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Zhao A, Sun Q, Zhang J, Hu T, Zhou X, Wang C, Liu J, Wang B. Substance basis and pharmacological mechanism of heat-clearing herbs in the treatment of ischaemic encephalopathy: a systematic review and network pharmacology. Ann Med 2024; 56:2308077. [PMID: 38285889 PMCID: PMC10826791 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2308077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ischaemic encephalopathy is a common cerebrovascular disease caused by insufficient blood supply to the cerebral vessels. The ischaemic encephalopathy is closely associated with the development of many chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Neurotrophic therapy has become the main therapeutic strategy for ischaemic encephalopathy. However, neurotrophic drugs only slightly recover the neurological function of patients, and their long-term efficacy is uncertain. Previous reports revealed that the active ingredients of natural medicines play important roles in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In this study, we reviewed clearing herbs with anti-ischaemic encephalopathy functions using the data from quantitative statistical and network pharmacological exploration methods. We also discussed the different bioactive components and pharmacological effects of these herbs. METHODS First, we collected Chinese herbal prescriptions against ischaemic encephalopathy in four databases. Then, we statistically analysed the frequency of application of heat-clearing herbs to obtain the commonly used heat-clearing herbs against ischaemic encephalopathy, and classified them according to their efficacy according to the statistical results, to summarize the mechanism of anti-ischaemic effects of different bioactive components; Second, the network database was used to obtain the above components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines and their corresponding targets of action, disease targets of ischaemic stroke; Venny 2.1.0 was used to obtain component-disease target intersections; Cytoscape was used to construct the 'Drug-Active Ingredient-Target Network Graph '; DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. RESULTS Literature and database screening involved 149 prescriptions, with a total of 269 flavours of Chinese medicines and 20 flavours of single-flavour heat-clearing Chinese medicines; The top nine in terms of frequency of use were Radix Paeoniae Rubra、Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata、Figwort Root、Cortex Moutan、Scutellariae Radix、Coptidis Rhizoma、Gardeniae Fructus、Cassiae Semen、Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. The common components obtained from network pharmacology were beta-sitosterol, quercetin, and stigmasterol, which mainly act on key targets such as RELA, AKT1, JUN, PRKACA, PTGS2, RAF1 and CHUK; and their active ingredients are mainly involved in signalling pathways such as Calcium, PI3K-Ak, MAPK, cAMP, IL-17, HIF-1, TNF, T-cell receptor, NF-kappa B and JAK-STAT. CONCLUSIONS Heat-clearing herbs are useful and promising for the protection against and prevention of ischemic encephalopathy. The results of the network pharmacological studies are similar to the mechanisms of anti-ischemic encephalopathy of the active ingredients of the purgative herbs we have listed; Thin either directly protects cerebrovascular tissues by improving vascular permeability and reducing the area of infarcted tissues, or produces protective effects through molecular signaling pathways. It can be seen that the components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines can exert cerebroprotective effects through multiple pathways, which provides us with a reference for further development and study of heat-clearing Chinese medicines in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Tian Hu
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
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Gong Z, Guo J, Liu B, Guo Y, Cheng C, Jiang Y, Liang N, Hu M, Song T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang H, Zong X, Che Q, Shi N. Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287857. [PMID: 38274789 PMCID: PMC10808662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianzi Che
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu J, Cao M, Peng Y, Dong B, Jiang Y, Hu C, Zhu P, Xing W, Yu L, Xu R, Chen Z. Research progress on the treatment of epilepsy with traditional Chinese medicine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155022. [PMID: 37647670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) system is a medical system that has been expanding for thousands of years that was formed by the extensive clinical practice experience of many physicians and the accumulation of personal medication habits in China. In TCM, there is a history of long-term medication for epilepsy, the main treatment for epilepsy is TCM drugs and its prescription, supplemented by TCM modalities such as acupuncture therapy, moxibustion therapy, tuina, emotion adjustment therapy, etc. PURPOSE: With the modernization of TCM, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of TCM for epilepsy treatment have been gradually revealed. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the TCM treatment of epilepsy, focusing on the current TCM drugs and some TCM formulae for the treatment of epilepsy, and to discuss the research progress of TCM for the treatment of epilepsy, and to provide a reference to develop future related studies in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was interpreted from different perspectives by searching online databases and querying various materials identify drugs used in both modern medicine and TCM systems for the treatment of epilepsy. We collected all relevant TCM for epilepsy literature published in the last 30 years up to December 2022 from electronic databases such as PubMed, CNKI and Web of Science, and statistically analyzed the literature for the following keyword information. The search terms comprise the keywords "TCM", "phytochemistry", "pharmacological activity", "epilepsy" and "traditional application" as a combination. Scientific plant names were provided by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS Epilepsy is a complex and serious disease of the brain and nervous system. At present, the treatment of epilepsy in modern medicine is mainly surgery and chemotherapy, but there are many serious side effects. By summarizing the treatment of epilepsy in TCM, it is found that there are various methods to treat epilepsy in TCM, mainly TCM drugs and its formulae. Many TCM drugs have antiepileptic effects. Now found that the main effective TCM drugs for the treatment of epilepsy are Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Scorpio, Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis and Ganoderma, etc. And the main compounds that play a role in the treatment of epilepsy are curcumin, gastrodin, ligustrazine, baicalin and rhynchophylline, etc. These TCM drugs have played an important role in the treatment of epilepsy in TCM clinic. However, the chemically active components of these TCM drugs are diverse and their mechanisms of action are complex, which are not fully understood and need to be further explored. CONCLUSIONS TCM treats epilepsy in a variety of ways, and with the discovery of a variety of potential bioactive substances for treatment of epilepsy. With the new progress in the research of other TCM treatment methods for epilepsy, TCM will have greater potential in the clinical application of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mayijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baohua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changjiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengjin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weidei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, school of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Yu CC, Liu LB, Chen SY, Wang XF, Wang L, Du YJ. Ancient Chinese Herbal Recipe Huanglian Jie Du Decoction for Ischemic Stroke: An Overview of Current Evidence. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1733-1744. [PMID: 36465168 PMCID: PMC9662271 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and neurological morbidity worldwide. The underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke is highly complicated and correlates with various pathological processes, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress injury, altered cell apoptosis and autophagy, excitotoxicity, and acidosis. The current treatment for ischemic stroke is limited to thrombolytic therapy such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. However, tissue plasminogen activator is limited by a very narrow therapeutic time window (<4.5 hours), selective efficacy, and hemorrhagic complication. Hence, the development of novel therapies to prevent ischemic damage to the brain is urgent. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history in treating stroke and its sequela. In the past decades, extensive studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of Huanglian Jie Du decoction (HLJDD), an ancient and classical Chinese herbal formula that can treat a wide spectrum of disorders including ischemic stroke. In this review, the current evidence of HLJDD and its bioactive components for ischemic stroke is comprehensively reviewed, and their potential application directions in ischemic stroke management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chao Yu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Le-Bin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Rongjun Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shi-Yuan Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Du
