1
|
Lee TK, Kim DW, Lee JC, Park CW, Sim H, Ahn JH, Park JH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Lee CH, Won MH, Choi SY. Changes in Cyclin D1, cdk4, and Their Associated Molecules in Ischemic Pyramidal Neurons in Gerbil Hippocampus after Transient Ischemia and Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning by Keeping the Molecules in the Ischemic Neurons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080719. [PMID: 34439951 PMCID: PMC8389197 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) is implicated in neuronal death induced by various pathological conditions. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) confers neuroprotective effect, but underlying mechanisms have been poorly addressed. In this study, IPC protected pyramidal neurons (cells) in gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia. Additionally, IPC controlled expressions of cyclin D1, cdk4, phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-Rb), and E2 promoter binding factor 1 (E2F1). In particular, the expression of p16INK4a was not different by IPC. These findings indicate that cyclin D1/cdk4-related signals may play important roles in events in neurons related to damage/death following ischemic insults. Especially, the preservation of p16INK4a by IPC may be crucial in attenuating neuronal death/damage or protecting neurons after brain ischemic insults. Abstract Inadequate activation of cell cycle proteins including cyclin D1 and cdk4 is involved in neuronal cell death induced by diverse pathological stresses, including transient global brain ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning is well-established, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we examined changes in cyclin D1, cdk4, and related molecules in cells or neurons located in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) of gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia for 5 min (ischemia and reperfusion) and investigated the effects of IPC on these molecules after ischemia. Four groups were used in this study as follows: sham group, ischemia group, IPC plus (+) sham group, and IPC+ischemia group. IPC was developed by inducing 2-min ischemia at 24 h before 5-min ischemia (real ischemia). Most pyramidal cells located in CA1 of the ischemia group died five days after ischemia. CA1 pyramidal cells in the IPC+ischemia group were protected. In the ischemia group, the expressions of cyclin D1, cdk4, phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-Rb), and E2F1 (a transcription factor regulated by p-Rb) were significantly altered in the pyramidal cells with time after ischemia; in the IPC+ischemia group, they were controlled at the level shown in the sham group. In particular, the expression of p16INK4a (an endogenous cdk inhibitor) in the ischemia group was reversely altered in the pyramidal cells; in the IPC+TI group, the expression of p16INK4a was not different from that shown in the sham group. Our current results indicate that cyclin D1/cdk4-related signals may have important roles in events in neurons related to damage/death following ischemia and reperfusion. In particular, the preservation of p16INK4a by IPC may be crucial in attenuating neuronal death/damage or protecting neurons after brain ischemic insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (C.W.P.); (H.S.); (J.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (S.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi BKA, D’Onofrio PM, Shabanzadeh AP, Koeberle PD. Stabilization of primary cilia reduces abortive cell cycle re-entry to protect injured adult CNS neurons from apoptosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220056. [PMID: 31369591 PMCID: PMC6675095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortive cell cycle (ACC) re-entry of apoptotic neurons is a recently characterized phenomenon that occurs after central nervous system (CNS) injury or over the course of CNS disease. Consequently, inhibiting cell cycle progression is neuroprotective in numerous CNS pathology models. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, centriole-based cellular organelles that prevent cell cycling, but their ability to modulate abortive cell cycle has not been described. Here, we show that neuronal cilia are ablated in-vitro and in-vivo following injury by hypoxia or optic nerve transection (ONT), respectively. Furthermore, forced cilia resorption sensitized neurons to these injuries and enhanced cell death. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition or shRNA knockdown of the proteins that disassemble the cilia increased neuron survival and decreased the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb), a master switch for cell cycle re-entry. Our findings show that the stabilization of neuronal primary cilia inhibits, at least transiently, apoptotic cell cycling, which has implications for future therapeutic strategies that halt or slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and acute CNS injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. A. Choi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza P. Shabanzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo D. Koeberle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Wang H, Na W, Qin F, Zhang Z, Dong J, Li H, Zhang H. The retinoblastoma 1 gene ( RB1) modulates the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:323-329. [PMID: 30784300 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1584792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to reveal the role of chicken RB1 (Gallus gallus RB1, gRB1) in the proliferation of preadipocytes. 2. To measure gene expression of gRB1 in the proliferation of chicken preadipocyte, quantitative real-time PCR was used. The expression levels of gRB1 transiently increased during this process. 