI signal fluctuations in MrD and the whole brain. STATISTICAL TESTS Between-group comparisons of the rs-fMRI data were computed using two-sample t-tests in a voxelwise manner after controlling for age and sex, to determine the brain regions that showed significant differences in FC with the bilateral MrDs. Correlation analyses were performed for FC values and cognitive abilities in patients with PD. RESULTS In the PD-MCI group, compared with the PD-NCI group, we observed lesser FC between the MrD bilaterally and right putamen, left insula, left cerebellum, and left thalamus; greater FC between the MrD bilaterally and left middle cingulate cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, and left middle/inferior occipital gyrus. Moreover, the strength of FC between the MrD and regions that showed differences between the PD-MCI and PD-NCI groups was significantly correlated with neuropsychological scores in patients with PD. DATA CONCLUSION The current study suggests that MrD dysfunction may contribute to MCI in PD. However, the mechanisms underlying this process require further investigation. Level of Evidence 1. Technical Efficacy Stage 2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:183-192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ge Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Zhi-Ye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yun Shu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Substance P receptor in the rat indusium griseum during postnatal development. Neurosci Res 2018; 130:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lénárd L, László K, Kertes E, Ollmann T, Péczely L, Kovács A, Kállai V, Zagorácz O, Gálosi R, Karádi Z. Substance P and neurotensin in the limbic system: Their roles in reinforcement and memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chen Z, Chen X, Liu M, Liu S, Shu S, Ma L, Yu S. Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in migraine: a resting-state fMRI study. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:89. [PMID: 27670428 PMCID: PMC5037100 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marginal division of neostriatum (MrD) is a flat, pan-shaped zone between the neostriatum and the globus pallidus, and previous documents demonstrated that it was involved in the modulation of pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of the MrD of the human brain in the chronicization migraine using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS Conventional MRI, 3D structure images, and rs-fMRI were performed in 18 patients with episodic migraines (EM), 16 patients with chronic migraine (CM), 44 patients with medication overuse headache plus chronic migraine (MOH + CM), and 32 normal controls (NC). MrD was defined using manual delineation on structural images, and was selected as the seed to calculate the functional connectivity (FC). RESULTS Compared with the NC group, the decreased FC of MrD was observed in the EM and CM groups, and increased FC of MrD was demonstrated in all patient groups. Compared with the EM group, the decreased FC of MrD was revealed in the CM and MOH + CM groups, and the increased FC occurred only in the CM group. Increased FC of MrD alone was observed in the MOH + CM group compared with that in the CM group. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the double neuromodulation network of MrD in pain modulation and migraine chronicization; however, the mechanism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuangfeng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Siyun Shu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Martinez AN, Philipp MT. Substance P and Antagonists of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor in Neuroinflammation Associated with Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:29-36. [PMID: 27430034 DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2016/2.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the role that substance P (SP) and its preferred receptor neurokinin-1 (NK1R) play in neuroinflammation associated with select bacterial, viral, parasitic, and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The SP/NK1R complex is a key player in the interaction between the immune and nervous systems. A common effect of this interaction is inflammation. For this reason and because of the predominance in the human brain of the NK1R, its antagonists are attractive potential therapeutic agents. Preventing the deleterious effects of SP through the use of NK1R antagonists has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy, as these antagonists are selective, potent, and safe. Here we evaluate their utility in the treatment of different neuroinfectious and neuroinflammatory diseases, as a novel approach to clinical management of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Martinez