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Zhao R, Wu X, Bi XY, Yang H, Zhang Q. Baicalin attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1080-1087. [PMID: 34558536 PMCID: PMC8552841 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural active ingredient isolated from Scutellariae Radix that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple central nervous system diseases. However, the mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects remains unclear. In this study, rat models of spinal cord injury were established using a modified Allen's impact method and then treated with intraperitoneal injection of Baicalin. The results revealed that Baicalin greatly increased the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale score, reduced blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, decreased the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor κB, increased the expression of Bcl-2, and reduced neuronal apoptosis and pathological spinal cord injury. SH-SY5Y cell models of excitotoxicity were established by application of 10 mM glutamate for 12 hours and then treated with 40 µM Baicalin for 48 hours to investigate the mechanism of action of Baicalin. The results showed that Baicalin reversed tight junction protein expression tendencies (occludin and ZO-1) and apoptosis-related protein expression (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor-κB), and also led to up-regulation of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. These effects on Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were blocked by pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These findings suggest that Baicalin can inhibit blood-spinal cord barrier permeability after spinal cord injury and reduce neuronal apoptosis, possibly by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University on March 6, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Liu C, Chen Z, Wu SL, Chow TC, Cheng RS, Lee JT, Yew DT. Comparative Review on Effects of Pien Tze Huang and AnGong NiuHuang Pill and their Potential on Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2350-2360. [PMID: 35306986 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220318111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The ancient composite formulae Angong Niuhuang pill and Pien Tze Huang that were used a few hundred years ago to treat febrile disease and inflammation respectively are found to exert effects benefiting other neurological diseases and conditions. This short review introduces the main constituents of the two formulae, looking into both the cumulative synergetic and possible individual effects of each herb or animal apcoien. In essence, the main effects of Angong Niuhuang pill include antiinflammation, antioxidation, anti-cell death, anticonvulsion, antiedema, antipyretic, antithrombotic, antimicrobial (bacteria, viruses, fungi), neuroprotective effects, and cardiovascular protection. The main effects of Pien Tze Huang include antiinflammation, antioxidation, anti-cell death, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective effects, and cardiovascular protection. Comparing both composites, similarities of the effects and part of the components are found, showing some pharmacological evidence. This review casts light on research on the effects of neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective mechanisms as well as treatment mechanisms for cerebral accidents in the integrative medicine perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congsheng Liu
- Fujian Provincial Corporate Key Laboratory of PTH Natural Medicine Research and Development (R & D), Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Corporate Key Laboratory of PTH Natural Medicine Research and Development (R & D), Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian, China
| | - Sharon L.Y. Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Tony C.H. Chow
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Rufina S.Y. Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Jocy T.C. Lee
- Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - David T. Yew
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
- Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
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Ibrahim A, Nasr M, El-Sherbiny IM. Baicalin as an emerging magical nutraceutical molecule: Emphasis on pharmacological properties and advances in pharmaceutical delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu X, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Neuroinflammation and Modulation Role of Natural Products After Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5713-5737. [PMID: 34764668 PMCID: PMC8576359 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic injury of the central nervous system, characterized by neurological dysfunction and locomotor disability. Although the underlying pathological mechanism of SCI is complex and remains unclear, the important role of neuroinflammation has been gradually unveiled in recent years. The inflammation process after SCI involves disruption of the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB), activation of gliocytes, infiltration of peripheral macrophages, and feedback loops between different cells. Thus, our first aim is to illustrate pathogenesis, related cells and factors of neuroinflammation after SCI in this review. Due to the good bioactivity of natural products derived from plants and medicinal herbs, these widely exist as food, health-care products and drugs in our lives. In the inflammation after SCI, multiple natural products exert satisfactory effects. Therefore, the second aim of this review is to sum up the effects and mechanisms of 25 natural compounds and 7 extracts derived from plants or medicinal herbs on neuroinflammation after SCI. Clarification of the SCI inflammation mechanism and a summary of the related natural products is helpful for in-depth research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, The People's Republic of China
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Neuroprotective Role of Polyphenols in Treatment of Neurological Disorders: A Review. Neuromodulation 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ipmn.117170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: The most frequent illnesses characterized by the gradual malfunctioning of brain neurons are neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Genetic mutations and a range of biological processes can produce NDs. Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are all related to oxidative stress (OS). Reduced brain activity has become a greater health threat with a growing elderly population. It causes some pathophysiological alterations and is an important risk factor for a range of neurodegenerative illnesses. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause neuronal cell death, and it is thus essential to control ROS levels to maintain normal neuronal activity. Synthetic medicines are often used to treat neurological disorders; however, harmful effects have been reported. Multiple bodies of research have shown the effectiveness of polyphenols in the treatment of various NDs due to their negligible side effects. This review article describes the neuroprotection effects of polyphenols such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, and quercetin, as well as the signaling pathways and immune response controls through polyphenols.
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10
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Andersson EA, Mallard C, Ek CJ. Circulating tight-junction proteins are potential biomarkers for blood-brain barrier function in a model of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 33568200 PMCID: PMC7877092 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal encephalopathy often leads to lifelong disabilities with limited treatments currently available. The brain vasculature is an important factor in many neonatal neurological disorders but there is a lack of diagnostic tools to evaluate the brain vascular dysfunction of neonates in the clinical setting. Measurement of blood–brain barrier tight-junction (TJ) proteins have shown promise as biomarkers for brain injury in the adult. Here we tested the biomarker potential of tight-junctions in the context of neonatal brain injury. Methods The levels of TJ-proteins (occluding, claudin-5, and zonula occludens protein 1) in both blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as blood–brain barrier function via 14C-sucrose (342 Da) and Evans blue extravasation were measured in a hypoxia/ischemia brain-injury model in neonatal rats. Results Time-dependent changes of occludin and claudin-5 levels could be measured in blood and CSF after hypoxia/ischemia with males generally having higher levels than females. The levels of claudin-5 in CSF correlated with the severity of the brain injury at 24 h post- hypoxia/ischemia. Simultaneously, we detected early increase in blood–brain barrier-permeability at 6 and 24 h after hypoxia/ischemia. Conclusions Levels of circulating claudin-5 and occludin are increased after hypoxic/ischemic brain injuries and blood–brain barrier-impairment and have promise as early biomarkers for cerebral vascular dysfunction and as a tool for risk assessment of neonatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Axel Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Intracisternal administration of tanshinone IIA-loaded nanoparticles leads to reduced tissue injury and functional deficits in a porcine model of ischemic stroke. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:18-30. [PMID: 33842909 PMCID: PMC8019951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The absolute number of new stroke patients is annually increasing and there still remains only a few Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments with significant limitations available to patients. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a promising potential therapeutic for ischemic stroke that has shown success in pre-clinical rodent studies but lead to inconsistent efficacy results in human patients. The physical properties of Tan-IIA, including short half-life and low solubility, suggests that Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle-assisted delivery may lead to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of this study was to develop Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles (Tan IIA-NPs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effects on cerebral pathological changes and consequent motor function deficits in a pig ischemic stroke model. Results Tan IIA-NP treated neural stem cells showed a reduction in SOD activity in in vitro assays demonstrating antioxidative effects. Ischemic stroke pigs treated with Tan IIA-NPs showed reduced hemispheric swelling when compared to vehicle only treated pigs (7.85 ± 1.41 vs. 16.83 ± 0.62%), consequent midline shift (MLS) (1.72 ± 0.07 vs. 2.91 ± 0.36 mm), and ischemic lesion volumes (9.54 ± 5.06 vs. 12.01 ± 0.17 cm3) when compared to vehicle-only treated pigs. Treatment also lead to lower reductions in diffusivity (-37.30 ± 3.67 vs. -46.33 ± 0.73%) and white matter integrity (-19.66 ± 5.58 vs. -30.11 ± 1.19%) as well as reduced hemorrhage (0.85 ± 0.15 vs 2.91 ± 0.84 cm3) 24 h post-ischemic stroke. In addition, Tan IIA-NPs led to a reduced percentage of circulating band neutrophils at 12 (7.75 ± 1.93 vs. 14.00 ± 1.73%) and 24 (4.25 ± 0.48 vs 5.75 ± 0.85%) hours post-stroke suggesting a mitigated inflammatory response. Moreover, spatiotemporal gait deficits including cadence, cycle time, step time, swing percent of cycle, stride length, and changes in relative mean pressure were less severe post-stroke in Tan IIA-NP treated pigs relative to control pigs. Conclusion The findings of this proof of concept study strongly suggest that administration of Tan IIA-NPs in the acute phase post-stroke mitigates neural injury likely through limiting free radical formation, thus leading to less severe gait deficits in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. With stroke as one of the leading causes of functional disability in the United States, and gait deficits being a major component, these promising results suggest that acute Tan IIA-NP administration may improve functional outcomes and the quality of life of many future stroke patients.