3. To detect the effect of gRB1 on the proliferation of chicken preadipocyte, MTT assay and cell-cycle analysis were performed. MTT assay showed that overexpression of gRB1 significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes, and knockdown of gRB1 promoted the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Cell-cycle analysis showed that the proportion of preadipocytes in the G1 and G2 phases significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the proportion of preadipocytes in the S phase significantly decreased (P < .05) after up-regulation of the expression of gRB1. The proportion of preadipocytes in the S phase significantly increased (P < 0.05) after down-regulation of gRB1. 4. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the effect of gRB1 on the expression of genes related to proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that gRB1 knockdown promoted markers indicating proliferation of Ki-67 (MKi67) expression at 96 h (P < 0.05), and overexpression of gRB1 reduced MKi67 expression at 72 h (P < 0.05). 5. This study demonstrated that gRB1 inhibited preadipocyte proliferation at least in part by inhibiting the G1 to S phase transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - H Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - W Na
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - F Qin
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Z Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - J Dong
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - H Li
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - H Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Wang J, Du J, Li B, Gou X, Liu J, Hou L, Sang H, Deng B. TAT-Ngn2 Enhances Cognitive Function Recovery and Regulates Caspase-Dependent and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways After Experimental Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:475. [PMID: 30618628 PMCID: PMC6302814 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin-2 (Ngn2) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that contributes to the identification and specification of neuronal fate during neurogenesis. In our previous study, we found that Ngn2 plays an important role in alleviating neuronal apoptosis, which may be viewed as an attractive candidate target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, novel strategies require an understanding of the function and mechanism of Ngn2 in mature hippocampal neurons after global cerebral ischemic injury. Here, we found that the expression of Ngn2 decreased in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemic injury in mice and in primary hippocampal neurons after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Then, transactivator of transcription (TAT)-Ngn2, which was constructed by fusing a TAT domain to Ngn2, was effectively transported and incorporated into hippocampal neurons after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and enhanced cognitive functional recovery in the acute stage after reperfusion. Furthermore, TAT-Ngn2 alleviated hippocampal neuronal damage and apoptosis, and inhibited the cytochrome C (CytC) leak from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm through regulating the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylation tropomyosin-related kinase B (pTrkB), Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 after reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that the downregulation of Ngn2 expression may have an important role in triggering brain injury after ischemic stroke and that the neuroprotection of TAT-Ngn2 against stroke might involve the modulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling that regulates caspase-dependent and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, which may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiwei Du
- Department of Nursing, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hanfei Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oshikawa M, Okada K, Tabata H, Nagata KI, Ajioka I. Dnmt1-dependent Chk1 pathway suppression is protective against neuron division. Development 2017; 144:3303-3314. [PMID: 28928282 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle exit are tightly coordinated, even in pathological situations. When pathological neurons re-enter the cell cycle and progress through the S phase, they undergo cell death instead of division. However, the mechanisms underlying mitotic resistance are mostly unknown. Here, we have found that acute inactivation of retinoblastoma (Rb) family proteins (Rb, p107 and p130) in mouse postmitotic neurons leads to cell death after S-phase progression. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) pathway activation during the S phase prevented the cell death, and allowed the division of cortical neurons that had undergone acute Rb family inactivation, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or in vivo hypoxia-ischemia. During neurogenesis, cortical neurons became protected from S-phase Chk1 pathway activation by the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1, and underwent cell death after S-phase progression. Our results indicate that Chk1 pathway activation overrides mitotic safeguards and uncouples neuronal differentiation from mitotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Oshikawa
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Okada
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan .,The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang L, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Tian F. The role of mTOR signaling pathway on cognitive functions in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2839-2844. [PMID: 28912846 PMCID: PMC5585882 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and mechanism of the mTOR signaling pathway in the impaired cognitive function in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion were examined in the present study. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the sham operation, cerebral ischemia, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion adaptive groups. A Morris water maze test was carried out in the different treatment groups at 2 weeks after surgery to detect cognitive function. After the experimental animals were sacrificed, fluorescent quantitative PCR test was used to detect the key signaling molecules in the mTOR signaling pathway in the different treatment groups, such as mTOR, p-mTOR, AKT and p-AKT gene mRNA expression. The protein expression was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. mTOR expression and localization in the different treatment groups was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the positive cell rate was determined. Compared with the sham operation group, the levels of mTOR, p-mTOR, AKT and p-AKT mRNAs and hippocampal proteins were significantly lower in the cerebral ischemia group and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (P<0.05). Levels of mTOR, p-mTOR, AKT and p-AKT mRNAs and proteins in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion adaptive group decreased but did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The Morris water maze results showed that, the adaptive ability and the cognitive functions were improved significantly in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion adaptive group when compared with the cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion groups (P<0.05). The number of mTOR-positive cells in hippocampus was significantly higher in the sham operation and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion adaptive groups, but there was no difference between these groups. In conclusion, mTOR signaling pathway improves the cognitive function in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongrui Yan
- Department of Neurology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Neurology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsui T, Nieto-Estévez V, Kyrychenko S, Schneider JW, Hsieh J. Retinoblastoma protein controls growth, survival and neuronal migration in human cerebral organoids. Development 2017; 144:1025-1034. [PMID: 28087635 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (RB) regulates S-phase cell cycle entry via E2F transcription factors. Knockout (KO) mice have shown that RB plays roles in cell migration, differentiation and apoptosis, in developing and adult brain. In addition, the RB family is required for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Since little is known about the role of RB in human brain development, we investigated its function in cerebral organoids differentiated from gene-edited hESCs lacking RB. We show that RB is abundantly expressed in neural stem and progenitor cells in organoids at 15 and 28 days of culture. RB loss promoted S-phase entry in DCX+ cells and increased apoptosis in Sox2+ neural stem and progenitor cells, and in DCX+ and Tuj1+ neurons. Associated with these cell cycle and pro-apoptotic effects, we observed increased CCNA2 and BAX gene expression, respectively. Moreover, we observed aberrant Tuj1+ neuronal migration in RB-KO organoids and upregulation of the gene encoding VLDLR, a receptor important in reelin signaling. Corroborating the results in RB-KO organoids in vitro, we observed ectopically localized Tuj1+ cells in RB-KO teratomas grown in vivo Taken together, these results identify crucial functions for RB in the cerebral organoid model of human brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanesa Nieto-Estévez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sergii Kyrychenko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ajioka I. Biomaterial-engineering and neurobiological approaches for regenerating the injured cerebral cortex. Regen Ther 2016; 3:63-67. [PMID: 31245474 PMCID: PMC6581816 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as movement, sensation, and cognition. When the cerebral cortex is severely injured, these functions are irreversibly impaired. Although recent neurobiological studies reveal that the cortex has the potential for regeneration, therapies for functional recovery face some technological obstacles. Biomaterials have been used to evoke regenerative potential and promote regeneration in several tissues, including the CNS. This review presents a brief overview of new therapeutic strategies for cortical regeneration from the perspectives of neurobiology and biomaterial engineering, and discusses a promising technology for evoking the regenerative potential of the cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan. Fax: +81 3 5803 4716.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silencing of Id2 attenuates hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal injury via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:528-36. [PMID: 26187693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke has long been recognized as a prevalent and serious neurological disease that was associated with high mortality and morbidity. However, the current therapeutic protocols remain suboptimal with major mechanisms underlying stroke urgently warranted. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (Id2) is found to be up-regulated in neuronal cells following hypoxia/ischemia (H/I). This study was aimed to investigate whether knockdown of Id2 in neuronal cells could protect them from hypoxic and ischemic injury both in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis was employed to assess neuronal apoptosis in CoCl2-treated neuroblastoma B35 cells engineered to overexpress or knockdown Id2 expression. In vivo knockdown of Id2 was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intracerebroventricular injection of Cy3-labeled and cholesterol-modified Id2-siRNA. We found that knockdown of Id2 attenuated H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro while overexpression of Id2 produced an opposite effect. In a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), in vivo knockdown of Id2 significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced the volume of ischemic infarction and diminished the neuronal apoptosis in the penumbra area. Double immunofluorescence staining showed less co-localization of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb)-Id2 but greater co-localization of Rb-E2F1 in the penumbra area. Cell cycle assay further demonstrated that Id2 knockdown induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in CoCl2-treated B35 cells. The present data support the implication of Id2 in the modulation of H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis and may provide a potential therapeutic option to protect brain tissues from ischemic injury by inhibition of its expression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shabanzadeh AP, Tassew NG, Szydlowska K, Tymianski M, Banerjee P, Vigouroux RJ, Eubanks JH, Huang L, Geraerts M, Koeberle PD, Mueller BK, Monnier PP. Uncoupling Neogenin association with lipid rafts promotes neuronal survival and functional recovery after stroke. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1744. [PMID: 25950474 PMCID: PMC4669689 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dependence receptor Neogenin and its ligand, the repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa), regulate apoptosis and axonal growth in the developing and the adult central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that this pathway has also a critical role in neuronal death following stroke, and that providing RGMa to neurons blocks Neogenin-induced death. Interestingly, the Neogenin pro-death function following ischemic insult depends on Neogenin association with lipid rafts. Thus, a peptide that prevents Neogenin association with lipid rafts increased neuronal survival in several in vitro stroke models. In rats, a pro-survival effect was also observed in a model of ocular ischemia, as well as after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Treatments that prevented Neogenin association with lipid rafts improved neuronal survival and the complexity of the neuronal network following occlusion of the middle artery. Toward the development of a treatment for stroke, we developed a human anti-RGMa antibody that also prevents Neogenin association with lipid rafts. We show that this antibody also protected CNS tissue from ischemic damage and that its application resulted in a significant functional improvement even when administrated 6 h after artery occlusion. Thus, our results draw attention to the role of Neogenin and lipid rafts as potential targets following stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Shabanzadeh
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N G Tassew
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K Szydlowska
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada
| | - M Tymianski
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada [3] Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Banerjee
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada
| | - R J Vigouroux
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J H Eubanks
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Huang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - M Geraerts
- Neuroscience Research, Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & CO KG, Knollstrasse, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - P D Koeberle
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B K Mueller
- Neuroscience Research, Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & CO KG, Knollstrasse, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - P P Monnier
- 1] Toronto Western Research Institute, Genetics and Development Division, KDT 8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada [3] Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maiese K. Cutting through the complexities of mTOR for the treatment of stroke. Curr Neurovasc Res 2014; 11:177-86. [PMID: 24712647 DOI: 10.2174/1567202611666140408104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On a global basis, at least 15 million individuals suffer some form of a stroke every year. Of these individuals, approximately 800,000 of these cerebrovascular events occur in the United States (US) alone. The incidence of stroke in the US has declined from the third leading cause of death to the fourth, a result that can be attributed to multiple factors that include improved vascular disease management, reduced tobacco use, and more rapid time to treatment in patients that are clinically appropriate to receive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. However, treatment strategies for the majority of stroke patients are extremely limited and represent a critical void for care. A number of new therapeutic considerations for stroke are under consideration, but it is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that is receiving intense focus as a potential new target for cerebrovascular disease. As part of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and protein kinase B (Akt) cascade, mTOR is an essential component of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) to govern cell death involving apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, cellular metabolism, and gene transcription. Vital for the consideration of new therapeutic strategies for stroke is the ability to understand how the intricate and complex pathways of mTOR signaling sometimes lead to disparate clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Inhibition of retinoblastoma mRNA degradation through Poly (A) involved in the neuroprotective effect of berberine against cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90850. [PMID: 24603897 PMCID: PMC3946351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine is one kind of isoquinoline alkaloid with anti-apoptotic effects on the neurons suffering ischemia. To address the explanation for these activities, the berberine-induced cell cycle arrest during neurons suffering ischemia/reperfusion had been studied in the present study. According to the in vitro neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation and in vivo ICR mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, it was found that berberine could protect the mRNA of retinoblastoma (Rb) from degradation through its function on the poly(A) tail. The prolonged half-life of retinoblastoma 1 (gene of Rb, RB1) mRNA level secures the protein level of retinoblastoma, which facilitates cell cycle arrest of neurons in the process of ischemia/reperfusion and subsequently avoids cells entering in the apoptotic process. The poly(A) tail of RB1 mRNA, as a newly identified target of berberine, could help people focus on the interaction between berberine and mRNA to further understand the biological activities and functions of berberine.