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Mario T Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Girard M, Labrunie A, Marin B, Malauzat D. Experimental pain sensitivity in subjects with major depression: Many pain complaints without hypersensitivity. Int J Psychiatry Med 2015; 50:219-37. [PMID: 26347542 DOI: 10.1177/0091217415605039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with major depression frequently complain of pain, but conflicting data exist concerning their changes in pain sensitivity. This study aimed at comparing the sensitivity to moderate controlled pain between subjects presenting a major depressive episode (isolated and recurrent depressive episodes or a bipolar disorder), controls, and subjects with schizophrenia from a previous study. METHOD Pain sensitivity was assessed obtaining the visual analog scale (VAS) rating for the application of a 160 kPa pre-fixed pressure (fpVAS), the pressure corresponding to a VAS score of 3, and the time required to achieve a VAS score of 3 during ischemia induction. The effects of depression intensity, alexithymia, current and past general pain, and of six weeks of antidepressant treatment on fpVAS were investigated. RESULTS The results did not differ significantly between the depressed groups and the controls, without any effect of depression intensity. Presence of long-lasting pain and current pain felt on the day of testing correlated with fpVAS. The subjects of the depressed group were less sensitive than subjects with schizophrenia. FpVAS was significantly lower before and after antidepressant treatment in the subjects presenting clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS No difference in experimental pain sensitivity and expression between major depressive episode subjects and controls, in opposite to pain complaints, is to be detected. The changes in the sensation of pain routinely attributed to subjects presenting depression may result from changes in a differential processing of pain signals, not in relation with the depression intensity, or the kind of depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Girard
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Hospitalier Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Anaïs Labrunie
- CHU Limoges, Unité Fonctionnelle de Recherche Clinique et de Biostatistique, Limoges, France
| | - Benoît Marin
- CHU Limoges, Unité Fonctionnelle de Recherche Clinique et de Biostatistique, Limoges, France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Hospitalier Esquirol, Limoges, France
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Wang B, Chen YC, Jiang G, Ning Q, Ma L, Chan WY, Wu S, Zhou GQ, Bao R, Zheng ZC, Yang X, Luo JX, Zheng W, Guo HW, Zeng C, Zeng QY, Shu SY. New learning and memory related pathways among the hippocampus, the amygdala and the ventromedial region of the striatum in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 71:13-9. [PMID: 26698223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus, central amygdaloid nucleus and the ventromedial region (marginal division) of the striatum have been reported to be involved in the mechanism of learning and memory. This study aimed elucidating anatomical and functional connections among these brain areas during learning and memory. RESULTS In the first part of this study, the c-Fos protein was used to explore functional connections among these structures. Chemical stimulation of either hippocampus or central amygdaloid nucleus results in dense expression of c-Fos protein in nuclei of neurons in the marginal division of the striatum, indicating that the hippocampus and the central amygdaloid nucleus might be functionally connected with the marginal division. In the second part of the study, the cholera toxin subunit B-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the central amygdaloid nucleus to observe anatomical connections among them. The retrogradely transported conjugated horseradish peroxidase was observed in neurons of both the marginal division and dorsal part of the hippocampus following the injection. Hence, neural fibers from both the marginal division and the hippocampus directly projected to the central amygdaloid nucleus. CONCLUSION The results implicated potential new functional and structural pathways through these brain areas during the process of learning and memory. The pathways ran from ventromedial portion (the marginal division) of the striatum to the central amygdaloid nucleus and then to the hippocampus before going back to the marginal division of the striatum. Two smaller circuits were between the marginal division and the central amygdaloid nucleus, and between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the hippocampus. These connections have added new dimensions of neural networks of learning and memory, and might be involved in the pathogenesis of dementia and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Yan-chen Chen
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China.
| | - Qun Ning
- Department of Neurology, 153 PLA Central Hospital, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450042, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wood-yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Wu
- Nanjing Junqu Hangzhou Sanatorium, 14 Ling-ying Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Guo-qing Zhou
- Jinan Junqu Qingdao First Sanatorium, 27 West Xianggan Road, Qingdao,266071 China
| | - Rong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yet-San Hospital, Zhong-Shan University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhao-cong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing Junqu, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Jinan Junqu Qingdao First Sanatorium, 27 West Xianggan Road, Qingdao,266071 China
| | - Ji-xuan Luo
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Hai-wen Guo
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Qi-yi Zeng
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China.
| | - Si-yun Shu
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China.