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Key Words
- ADC, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AU, arbitrary units
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- Baic, Baicalin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebral spinal fluid
- DAMPS, damaged-associated molecular patterns
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- DWI, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- Edar, Edaravone
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GM, gray matter
- IC, inhibitory concentration
- ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IM, intramuscular
- Ischemic stroke
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MCA, middle cerebral artery
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- MLS, midline shift
- NP, nanoparticle
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- Nanomedicine
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PEG–PLGA, polyethyleneglycol–polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLGA nanoparticle
- PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA-b-PEG-OH, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-maleimide
- Pig stroke model
- Piog, Pioglitazone
- Puer, Puerarin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Resv, Resveratrol
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAIR, Stroke Therapy Academic and Industry Roundtable
- T2*, T2Star
- T2FLAIR, T2 Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery
- T2W, T2Weighted
- TD, transdermal
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tan IIA, Tanshinone IIA
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA PLGA NPs
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles
- Tanshinone IIA
- UGA, University of Georgia
- WM, white matter
- ddH2O, double-distilled water
- tPA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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12
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Zhang Z, Li X, Chen F, Li Z, Wang D, Ren X, Ma H. Downregulation of LncRNA Gas5 inhibits apoptosis and inflammation after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 168:110-119. [PMID: 33316370 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury(SCII)affects nerve function through many mechanisms, which are complex and not fully understood. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an increasingly important role in SCII. We investigated the role of lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5(Gas5) in a rat SCII model, and its effects on apoptosis and inflammation possibly by modulating MMP-7, cleaved caspase-3 and IL-1β. LncRNA Gas5 and MMP-7 were knocked down by intrathecal siRNA injection. Neurological assessment and TUNEL assay were performed. The RNA and protein expression levels of lncRNA Gas5, MMP-7, cleaved caspase-3 and IL-1β were determined by PCR and Western blotting, respectively. MMP-7 localization was visualized by double-immunofluorescence. SCII induced functional impairment in the hind limb, and the expression of lncRNA Gas5 was highest at 24 h after SCII. LncRNA Gas5 downregulation inhibited the RNA and protein expression of MMP-7, as well as the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and IL-1β. LncRNA Gas5 downregulation reduced the number of TUNEL-positive and MMP-7-positive double-labeled cells. Therefore, lncRNA Gas5 downregulation alleviated hind limb functional impairment and improved neuronal apoptosis after SCII. MMP-7 downregulation also inhibited apoptosis and inflammation and alleviated damage. Pretreatment with intrathecal injection of si-lncRNA Gas5 and si-MMP-7 reduced the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and IL-1β, protecting nerve function after SCII. These results show that lncRNA Gas5 plays an important role in SCII, perhaps by inhibiting MMP-7, cleaved caspase-3 and IL-1β. LncRNA Gas5 downregulation could be a promising therapeutic approach in the SCII treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Ma G, Pan Z, Kong L, Du G. Neuroinflammation in hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis: Potential mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107216. [PMID: 33296780 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common and serious complication following ischemic stroke, especially after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis, which is associated with increased mortality and disability. Due to the unknown mechanisms and targets of HT, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to decrease the incidence of HT. In recent years, many studies have found that neuroinflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of HT after t-PA thrombolysis, including glial cell activation in the brain, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors, involving inflammation-related targets such as NF-κB, MAPK, HMGB1, TLR4 and NLRP3. Some drugs with anti-inflammatory activity have been shown to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of HT in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including minocycline, fingolimod, tacrolimus, statins and some natural products. In addition, the changes in MMP-9, VAP-1, NLR, sICAM-1 and other inflammatory factors are closely related to the occurrence of HT, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. In this review, we summarize the potential inflammation-related mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs, and biomarkers associated with HT after t-PA thrombolysis and discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation and HT, which provides a reference for research on the mechanisms, prevention and treatment drugs, diagnosis and prognosis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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The Protective Effects of Flavonoids in Cataract Formation through the Activation of Nrf2 and the Inhibition of MMP-9. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123651. [PMID: 33261005 PMCID: PMC7759919 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts account for over half of global blindness. Cataracts formations occur mainly due to aging and to the direct insults of oxidative stress and inflammation to the eye lens. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcriptional factor for cell cytoprotection, is known as the master regulator of redox homeostasis. Nrf2 regulates nearly 600 genes involved in cellular protection against contributing factors of oxidative stress, including aging, disease, and inflammation. Nrf2 was reported to disrupt the oxidative stress that activates Nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and proinflammatory cytokines. One of these cytokines is matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), which participates in the decomposition of lens epithelial cells (LECs) extracellular matrix and has been correlated with cataract development. Thus, during inflammatory processes, MMP production may be attenuated by the Nrf2 pathway or by the Nrf2 inhibition of NFκB pathway activation. Moreover, plant-based polyphenols have garnered attention due to their presumed safety and efficacy, nutritional, and antioxidant effects. Polyphenol compounds can activate Nrf2 and inhibit MMP-9. Therefore, this review focuses on discussing Nrf2's role in oxidative stress and cataract formation, epigenetic effect in Nrf2 activity, and the association between Nrf2 and MMP-9 in cataract development. Moreover, we describe the protective role of flavonoids in cataract formation, targeting Nrf2 activation and MMP-9 synthesis inhibition as potential molecular targets in preventing cataracts.
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A protective effect of baicalin on cerebral ischemic rats is related to the improvement of serum progesterone level in serum. Neuroreport 2020; 30:1121-1128. [PMID: 31568208 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin, an ingredient drawn from Scutellaria amoena Georgi, plays a brain-protective role through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective mechanism of baicalin on middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion, middle cerebral artery occlusion + baicalin, middle cerebral artery occlusion + baicalin treated + inhibitor (bromocriptine, which inhibit progesterone induction). After 7 days treatment, neurological deficits and infarct volume were determined, morphological change of penumbra was examined by (hematoxylin-eosin) staining. The expressions of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and progesterone receptor were also assessed by immunofluorescent staining or immunohistochemistry, progesterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone in serum were also determinated by ELISA. We found that baicalin could reduce the neurological deficits, infarct volume caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion, increase the expression of NeuN, GFAP, and progesterone receptor in ischemic penumbra and increase the expression of progesterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone level in serum. Those indicated that baicalin plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia rats by improvement of progesterone.