Collapse
|
14
|
Targeted delivery of neurogenin-2 protein in the treatment for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8786-97. [PMID: 23942209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenin-2 (Ngn2), as a proneural gene that promotes the survival and differentiation of neural precursor cells, is an attractive candidate for therapy against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the delivery approach limits its clinical application. To deliver Ngn2 protein into the cerebral ischemic region and exert a therapeutic effect on injured neurons after ischemia, we here reported that the fusion protein TAT-LBD-Ngn2 was constructed by fusing a transactivator of transcription (TAT) domain and a laminin-binding domain (LBD) to Ngn2. TAT-LBD-Ngn2 promoted the outgrowth of neuronal neurite, increased the survival rate and alleviated apoptosis of hippocampal neurons exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation in vitro. Furthermore, a focal cerebral ischemia model in C57BL/6 mice showed that TAT-LBD-Ngn2 efficiently crossed the blood brain barrier, aggregated in the ischemic zone and was consistently incorporated into neurons. Moreover, TAT-LBD-Ngn2 transduced into brains attenuated neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in the ischemic zone. TAT-LBD-Ngn2 treatment resulted in a reduction of infarct volume that was associated with a parallel improvement in neurological functional outcomes after reperfusion. In conclusion, the targeted delivery of TAT-LBD-Ngn2 into the ischemic zone attenuated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the inhibition of neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, suggesting that TAT-LBD-Ngn2 is a promising target candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu W, Liu X, Yang H, Zhu X, Yi H, Zhu X, Zhang J. Phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb) is involved in neuronal apoptosis after traumatic brain injury in adult rats. J Mol Histol 2013; 44:147-58. [PMID: 23371354 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), a well identified cell cycle related protein, is involved in regulating the biological functions of various cell types including neurons. One attractive biological function of p-Rb is releasing E2F transcription factor to induce S-phase entry and cellular proliferation of mitotic cells. However, some studies point out that the role of p-Rb in post-mitotic cells such as mature neurons is unique; it may induce cellular apoptosis rather than proliferation via regulating cell cycle reactivation. Up to now, the knowledge of p-Rb function in CNS is still limited. To investigate whether p-Rb is involved in CNS injury and repair, we performed a traumatic brain injury model in adult rats. Up-regulation of p-Rb was observed in the injured brain cortex by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxy-UTP-nick end labeling (TUNEL) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining suggested that p-Rb was relevant to neuronal apoptosis after brain injury. In addition, glutamate excitotoxic model of primary cortex neurons was introduced to further investigate the role of p-Rb in neuronal apoptosis; the result implied p-Rb was associated with cell cycle activation in the apoptotic neurons. Based on our data, we suggested that p-Rb might play an important role in neuronal apoptosis after traumatic brain injury in rat; which might also provide a basis for the further study on its role in regulating cell cycle re-entry in apoptotic neurons, and might gain a novel strategy for the clinical therapy for traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) family members are essential regulators of cell cycle progression, principally through regulation of the E2f transcription factors. Growing evidence indicates that abnormal cell cycle signals can participate in neuronal death. In this regard, the role of Rb (p105) itself has been controversial. Germline Rb deletion leads to massive neuronal loss, but initial reports argue that death is non-cell autonomous. To more definitively resolve this question, we generated acute murine knock-out models of Rb in terminally differentiated neurons in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, we report that acute inactivation of Rb in postmitotic neurons results in ectopic cell cycle protein expression and neuronal loss without concurrent induction of classical E2f-mediated apoptotic genes, such as Apaf1 or Puma. These results suggest that terminally differentiated neurons require Rb for continuous cell cycle repression and survival.