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Johansson P, Almqvist EG, Wallin A, Johansson JO, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Svensson J. Cerebrospinal fluid substance P concentrations are elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Olson CR, Hodges LK, Mello CV. Dynamic gene expression in the song system of zebra finches during the song learning period. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1315-38. [PMID: 25787707 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain circuitry that controls song learning and production undergoes marked changes in morphology and connectivity during the song learning period in juvenile zebra finches, in parallel to the acquisition, practice and refinement of song. Yet, the genetic programs and timing of regulatory change that establish the neuronal connectivity and plasticity during this critical learning period remain largely undetermined. To address this question, we used in situ hybridization to compare the expression patterns of a set of 30 known robust molecular markers of HVC and/or area X, major telencephalic song nuclei, between adult and juvenile male zebra finches at different ages during development (20, 35, 50 days post-hatch, dph). We found that several of the genes examined undergo substantial changes in expression within HVC or its surrounds, and/or in other song nuclei. They fit into broad patterns of regulation, including those whose expression within HVC during this period increases (COL12A1, COL 21A1, MPZL1, PVALB, and CXCR7) or decreases (e.g., KCNT2, SAP30L), as well as some that show decreased expression in the surrounding tissue with little change within song nuclei (e.g. SV2B, TAC1). These results reveal a broad range of molecular changes that occur in the song system in concert with the song learning period. Some of the genes and pathways identified are potential modulators of the developmental changes associated with the emergence of the adult properties of the song control system, and/or the acquisition of learned vocalizations in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Olson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, 97239-3098
| | - Lisa K Hodges
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, 0615 S.W. Palatine Hill Road, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, Oregon, 97239-3098
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Comparison of immunoreactivities of calbindin-D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin in the striatum between young, adult and aged mice, rats and gerbils. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:864-72. [PMID: 25676337 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium binding proteins play important roles in all aspects of neural functioning in the central nervous system. In the present study, we examined age-related changes of three different calcium binding proteins calbindin-D28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivities in the striatum of young (1 month), adult (6 months) and aged (24 months) ages in three species of rodents (mouse, rat and gerbil) using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our results show that the number of CB-immunoreactive neurons was highest in the adult mouse and rat; however, in the gerbil, the number of CB-immunoreactive neurons was not significantly different from each group although the CB immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the aged group compared with the adult group. The number of CR-immunoreactive neurons in the striatum was significantly highest in all the adult groups, and, especially, the number of CR-immunoreactive neurons and CR immunoreactivity in the aged gerbil were significantly decreased in the aged group compared with the other groups. Finally, we did not found any significant difference in the number of PV-immunoreactive neurons in the striatum with age among the three rodents. On the other hand, we found that protein levels of three calcium binding proteins in all the mouse groups were similar to the immunohistochemical data. These results indicate that the distribution pattern of calcium binding proteins is different according to age; the adult might show an apparent tendency of high expression in the striatum.
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The marginal division of the striatum and hippocampus has different role and mechanism in learning and memory. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:827-39. [PMID: 25274077 PMCID: PMC4359289 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The memory function of the hippocampal formation (Hip) and the marginal division (MrD) of neostriatum was compared. Rats with bilateral lesions of the MrD either immediate or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to have decrease in correct runs in both groups. However, animals with transected afferent and efferent nerve bundles to isolate the Hip immediately or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to show a decrease in correct runs only in the group injured immediately after Y-maze training but not in the 24 h group suggesting that MrD is likely involved in the entire process of long-term memory consolidation whereas the Hip only contributes to memory in the early stage. In addition, animals treated with a NMDA receptor (NMDAR) blocker, e.g. MK-801, showed decreased correct runs in Y-maze test and in expression level of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in neurons of the MrD but not in the Hip. Furthermore, animals treated with okadaic acid (OA), a potent protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor, showed increased correct runs in the Y-maze test. The expression level of pCREB and c-Fos and c-Jun was found increased in neurons of the MrD and the Hip in response to OA treatment. In conclusion, NMDAR and pCREB are involved in memory functions of both the Hip and the MrD. NMDAR might regulate pCREB level in neurons of the MrD but not in the Hip. Hence, the processes and mechanism of learning and memory involved in the MrD and the Hip may be different.