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16
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Shi S, Cui Q, Xu J, Tang Z, Shi B, Liu Z. Baicalin Suppresses Bilirubin-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation by Regulating p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling in Neonatal Neurons. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926441. [PMID: 32633271 PMCID: PMC7366788 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperbilirubinemia is associated with central nervous system damage in preterm neonates due to the neurotoxicity of bilirubin. This study explored the possible mechanisms of bilirubin’s neurotoxicity, and the protective effect of baicalin (BAI) was also investigated. Material/Methods Isolated neonatal rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to free bilirubin (Bf). BAI was used to treat these neurons. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect apoptosis. Contents of inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression and phosphorylation levels were assessed by Western blotting. Nuclear translocation was observed by immunofluorescent staining. Results Bf incubation significantly induced apoptosis and decreased viabilities of neurons. The phosphorylation levels of MAP kinase kinase (MKK)3, MKK6, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear translocation level of p65, and the expression levels of cleaved caspase3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α were found to be dramatically higher in Bf-incubated neurons. BAI pre-treatment, however, increased cell viability by reducing cell apoptosis. BAI pre-treatment also reduced phosphorylation levels of MKK3, MKK6, p38 MAPK, and nuclear translocation level of p65, as well as the expression levels of cleaved caspase3 and TNFα, in Bf-incubated neurons. Conclusions BAI suppressed bilirubin-induced neuron apoptosis and inflammation by deactivating p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Qianwei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiguo Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Binya Shi
- Department of Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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17
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Chen S, Chen H, Du Q, Shen J. Targeting Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation for Reducing Brain Ischemia Injury: Potential Application of Natural Compounds. Front Physiol 2020; 11:433. [PMID: 32508671 PMCID: PMC7248223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two critical pathological processes of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a critical inflammatory enzyme and therapeutic target triggering both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. MPO is presented in infiltrated neutrophils, activated microglial cells, neurons, and astrocytes in the ischemic brain. Activation of MPO can catalyze the reaction of chloride and H2O2 to produce HOCl. MPO also mediates oxidative stress by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), modulating the polarization and inflammation-related signaling pathways in microglia and neutrophils. MPO can be a therapeutic target for attenuating oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. Targeting MPO with inhibitors or gene deficiency significantly reduced brain infarction and improved neurological outcomes. This article discusses the important roles of MPO in mediating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and reviews the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we summarize the active compounds from medicinal herbs with potential as MPO inhibitors for anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and as adjunct therapeutic agents for extending the window of thrombolytic treatment. We highlight that targeting MPO could be a promising strategy for alleviating ischemic brain injury, which merits further translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaohui Du
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Chen H, He Y, Chen S, Qi S, Shen J. Therapeutic targets of oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke: Applications for natural product efficacy with omics and systemic biology. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104877. [PMID: 32407958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation are critical pathological processes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and their intimate interactions mediate neuronal damage, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) during ischemic stroke. We review current progress towards understanding the interactions of oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory responses in ischemic brain injury. The interactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and innate immune receptors such as TLR2/4, NOD-like receptor, RAGE, and scavenger receptors are crucial pathological mechanisms that amplify brain damage during cerebral ischemic injury. Furthermore, we review the current progress of omics and systematic biology approaches for studying complex network regulations related to oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Targeting oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment. We then review recent advances in discovering compounds from medicinal herbs with the bioactivities of simultaneously regulating oxidative/nitrosative stress and pro-inflammatory molecules for minimizing ischemic brain injury. These compounds include sesamin, baicalin, salvianolic acid A, 6-paradol, silymarin, apocynin, 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione, (-)-epicatechin, rutin, Dl-3-N-butylphthalide, and naringin. We finally summarize recent developments of the omics and systematic biology approaches for exploring the molecular mechanisms and active compounds of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulae with the properties of antioxidant and anti-inflammation for neuroprotection. The comprehensive omics and systematic biology approaches provide powerful tools for exploring therapeutic principles of TCM formulae and developing precision medicine for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China; School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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19
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Zhang HB, Tu XK, Song SW, Liang RS, Shi SS. Baicalin Reduces Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26:510-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Xu G, Wang X, Xiong Y, Ma X, Qu L. Effect of sevoflurane pretreatment in relieving liver ischemia/reperfusion-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900805. [PMID: 31618405 PMCID: PMC6799973 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190080000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on
ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced pulmonary/hepatic injury Methods Fifty-one Wistar rats were randomly grouped into sham, I/R, and sevoflurane
groups. After reperfusion, the structural change of the lung was measured by
Smith score, the wet and dry weights (W/D) were determined, malondialdehyde
(MDA) myeloperoxidase (MPO) content was determined colorimetrically and by
fluorescence, respectively, and matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) mRNA was
quantified by RT-PCR. Biopsy and morphological analyses were performed on
liver tissue, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) were determined, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) level was determined. Results The sham group showed no changes in tissue structure. Structural lesions in
the sevoflurane and I/R groups were mild and severe, respectively. Smith
score, W/D, MDA, MPO, and MMP mRNA showed the same trend, and were increased
in the I/R group and recovered in the sevoflurane group, compared with the
sham group (both P<0.05). AST and ALT were significantly increased
compared to the sham group (AST: 655±52.06 vs . 29±9.30
U/L; ALT: 693±75.56 vs . 37±6.71 U/L; P<0.05). In the
sevoflurane group, AST and ALT levels were significantly decreased
(464±47.71 and 516±78.84 U/L; P<0.001). TNF-α presented similar
results. Conclusion The protection of lung and liver by sevoflurane may be mediated by inhibited
leukocyte recruitment and MMP-9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Xu
- Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; manuscript writing; critical revision; final approval
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data, manuscript writing
| | - Yuxiang Xiong
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
| | - Xueping Ma
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
| | - Li Qu
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
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Lee B, Lim C, Lim S, Cho S. Baicalin Administered Orally After Ischemia/Reperfusion Alleviated Brain Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation and Edema. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19843032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural product isolated from Scutellaria genus and has been reported to have many different pharmacological activities, which include anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. We investigated the effects of baicalin administered after I/R-induced brain injury in a mouse model. I/R-induced brain injury was induced by MCAO for 2 h. Baicalin was orally administered to mice once daily for 2 consecutive days after 2 h of reperfusion. Single daily oral administrations of baicalin at 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 consecutively days after I/R significantly reduced infarct volumes, edema indices, and water contents in mouse brains, serum levels of AQP-4. IL-1β, TNF-α, and ROS, and lipid peroxidation levels in brain ipsilateral hemispheres were suppressed by baicalin. This result is believed to be due to the anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin and its downregulation of AQP-4 protein expression in affected brain tissues after I/R-induced brain injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungho Lee
- Kyunghee Naseul Korean Medicine Clinic, BucheonGyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, GoyangGyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Lim