Collapse
|
17
|
Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Targeting disease through novel pathways of apoptosis and autophagy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1203-14. [PMID: 22924465 PMCID: PMC3500415 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.719499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis and autophagy impact cell death in multiple systems of the body. Development of new therapeutic strategies that target these processes must address their complex role during developmental cell growth as well as during the modulation of toxic cellular environments. AREAS COVERED Novel signaling pathways involving Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), β-catenin and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) govern apoptotic and autophagic pathways during oxidant stress that affect the course of a broad spectrum of disease entities including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardial injury, skeletal system trauma, immune system dysfunction and cancer progression. Implications of potential biological and clinical outcome for these signaling pathways are presented. EXPERT OPINION The CCN family member WISP1 and its intimate relationship with canonical and non-canonical wingless signaling pathways of PI3K, Akt1, β-catenin and mTOR offer an exciting approach for governing the pathways of apoptosis and autophagy especially in clinical disorders that are currently without effective treatments. Future studies that can elucidate the intricate role of these cytoprotective pathways during apoptosis and autophagy can further the successful translation and development of these cellular targets into robust and safe clinical therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, F 1220, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. A Critical Kinase Cascade in Neurological Disorders: PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012; 7:733-748. [PMID: 23144589 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders lead to disability and death in a significant proportion of the world's population. However, many disorders of the nervous system remain with limited effective treatments. Kinase pathways in the nervous system that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) offer exciting prospects for the understanding of neurodegenerative pathways and the development of new avenues of treatment. PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR pathways are vital cellular components that determine cell fate during acute and chronic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, and trauma. Yet, the elaborate relationship among these kinases and the variable control of apoptosis and autophagy can lead to unanticipated biological and clinical outcomes. Crucial for the successful translation of PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR into robust and safe clinical strategies will be the further elucidation of the complex roles that these kinase pathways hold in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101 ; New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. Shedding new light on neurodegenerative diseases through the mammalian target of rapamycin. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:128-48. [PMID: 22980037 PMCID: PMC3479314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect a significant portion of the world's population leading to either disability or death for almost 30 million individuals worldwide. One novel therapeutic target that may offer promise for multiple disease entities that involve Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, trauma, stroke, and tumors of the nervous system is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR signaling is dependent upon the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes that are composed of mTOR and several regulatory proteins including the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1, hamartin/TSC2, tuberin). Through a number of integrated cell signaling pathways that involve those of mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as more novel signaling tied to cytokines, Wnt, and forkhead, mTOR can foster stem cellular proliferation, tissue repair and longevity, and synaptic growth by modulating mechanisms that foster both apoptosis and autophagy. Yet, mTOR through its proliferative capacity may sometimes be detrimental to central nervous system recovery and even promote tumorigenesis. Further knowledge of mTOR and the critical pathways governed by this serine/threonine protein kinase can bring new light for neurodegeneration and other related diseases that currently require new and robust treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Shang YC. Oxidant stress and signal transduction in the nervous system with the PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203037 PMCID: PMC3509553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress impacts multiple systems of the body and can lead to some of the most devastating consequences in the nervous system especially during aging. Both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cerebral ischemia, trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and tuberous sclerosis through programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy can be the result of oxidant stress. Novel therapeutic avenues that focus upon the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), Akt (protein kinase B), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade and related pathways offer exciting prospects to address the onset and potential reversal of neurodegenerative disorders. Effective clinical translation of these pathways into robust therapeutic strategies requires intimate knowledge of the complexity of these pathways and the ability of this cascade to influence biological outcome that can vary among disorders of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail:
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Erythropoietin: new directions for the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11102-11129. [PMID: 23109841 PMCID: PMC3472733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment strategies with erythropoietin (EPO) offer exciting opportunities to prevent the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders that currently lack effective therapy and can progress to devastating disability in patients. EPO and its receptor are present in multiple systems of the body and can impact disease progression in the nervous, vascular, and immune systems that ultimately affect disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, retinal injury, stroke, and demyelinating disease. EPO relies upon wingless signaling with Wnt1 and an intimate relationship with the pathways of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Modulation of these pathways by EPO can govern the apoptotic cascade to control β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Yet, EPO and each of these downstream pathways require precise biological modulation to avert complications associated with the vascular system, tumorigenesis, and progression of nervous system disorders. Further understanding of the intimate and complex relationship of EPO and the signaling pathways of Wnt, PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR are critical for the effective clinical translation of these cell pathways into robust treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| |
Collapse
|