1
|
Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Foster T, Jones M, Mikov M, Wise A, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Probucol-bile acid based nanoparticles protect auditory cells from oxidative stress: an in vitro study. Ther Deliv 2024; 15:237-252. [PMID: 38469721 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Excessive free radicals contribute to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The antioxidant probucol holds promise, but its limited bioavailability and inner ear barriers hinder effective SNHL treatment. Methodology: We addressed this by developing probucol-loaded nanoparticles with polymers and lithocholic acid and tested them on House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti cells. Results: Probucol-based nanoparticles effectively reduced oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, enhanced cellular viability, improved probucol uptake and promoted mitochondrial function. Additionally, they demonstrated the capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Conclusion: This innovative nanoparticle system holds the potential to prevent oxidative stress-related hearing impairment, providing an effective solution for SNHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad (Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21101), Serbia
| | | | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharif A, Mamo J, Lam V, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A, Watts GF, Clarnette R, Luna G, Takechi R. The therapeutic potential of probucol and probucol analogues in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38247000 PMCID: PMC10802046 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders present complex pathologies characterized by various interconnected factors, including the aggregation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Addressing such multifaceted pathways necessitates the development of multi-target therapeutic strategies. Emerging research indicates that probucol, a historic lipid-lowering medication, offers substantial potential in the realm of neurodegenerative disease prevention and treatment. Preclinical investigations have unveiled multifaceted cellular effects of probucol, showcasing its remarkable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, its ability to fortify the BBB and its direct influence on neural preservation and adaptability. These diverse effects collectively translate into enhancements in both motor and cognitive functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent findings highlighting the efficacy of probucol and probucol-related compounds in the context of various neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cognitive impairment associated with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arazu Sharif
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Roger Clarnette
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takeo T, Miyake M, Mizuno H. Neuroprotective Effects of Probucol against Rotenone-Induced Toxicity via Suppression of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in SH-SY5Y Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1154-1162. [PMID: 38880623 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Probucol is a hyperlipidemic drug with antioxidant properties. It has been reported to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, reduce oxidative stress, and suppress neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease models, including Parkinson's disease models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of probucol have been not examined yet. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether probucol can alleviate the effects of a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, on a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). We evaluated the cell viability and cytotoxicity and apoptosis rates of SH-SY5Y cells treated with rotenone and probucol or edaravone, a known free-radical scavenger. Subsequently, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cells were evaluated to determine the effects of probucol on mitochondrial function. We found that rotenone caused cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced ROS generation, and impaired MMP. However, probucol could inhibit this rotenone-induced decrease in cell viability, MMP loss, intracellular ROS generation, and apoptosis. These results suggest that probucol exerts neuroprotective effects via MMP stabilization and the inhibition of ROS generation. Additionally, this effect of probucol was equal to or greater than and more persistent than that of edaravone. Thus, we believe probucol may be a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsugumi Takeo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | | | - Hideya Mizuno
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gamit N, Patil M, B Sundrappa S, Sundaram SM, Sethi G, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived rapid drug screening system for Alzheimer's disease for the identification of novel drugs. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1496-1512. [PMID: 37571798 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and efficient in vitro model is needed to screen drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as many drugs are currently in the developmental stage. To address this, we developed an in vitro model using amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSCs) to screen novel drugs for AD. We differentiated AM-MSCs into neurons and degenerated them using beta amyloid1-42 (Aß). We then tested AD drugs, which are commercially available such as donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, citicoline, and two novel drugs, that is, probucol, an anti-hyperlipidaemic drug, and NMJ-2, a cinnamic acid analogue for their potential to protect the cells against neurodegeneration. We used gene expression and immunofluorescence staining to assess the neuroprotective ability of these drugs. We also measured the ability of these drugs to reduce lactate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide levels, as well as their ability to stabilize the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels. The AD drugs and novel drugs reduced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and restored ACh levels. Furthermore, they reduced BACE1 expression, with a concomitant increase in the expression of cholinergic markers. This AM-MSCs-based AD-like model has immense potential to be an accurate human model and an alternative to animal models for testing a large number of lead compounds in a short time. Our results also suggest that the novel drugs probucol and NMJ-2 may protect against Aß-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