- Department of Nursing Science, School of Public Health, Far East University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Fu X, Wang J, Liao S, Lv Y, Xu D, Yang M, Kong L. 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Reveals Refined-Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (BBG) as a Potential Ischemic Stroke Treatment Drug With Efficacy and a Favorable Therapeutic Window. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:337. [PMID: 31031621 PMCID: PMC6474285 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat ischemic stroke. However, the complexity of its chemical composition makes quality control difficult. Berberine, baicalin, and geniposide are the three main ingredients in HLJDD. Here, a formula of BBG comprised of berberine, baicalin, and geniposide, known as Refined-Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction, was investigated for its efficacy, therapeutic window, and mechanisms of action. BBG was assessed on two major types of ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and continuous ischemia injury, respectively. BBG showed efficacy comparable to HLJDD in the treatment of cerebral I/R injury within 5 h after injury initiation but did poorly in treating continuous ischemia injury. BBG exhibited neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury by regaining the balance in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism, inflammation, and nucleic acid metabolism. These results suggested that BBG could be a good alternative to HLJDD, with high efficacy and a long therapeutic window, which shows great potential for drug development to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junsong Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanting Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingqiao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Fang J, Wang H, Zhou J, Dai W, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhou M. Baicalin provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury mice model through Akt/Nrf2 pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2497-2508. [PMID: 30127597 PMCID: PMC6089097 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s163951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The neuroprotective effects of Baicalin have been confirmed in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, its possible effect on traumatic brain injury (TBI) model is still not clear. The present study is aimed to investigate the role and the underling mechanisms of 7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxyflavone (Baicalin) on TBI model. Methods The weight-drop model of TBI in Institute of Cancer Research mice was treated with Baicalin intraperitoneally at 30 minutes after TBI. LY294002 (LY) (a commonly used PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor) was injected into the left ventricle at 30 minutes before TBI. All mice were euthanized at 24 hours after TBI to collect the brain tissue for a series of tests except for neurological function, which was measured at 2 hours and 1 and 3 days post-TBI. Results Baicalin administration significantly improved neurobehavioral function, alleviated brain edema, and reduced apoptosis-positive cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay accompanied with the upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and downregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase 3 by Western blot. Besides, TBI-induced oxidant stress status was also restored in the Baicalin group by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the injured brain cortex. Furthermore, translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus was dramatically enhanced by Baicalin verified by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Accordingly, its downstream antioxidative enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were also activated by Baicalin confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. However, cotreatment with Baicalin and LY could partly abolish Baicalin-induced activation of Nrf2 and its neuroprotective effects in TBI. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Baicalin provides a neuroprotective effect in TBI mice model via activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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The Protective Effect of the Total Flavonoids of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Flowers on Transient Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Is due to Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8987173. [PMID: 30174782 PMCID: PMC6098902 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8987173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus L. has favorable nutritional/medicinal features. We found the content of total flavonoids in flower extract to be the highest (788.56 mg/g) of all the different parts of A. esculentus; according to high-performance liquid chromatography, the quercetin-3-O-[β-D-glu-(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside content was 122.13 mg/g. Protective effects of an extract of the total flavonoids of A. esculentus flowers (AFF) on transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (TCI-RI) were investigated. Compared with the model group, mice treated with AFF (300 mg/kg) for 7 days showed significantly reduced neurologic deficits, infarct area, and histologic changes in brain tissue, accompanied by increased contents of superoxide dismutase, whereas contents of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde decreased. AFF upregulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1. These data suggest that AFF protects against TCI-RI by scavenging free radicals and activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive Enhancement Potentials of Baicalin: A Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060104. [PMID: 29891783 PMCID: PMC6025220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by the gradual loss of neurons. The development of effective neuroprotective agents to prevent and control neurodegenerative diseases is specifically important. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in selecting flavonoid compounds as potential neuroprotective agents, owing to their high effectiveness with low side effects. Baicalin is one of the important flavonoid compounds, which is mainly isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (an important Chinese medicinal herb). In recent years, a number of studies have shown that baicalin has a potent neuroprotective effect in various in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. In particular, baicalin effectively prevents neurodegenerative diseases through various pharmacological mechanisms, including antioxidative stress, anti-excitotoxicity, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, stimulating neurogenesis, promoting the expression of neuronal protective factors, etc. This review mainly focuses on the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin. The aim of the present review is to compile all information in relation to the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin and its molecular mechanisms of action in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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Wang PQ, Liu Q, Xu WJ, Yu YN, Zhang YY, Li B, Liu J, Wang Z. Pure mechanistic analysis of additive neuroprotective effects between baicalin and jasminoidin in ischemic stroke mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:961-974. [PMID: 29345255 PMCID: PMC6256271 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both baicalin (BA) and jasminoidin (JA) are active ingredients in Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and Fructus gardeniae, respectively. They have been shown to exert additive neuroprotective action in ischemic stroke models. In this study we used transcriptome analysis to explore the pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA, JA and their combination (BJ) contributing to phenotype variation and reversal of pathological processes. Mice with middle cerebral artery obstruction were treated with BA, JA, their combination (BJ), or concha margaritifera (CM). Cerebral infarct volume was examined to determine the effect of these compounds on phenotype. Using the hippocampus microarray and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, we exacted the differentially expressed genes, networks, pathways, and functions in positive-phenotype groups (BA, JA and BJ) by comparing with the negative-phenotype group (CM). In the BA, JA, and BJ groups, a total of 7, 4, and 11 specific target molecules, 1, 1, and 4 networks, 51, 59, and 18 canonical pathways and 70, 53, and 64 biological functions, respectively, were identified. Pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA and JA were mainly overlapped in specific target molecules, functions and pathways, which were related to the nervous system, inflammation and immune response. The specific mechanisms of BA and JA were associated with apoptosis and cancer-related signaling and endocrine and hormone regulation, respectively. In the BJ group, novel target profiles distinct from mono-therapies were revealed, including 11 specific target molecules, 10 functions, and 10 pathways, the majority of which were related to a virus-mediated immune response. The pure additive effects between BA and JA were based on enhanced action in virus-mediated immune response. This pure mechanistic analysis may provide a clearer outline of the target profiles of multi-target compounds and combination therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/immunology
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Iridoids/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Systems Biology/methods
- Transcriptome/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-juan Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-ying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Chen HS, Chen X, Li WT, Shen JG. Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:669-682. [PMID: 29595191 PMCID: PMC5943912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Ding S, Zhuge W, Hu J, Yang J, Wang X, Wen F, Wang C, Zhuge Q. Baicalin reverses the impairment of synaptogenesis induced by dopamine burden via the stimulation of GABA AR-TrkB interaction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1163-1178. [PMID: 29404643 PMCID: PMC5869945 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that D1 receptor (D1R) activation reduces GABAA receptor (GABAAR) current, and baicalin (BAI) displays therapeutic efficacy in diseases involving cognitive impairment. METHODS We investigated the mechanisms by which BAI could improve DA-induced minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS BAI did not induce toxicity on the primary cultured neurons. And no obvious toxicity of BAI to the brain was found in rats. DA activated D1R/dopamine and adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP32) to reduce the GABAAR current; BAI treatment did not change the D1R/DARPP32 levels but blocked DA-induced reduction of GABAAR levels in primary cultured neurons. DA decreased the interaction of GABAAR with TrkB and the expression of downstream AKT, which was blocked by BAI treatment. Moreover, BAI reversed the decrease in the expression of GABAAR/TrkB/AKT and prevented the impairment of synaptogenesis and memory deficits in MHE rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BAI has neuroprotective and synaptoprotective effects on MHE which are not related to upstream D1R/DARPP32 signaling, but to the targeting of downstream GABAAR signaling to TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengde Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen X, Chen X, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu KJ, Qi S, Shen J. Baicalin Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Rats with Delayed t-PA Treatment: Involvement of ONOO --MMP-9 Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:515-529. [PMID: 29275501 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has a restrictive therapeutic window within 4.5 h after ischemic stroke with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity when it is used beyond the time window. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that baicalin, an active compound of medicinal plant, could attenuate HT in cerebral ischemia stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 4.5 h and then continuously received t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) for 0.5 h and followed by 19-h reperfusion. Baicalin (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was administrated via femoral vein at 4.5 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Delayed t-PA infusion significantly increased the mortality rate, induced HT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and apoptotic cell death in the ischemic brains and exacerbated neurological outcomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats at 24 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Co-treatment of baicalin significantly reduced the mortality rates, ameliorated the t-PA-mediated BBB disruption and HT. Furthermore, baicalin showed to directly scavenge peroxynitrite and inhibit MMP-9 expression and activity in the ischemic brains with the delayed t-PA treatment. Baicalin had no effect on the t-PA fibrinolytic function indicated by t-PA activity assay. Taken together, baicalin could attenuate t-PA-mediated HT and improve the outcomes of ischemic stroke treatment possibly via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen Shi, China.,The 8th People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Suhua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China. .,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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Chen HS, Qi SH, Shen JG. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:134-156. [PMID: 27334020 PMCID: PMC5327453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160620102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window. However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain- barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke. In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA. Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
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Kong LL, Wang ZY, Hu JF, Yuan YH, Li H, Chen NH. Inhibition of chemokine-like factor 1 improves blood-brain barrier dysfunction in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhao Y, Li D, Zhao J, Song J, Zhao Y. The role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:623-34. [PMID: 27206317 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective structure that helps maintaining the homeostasis in cerebral microenvironment by limiting the passage of molecules into the brain. BBB is formed by closely conjugated endothelial cells, with astrocytic endfeet surrounded and extracellular matrix (ECM) consolidated. Numerous neurological diseases can cause disturbance of BBB, leading to brain edema and neurological dysfunctions. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1), a member of the LDL receptor gene family, is involved in a lot of important processes in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. As a membrane receptor, LRP-1 interacts with a variety of ligands and mediates the internalization of several important substances. LRP-1 is found responsible for inducing the opening of BBB following ischemic attack. It has also been reported that LRP-1 regulates several tight junction proteins and mediates the clearance of major ECM-degrading proteinases. In this review, we briefly discussed the role of LRP-1 in regulating BBB integrity by modulating tight junction proteins, endothelial cells and the remodeling of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dandong Li
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinning Song
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yonglin Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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Tu XK, Zhang HB, Shi SS, Liang RS, Wang CH, Chen CM, Yang WZ. 5-LOX Inhibitor Zileuton Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Ischemic Brain Damage Through the Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2779-2787. [PMID: 27380038 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratories showed that an anti-inflammatory drug, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, attenuates ischemic brain damage via inhibiting inflammatory reaction. However, it was elusive whether zileuton attenuates inflammatory reaction and ischemic brain damage through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In the present study, we, for the first time, investigated whether PI3K/Akt pathway was involved in zileuton's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties against brain damage following experimental ischemic stroke. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), then received treatment with zileuton or vehicle after the onset of ischemia. LY294002 was injected intracerebroventricularly to inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway selectively. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, morphological characteristic and cerebral water content were assessed 24 h after cerebral ischemia. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Expression of p-Akt, t-Akt and COX-2 in ischemic brain were determined by western blot. NF-κB p65 immuno-positive cells in ischemic brain were detected 24 h after cerebral ischemia. The content of TNF-α in blood was examined by ELISA. 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton significantly reduces neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, cerebral water content, ischemic neuronal injury and the enzymatic activity of MPO, all of which were abolished by LY294002 administration. Zileuton significantly up-regulates the expression of p-Akt, which was inhibited by LY294002 administration. Zileuton significantly down-regulates the over-expression of NF-κB p65 and COX-2, and attenuates the release of TNF-α, all of which were disminished by LY294002 administration. These results suggest that zileuton attenuates ischemic brain damage by inhibiting inflammatory reaction through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Song-Sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Chun-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
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Wang C, Jia Z, Wang Z, Hu T, Qin H, Du G, Wu C, Zhang J. Pharmacokinetics of 21 active components in focal cerebral ischemic rats after oral administration of the active fraction of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 122:110-7. [PMID: 26852160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (XXMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription that is clinically used for the treatment of stroke. The active fraction of XXMD (AF-XXMD) exhibits pharmacological effects that are similar to those of XXMD. In this study, 21 primary compounds of AF-XXMD with potential anti-ischemic-stroke activities were selected as effective candidates to perform comparisons of their pharmacokinetic differences between control and cerebral ischemic rats and to characterize their pharmacokinetic behaviors in cerebral ischemic rats. After oral administration of AF-XXMD to control and cerebral ischemic rats, plasma and brain were harvested and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Reverse molecular docking results indicate that 21 AF-XXMD-derived compounds exert potential neuroprotection, anti- inflammation, and vascular dilation effects via interaction with multiple targets in stroke-related pathways. The blood-brain permeability, cerebral exposure and brain region distribution of these compounds were found to change in cerebral ischemic models. Flavonoids were identified as the predominant form in plasma, whereas chromones were found to be the major form in the brain, and alkaloids possessed moderate blood-brain permeability. Collectively, the cerebral pharmacokinetic behaviors of chromones, flavonoids and alkaloids were found to change under pathological conditions. The efficacy of AF-XXMD against cerebral ischemia is relevant to the synergistic effects of these compounds in targeting different receptors and pathways. Chromones exhibit relatively high brain permeability, and their activity and mechanism warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hailin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Chen H, Guan B, Shen J. Targeting ONOO -/HMGB1/MMP-9 Signaling Cascades: Potential for Drug Development from Chinese Medicine to Attenuate Ischemic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Thrombolytic Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000442468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shi SS, Zhang HB, Wang CH, Yang WZ, Liang RS, Chen Y, Tu XK. Propofol Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:538-45. [PMID: 26342279 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that propofol protects rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia. However, whether propofol attenuates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats remains unknown until now. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of propofol on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats and further explore the potential mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by endovascular perforation then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 and 12 h of SAH. SAH grading, neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, the myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured 24 h after SAH. Expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in rat brain were detected by Western blot. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were assessed by ELISA. Neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, the myeloperoxidase activity, and MDA content were significantly reduced by propofol. Furthermore, expression of Nrf2 in rat brain was upregulated by propofol, and expression of NF-κB p65, AQP4, COX-2, MMP-9, TNF-α, and IL-1β in rat brain were attenuated by propofol. Our results demonstrated that propofol improves neurological scores, reduces brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, inflammatory reaction, and lipid peroxidation in rats of SAH. Propofol exerts neuroprotection against SAH-induced early brain injury, which might be associated with the inhibition of inflammation and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Hua-bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Chun-hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wei-zhong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Ri-sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xian-kun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