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Yu Y, Zeng C, Shu S, Liu X, Li C. Similar effects of substance P on learning and memory function between hippocampus and striatal marginal division. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:857-63. [PMID: 25206901 PMCID: PMC4146251 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P is an endogenous neurokinin that is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neuropeptide substance P and its high-affinity receptor neurokinin 1 receptor are known to play an important role in the central nervous system in inflammation, blood pressure, motor behavior and anxiety. The effects of substance P in the hippocampus and the marginal division of the striatum on memory remain poorly understood. Compared with the hippocampus as a control, immunofluorescence showed high expression of the substance P receptor, neurokinin 1, in the marginal division of the striatum of normal rats. Unilateral or bilateral injection of an antisense oligonucleotide against neurokinin 1 receptor mRNA in the rat hippocampus or marginal division of the striatum effectively reduced neurokinin 1 receptor expression. Independent of injection site, rats that received this antisense oligonucleotide showed obviously increased footshock times in a Y-maze test. These results indicate that the marginal division of the striatum plays a similar function in learning and memory to the hippocampus, which is a valuable addition to our mechanistic understanding of the learning and memory functions of the marginal division of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siyun Shu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuhua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Borbély E, Scheich B, Helyes Z. Neuropeptides in learning and memory. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:439-50. [PMID: 24210137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dementia conditions and memory deficits of different origins (vascular, metabolic and primary neurodegenerative such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) are getting more common and greater clinical problems recently in the aging population. Since the presently available cognitive enhancers have very limited therapeutical applications, there is an emerging need to elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms, identify key mediators and novel targets for future drug development. Neuropeptides are widely distributed in brain regions responsible for learning and memory processes with special emphasis on the hippocampus, amygdala and the basal forebrain. They form networks with each other, and also have complex interactions with the cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and GABA-ergic pathways. This review summarizes the extensive experimental data in the well-established rat and mouse models, as well as the few clinical results regarding the expression and the roles of the tachykinin system, somatostatin and the closely related cortistatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), opioid peptides and galanin. Furthermore, the main receptorial targets, mechanisms and interactions are described in order to highlight the possible therapeutical potentials. Agents not only symptomatically improving the functional impairments, but also inhibiting the progression of the neurodegenerative processes would be breakthroughs in this area. The most promising mechanisms determined at the level of exploratory investigations in animal models of cognitive disfunctions are somatostatin sst4, NPY Y2, PACAP-VIP VPAC1, tachykinin NK3 and galanin GALR2 receptor agonisms, as well as delta opioid receptor antagonism. Potent and selective non-peptide ligands with good CNS penetration are needed for further characterization of these molecular pathways to complete the preclinical studies and decide if any of the above described targets could be appropriate for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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15
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Campolongo P, Ratano P, Ciotti MT, Florenzano F, Nori SL, Marolda R, Palmery M, Rinaldi AM, Zona C, Possenti R, Calissano P, Severini C. Systemic administration of substance P recovers beta amyloid-induced cognitive deficits in rat: involvement of Kv potassium channels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78036. [PMID: 24265678 PMCID: PMC3827079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of Substance P (SP), an endogenous neuropeptide endowed with neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties, have been found in brain and spinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Potassium (K(+)) channel dysfunction is implicated in AD development and the amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced up-regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel subunits could be considered a significant step in Aβ brain toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether SP could reduce, in vivo, Aβ-induced overexpression of Kv subunits. Rats were intracerebroventricularly infused with amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35, 20 µg) peptide. SP (50 µg/Kg, i.p.) was daily administered, for 7 days starting from the day of the surgery. Here we demonstrate that the Aβ infused rats showed impairment in cognitive performances in the Morris water maze task 4 weeks after Aβ25-35 infusion and that this impairing effect was prevented by SP administration. Kv1.4, Kv2.1 and Kv4.2 subunit levels were quantified in hippocampus and in cerebral cortex by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Interestingly, SP reduced Kv1.4 levels overexpressed by Aβ, both in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Our findings provide in vivo evidence for a neuroprotective activity of systemic administration of SP in a rat model of AD and suggest a possible mechanism underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ratano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Florenzano