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Dang H, Li K, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang P, Li B, Wang H, Li H, Wang Z, Wang Y. Variation of pathways and network profiles reveals the differential pharmacological mechanisms of each effective component to treat middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:79-89. [PMID: 26168995 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215594584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a system pharmacology strategy, this study evaluated the unique pharmacological characteristics of three different neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A microarray including 374 brain ischemia-related genes was used to identify the differentially expressed genes among five treatment groups: baicalin, jasminoidin, ursodeoxycholic acid, sham, and vehicle, and MetaCore analysis software was applied to identify the significantly altered pathways, processes and interaction network parameters. At pathway level, 46, 25, and 31 pathways were activated in the baicalin, jasminoidin, and ursodeoxycholic acid groups, respectively. Thirteen pathways mainly related with apoptosis and development were commonly altered in the three groups. Additionally, baicalin also targeted pathways related with development, neurophysiologic process and cytoskeleton remodeling, while jasminoidin targeted pathways related with cell cycle and ursodeoxycholic acid targeted those related with apoptosis and development. At process level, three processes were commonly regulated by the three groups in the top 10 processes. Further interaction network analysis revealed that baicalin, jasminoidin, and ursodeoxycholic acid displayed unique features either on network topological parameters or network structure. Additional overlapping analysis demonstrated that compared with ursodeoxycholic acid, the pharmacological mechanism of baicalin was more similar with that of jasminoidin in treating brain ischemia. The data presented in this study may contribute toward the understanding of the common and differential pharmacological mechanisms of these three compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXia Dang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shaanxi 710075
| | - KangNing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - YaNan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - YingYing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - PengQian Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - HaiNan Wang
- China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - YongYan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Cai H, Mu Z, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Hypoxia-controlled matrix metalloproteinase-9 hyperexpression promotes behavioral recovery after ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:550-60. [PMID: 25975730 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a beneficial role in the sub-acute phase after ischemic stroke. However, unrestrained MMP-9 may disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which has limited its use for the treatment of brain ischemia. In the present study, we constructed lentivirus mediated hypoxia-controlled MMP-9 expression and explored its role after stroke. Hypoxia response element (HRE) was used to confine MMP-9 expression only to the hypoxic region of mouse brain after 120-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Lentiviruses were injected into the peri-infarct area on day 7 after transient ischemia. We found hyperexpression of exogenous HRE-MMP-9 under the control of hypoxia, and its expression was mainly located in neurons and astrocytes without aggravation of BBB damage compared to the CMV group. Furthermore, mice in the HRE-MMP-9 group showed the best behavioral recovery compared with the normal saline, GFP, and SB-3CT groups. Therefore, hypoxia-controlled MMP-9 hyperexpression during the sub-acute phase of ischemia may provide a novel promising approach of gene therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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40
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Chen J, Zhang R, Wang J, Yu P, Liu Q, Zeng D, Song H, Kuang Z. Protective effects of baicalin on LPS-induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells and intercellular tight junctions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 93:233-7. [PMID: 25665915 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of baicalin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells and intercellular tight junctions. METHODS IEC-6 cells were stimulated with LPS (1.0 μg/mL), with or without baicalin, for 24 h. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined using ELISA. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for determining the mRNA expression level of claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1; Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used for analyzing the expression level and the distribution patterns of ZO-1 protein. RESULTS Pretreatment with baicalin (10.0 μg/mL) improved LPS-stimulated cell viability and repressed IL-6 and TNF-α levels. In addition, pretreatment with baicalin up-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of ZO-1 and kept the protein intact in IEC-6 cells injured with LPS. CONCLUSION Baicalin has the capacity to protect IEC-6 cells and the intercellular tight junctions from LPS-induced injury. The mechanisms may be associated with inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, and up-regulating the mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li XQ, Cao XZ, Wang J, Fang B, Tan WF, Ma H. Sevoflurane preconditioning ameliorates neuronal deficits by inhibiting microglial MMP-9 expression after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Mol Brain 2014; 7:69. [PMID: 25186151 PMCID: PMC4161899 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are the primary immune cells of the spinal cord that are activated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and release various neurotrophic and/or neurotoxic factors to determine neuronal survival. Among them, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which cleaves various components of the extracellular matrix in the basal lamina and functions as part of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB), is considered important for regulating inflammatory responses and microenvironmental homeostasis of the BSCB in the pathology of ischemia. Sevoflurane has been reported to protect against neuronal apoptosis during cerebral IR. However, the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on spinal cord IR injury remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of sevoflurane on potential genetic roles of microglial MMP-9 in tight junction protein breakdown, opening of the BSCB, and subsequent recruitment of microglia to apoptotic spinal cord neurons. Results The results showed significant upregulation of MMP-9 in rats with IR-induced inflammation of the BSCB compared to that of the sham group, manifested as dysfunctional BSCB with increased Evans blue extravasation and reduced expression of occludin protein. Increased MMP-9 expression was also observed to facilitate invasion and migration of activated microglia, imaging as high Iba-1 expression, clustered to neurons in the injured spinal cord, as shown by double immunofluorescence, and increased proinflammatory chemokine production (CXCL10, CCL2). Further, sevoflurane preconditioning markedly improved motor function by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis, as shown by reduced TUNEL-positive cell counts and expression of cleaved caspase-3. These protective effects were probably responsible for downregulation of MMP-9 and maintenance of normal expression of occludin protein indicating BSCB integrity from inflammatory damage, which was confirmed by decreased protein levels of Iba-1 and MMP-9, as well as reduced production of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL10, CCL2) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β). Intrathecal injection of specific siRNAs targeting MMP-9 had similar protective effects to those of sevoflurane preconditioning. Conclusions Preconditioning with 2.4% sevoflurane attenuated spinal cord IR injury by inhibiting recruitment of microglia and secretion of MMP-9; thus inhibiting downstream effects on inflammatory damage to BSCB integrity and neuronal apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Shang YH, Tian JF, Hou M, Xu XY. Progress on the protective effect of compounds from natural medicines on cerebral ischemia. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:588-95. [PMID: 24345499 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of cerebral ischemic disease by natural medicines has a long history, and has accumulated a rich theoretical knowledge and treatment experience. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate the experimental research situation of the protective effect of the individual compounds from natural medicine on cerebral ischemia in the past ten years, emphasizing the major mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemic pathophysiology. Sixteen representative compounds from natural medicines which are often used to treat stroke are discussed. The results indicate that these components possess a protective effect on cerebral ischemia, and that these components have different mechanisms, including inhibiting excitotoxicity by ginkgolide B, antiapoptosis of breviscapine, influencing astrocytic activation and proliferation of tanshinone IIA, influencing free radicals by ginsenoside Rd, impairing blood-brain barrier disruption by baicalin, and the anti-inflammatory activity of tetramethylpyrazine. Moreover, some components have multiple neuroprotective mechanisms. Therefore, the combination of individual compounds from natural medicines, considering the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia, may be beneficial to patients with cerebral ischemia in the future. This approach will provide a direction for the further application and exploitation of new drug development in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hong Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Medicine, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tian
- College of Medicine, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Min Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Hyun SW, Jung YS. Hypoxia induces FoxO3a-mediated dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1638-42. [PMID: 25044111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a), a transcription factor, is known to be involve in change of endothelial permeability. During hypoxia, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is increased through degradation of vascular endothelium cadherin (VE-cadherin) and clsudin-5. The hypoxia also increased mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3/9 and promoted translocation of FoxO3a into nucleus in endothelial cells. However, little is known about the role of FoxO3a in hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. Here, we examined whether FoxO3a regulates hypoxia-induced BBB permeability through induction of MMPs. The transfection of siFoxO3a suppressed hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. The transfection of siFoxO3a also inhibited hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5. In addition, the transfection of siFoxO3a reduced hypoxia-induced increase of MMP-3 mRNA levels. However, transfection of siFoxO3a did not inhibits transcription of MMP-9 induced by hypoxia. Taken together, our findings suggest that FoxO3a is involved in hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5 through induction of MMPs indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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Ghosh N, Ghosh R, Bhat ZA, Mandal V, Bachar SC, Nima ND, Sunday OO, Mandal SC. Advances in Herbal Medicine for Treatment of Ischemic Brain Injury. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and has attracted a lot of attention in the field of drug discovery. Cerebral ischemia is a complex pathological process involving a series of mechanisms, including generation of free radicals, oxidative stress, disruption of the membrane function, release of neurotransmitters and apoptosis. Thrombolytic therapy is the most effective therapeutic strategy, but the benefits are far from being absolute. Increased attention in the field of drug discovery has been focused on using natural compounds from traditional medicinal herbs for neuroprotection, which appears to be a promising therapeutic option for cerebral ischemia with minimal systemic adverse effects that could limit their long term use. The scenario calls for extensive investigations which can result in the development of lead molecules for neuroprotection in the future. In this context, the present review focuses on possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of herbal drugs in patients with cerebral ischemic injury. Natural compounds have been demonstrated to have neurofunctional regulatory actions with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, calcium antagonizing and anti-apoptotic activities. Among the several leads obtained from plant sources as potential neuroprotective agents, resveratrol, EGb761, curcumin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate have shown significant therapeutic benefits in cerebral ischemic conditions. However, ligustilide, tanshinone, scutellarin and shikonin are the few lead molecules which are under investigation for treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Ghosh
- Dr B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India 713206
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Dr B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India 713206
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India 190006
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, India, 495009
| | - Sitesh C. Bachar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Namsa D. Nima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India 784028
| | - Otimenyin O. Sunday
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Subhash C. Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India 700032
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Gaire BP, Moon SK, Kim H. Scutellaria baicalensis in stroke management: nature's blessing in traditional Eastern medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:712-20. [PMID: 24752475 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the most widely used medicinal plant in traditional Eastern medicine, especially in Chinese medicine. The major phytochemicals isolated from S. baicalensis are flavonoids, glycosides and their glucoronides such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin etc. More than 30 different kinds of flavonoids are isolated from this plant. S. baicalensis and its flavonoids are reported to have several pharmacological activities, which includes anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti apoptic, anti-inflammatory effects and many more. Recently, S. baicalensis and its isolated flavonoids have been studied for their neuroprotective effects, through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases, plausibly suggesting that S. baicalensis has salutary effect as a nature's blessing for neuroprotection. In this review, we are focousing on the neuroprotective effects of S. baicalensis and its flavonoids in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at compiling all the information regarding the neuroprotective effect of S. baicalensis in various experimental models of cerebral ischemia or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea,
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Systemic revealing pharmacological signalling pathway networks in the hippocampus of ischaemia-reperfusion mice treated with baicalin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:630723. [PMID: 24381634 PMCID: PMC3870072 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background. Baicalin (BA) exhibits ill understood neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects in brain injury. Objective. To identify the differential network pathways associated with BA-related biological effects. Methods. MCAO-induced mice received BA 5 mg/Kg (BA group). Controls received vehicle only. Following ischaemia-reperfusion, ArrayTrack analysed the whole genome microarray of hippocampal genes, and MetaCore analysed differentially expressed genes. Results. Four reversing pathways were common to BA and controls, but only 6 were in the top 10 for BA. Three of the top 5 signalling pathways in controls were not observed in BA. BA treatment made absent 3 pathways of the top 5 signalling pathways from the top 5 in controls. There were 2 reversing pathways between controls and BA that showed altered gene expression. Controls had 6 networks associated with cerebral ischaemia. After BA treatment, 9 networks were associated with cerebral ischaemia. Enrichment analysis identified 10 significant biological processes in BA and controls. Of the 10 most significant molecular functions, 7 were common to BA and controls, and only 3 occurred in BA. BA and controls had 7 significant cellular components. Conclusions. This study showed that the clinical effectiveness of BA was based on the complementary effects of multiple pathways and networks.
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Zhang J, Fu B, Zhang X, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Bai X, Zhu C, Cui L, Wang L. Neuroprotective effect of bicyclol in rat ischemic stroke: down-regulates TLR4, TLR9, TRAF6, NF-κB, MMP-9 and up-regulates claudin-5 expression. Brain Res 2013; 1528:80-8. [PMID: 23850770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory damage aggravates the cerebral ischemic pathological process and may pave a new way for treatment. Bicyclol has been proved to elicit a series of biologic effects through its anti-inflammatory property in treating hepatitis and hepatic ischemic/reperfusion injury. Whether this protective effect applies to cerebral ischemic injury, we therefore investigated the potential neuroprotective role of bicyclol and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), Vehicle (pMCAO+0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose), By-L (Vehicle+bicyclol 50 mg/kg), By-H (Vehicle+bicyclol 100 mg/kg) and Sham operated group. Bicyclol was administered intragastrically once a day for 3 days, after 1h of bicyclol pretreatment on the third day; rat brain ischemia was induced by pMCAO. Neurological deficit, infarct volume, and brain edema were measured at 24 h after stroke. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of TLR4, TLR9, TRAF6, NF-κB and MMP-9, claudin-5. RESULTS Compared with pMCAO group, bicyclol significantly ameliorated neurological deficit, decreased infarct volume and edema, and down-regulated the expression of TLR4, TLR9, TRAF6, NF-κB and MMP-9 (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of claudin-5 was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bicyclol has neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia, and this protection may be through down-regulating TLR4, TLR9, TRAF6, NF-κB, MMP-9 and up-regulating claudin-5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Lee B, Sur B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Baicalin improves chronic corticosterone-induced learning and memory deficits via the enhancement of impaired hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cAMP response element-binding protein expression in the rat. J Nat Med 2013; 68:132-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HPV. Polyphenols: multipotent therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:891748. [PMID: 23840922 PMCID: PMC3690243 DOI: 10.1155/2013/891748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to numerous transitions in brain physiology including synaptic dysfunction and disturbances in cognition and memory. With a few clinically relevant drugs, a substantial portion of aging population at risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders require nutritional intervention. Dietary intake of polyphenols is known to attenuate oxidative stress and reduce the risk for related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Polyphenols exhibit strong potential to address the etiology of neurological disorders as they attenuate their complex physiology by modulating several therapeutic targets at once. Firstly, we review the advances in the therapeutic role of polyphenols in cell and animal models of AD, PD, MS, and HD and activation of drug targets for controlling pathological manifestations. Secondly, we present principle pathways in which polyphenol intake translates into therapeutic outcomes. In particular, signaling pathways like PPAR, Nrf2, STAT, HIF, and MAPK along with modulation of immune response by polyphenols are discussed. Although current polyphenol researches have limited impact on clinical practice, they have strong evidence and testable hypothesis to contribute clinical advances and drug discovery towards age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
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PI3K/Akt Pathway Contributes to Neurovascular Unit Protection of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction against Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:459467. [PMID: 23781261 PMCID: PMC3678438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/459467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model to investigate the protective effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (XXMD) on neurovascular unit and to examine the role of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt pathway in this protection. The cerebral ischemia was induced by 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cerebral infarct area was measured by tetrazolium staining, and neurological function was observed at 24 h after reperfusion. DNA fragmentation assay, combined with immunofluorescence, was performed to evaluate apoptosis of neuron, astrocyte, and vascular endothelial cell which constitute neurovascular unit. The expression levels of proteins involved in PI3K/Akt pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that XXMD improved neurological function, decreased cerebral infarct area and neuronal damage, and attenuated cellular apoptosis in neurovascular unit, while these effects were abolished by inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002. We also found that XXMD upregulated p-PDKl, p-Akt, and p-GSK3 β expression levels, which were partly reversed by LY294002. In addition, the increases of p-PTEN and p-c-Raf expression levels on which LY294002 had no effect were also observed in response to XXMD treatment. The data indicated the protective effects of XXMD on neurovascular unit partly through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.
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