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Lucia Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Medicine Campus, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Roberta Marolda
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Rinaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Zona
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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Shu SY, Qing D, Wang B, Zeng QY, Chen YC, Jin Y, Zeng CC, Bao R. Comparison of microRNA expression in hippocampus and the marginal division (MrD) of the neostriatum in rats. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:9. [PMID: 23425148 PMCID: PMC3615960 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of highly conserved small non-coding RNA molecules, are known to play essential roles in central nervous system (CNS) by causing post-transcriptional gene silencing. There is much evidence that miRNAs have specific temporal and spatial expression patterns in the mammal brain, but little is known about the role of the region specificity for the gene regulatory networks of the brain. This study represents the first attempt to perform a profiling analysis of the differential expression of miRNAs between hippocampus and the Marginal division (MrD) of the neostriatum in the rat brain. RESULTS Microarray was used to detect the expression of 357 miRNAs in hippocampus and the MrD from three rats. A short-list of the most dysregulated 30 miRNAs per rat was generated for data analysis, and the miRNAs that were represented in two or three short-lists were then further analyzed. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to validate the aberrantly expressed miRNAs obtained from the miRNA microarray analysis. A family of 11 miRNAs demonstrated differential expression between the MrD and hippocampus in more than one rat. Amongst these, miR-383 was differentially expressed in all three rats and up-regulated to the largest degree in rat one, and the ten other miRNAs, let-7d*, miR-181b, miR-187, miR-195, miR-214, miR-382, miR-411, miR-466b, miR-592 and miR-1224 were differentially expressed in at least two rats. Of these ten, besides miR-382 and miR-411 which were up-regulated in one rat and down-regulated in another, the other eight miRNAs retained a uniform direction of regulation (up-regulation or down-regulation) between different specimens. When further examined by RT-PCR, the aberrantly expressed miRNAs, except miR-383 and let-7d*, demonstrated differential expression that significantly correlated with the microarray findings. CONCLUSION This study reported that the miRNA expression patterns in MrD was distinct from that of Hip, suggesting the role of miRNAs in the learning and memory function of the MrD probably different from hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Shu
- Center of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Dudley JA, Weir RK, Yan TC, Grabowska EM, Grimmé AJ, Amini S, Stephens DN, Hunt SP, Stanford SC. Antagonism of L-type Ca(v) channels with nifedipine differentially affects performance of wildtype and NK1R-/- mice in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:329-36. [PMID: 22884624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice with functional ablation of the substance P-preferring receptor gene ('Nk1r' in mice ('NK1R-/-'), 'TACR1' in humans) display deficits in cognitive performance that resemble those seen in patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): namely, inattentiveness, impulsivity and perseveration. A recent report suggested that the L-type Ca(v) channel blocker, nifedipine, can ameliorate behavioral abnormalities of this type in humans. In light of evidence that NK1R antagonists modulate the opening of these L-type channels, we investigated whether nifedipine modifies %premature responses (impulsivity), perseveration or %omissions (inattentiveness) in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task (5-CSRTT) and whether the response differs in NK1R-/- and wildtype mice. %Premature responses and perseveration were reduced in both genotypes, although wildtype mice were more sensitive to the effects of nifedipine than NK1R-/- mice. By contrast, nifedipine greatly increased %omissions but, again, was more potent in wildtypes. %Accuracy and locomotor activity were unaffected in either genotype. We infer that behavior of mice in the 5-CSRTT depends on the regulation of striato-cortical networks by L-type Ca(v) channels and NK1R. We further suggest that disruption of NK1R signaling in patients with ADHD, especially those with polymorphisms of the TACR1 gene, could lead to compensatory changes in the activity of L-type channels that underlie or exacerbate their problems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Dudley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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