| | - Manasi Patil
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
| | - Soumya B Sundrappa
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
| | - S Mohana Sundaram
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen CM, Gung PY, Ho YC, Hamdin CD, Yet SF. Probucol treatment after traumatic brain injury activates BDNF/TrkB pathway, promotes neuroregeneration and ameliorates functional deficits in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2605-2622. [PMID: 37263748 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet pharmacotherapies for TBI are currently lacking. Neuroregeneration is important in brain repair and functional recovery. In this study, probucol, a cholesterol-lowering drug with established safety profiles, was examined for its therapeutic effects and neuroregenerative actions in TBI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI, followed by daily administration of probucol. Neurological and cognitive functions were evaluated. Histological analyses of the neocortex and hippocampus were performed to detect the lesion, dendritic degeneration (microtubule-associated protein 2), synaptic density (synaptophysin), neurogenesis (doublecortin), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) activation. Involvement of BDNF/TrkB pathway in probucol-mediated effects was examined in primary cultures of cortical neurons. KEY RESULTS Probucol reduced brain lesion volume, enhanced the recovery of body symmetry, improved motor function and attenuated memory dysfunction after TBI. Meanwhile, probucol promoted post-injury dendritic growth and synaptogenesis and increased hippocampal proliferating neuronal progenitor cells, along with the formation as well as the survival of newborn neurons. Moreover, probucol enhances BDNF expression and TrkB activation. In vitro, probucol promoted neurite outgrowth, which was inhibited by a selective TrkB antagonist ANA-12. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Probucol enhanced functional restoration and ameliorated cognitive impairment after TBI by promoting post-injury neuronal remodelling and neurogenesis. Increased activation of BDNF/TrkB pathway by probucol, at least in part, contributed to the neuroregenerative effects of probucol. Together, it may be promising to repurpose probucol for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Mei Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Gung
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Candra D Hamdin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- National Health Research Institutes & Department of Life Sciences, National Central University Joint Ph.D. Program in Biomedicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacques MT, de Souza V, Barbosa FAR, Faria Santos Canto R, Lopes SC, Prediger RD, Braga AL, Aschner M, Farina M. Novel Probucol Analogue, 4,4'-Diselanediylbis (2,6-Di- tert-Butylphenol), Prevents Oxidative Glutamate Neurotoxicity In Vitro and Confers Neuroprotection in a Rodent Model of Ischemic Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2857-2867. [PMID: 37499207 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative glutamate toxicity is regarded as one of the injurious mechanisms associated with ischemic stroke, which represents a major health problem and requires improved pharmacological treatments. We designed and synthesized two new probucol analogues [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-selenocyanatophenol (C1) and 4,4'-diselanediylbis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (C2)] and investigated their effects against glutamate-induced neuronal oxidative toxicity in vitro in cultured HT22 cells, compared with their parental compound (probucol). In addition, C2, which exhibited the lowest toxicity, was investigated in an in vivo rodent model of ischemic stroke. Glutamate caused concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in HT22 neuronal cells, which was preceded by increased levels of oxidants and depletion of the antioxidant glutathione. The analogues (C1 and C2), but not probucol, significantly decreased the levels of oxidants (including mitochondrial superoxide anion and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and protected against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. In the in vivo model of ischemic stroke, which was based on central injections of the vasoconstrictor agent endothelin-1 (800 pmol/site), C2 (20 or 50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally, for 4 consecutive days after stroke) displayed significant beneficial effects against ischemic injury in vivo, improving rats' motor-related behavioral skills and decreasing stroke-related striatal gliosis. This is the first study to design, synthesize, and present a probucol analogue (C2) with in vivo beneficial effects against ischemic stroke. This novel compound, which was able to mitigate glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity in vitro, represents a promising neuroprotective drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Faria Santos Canto
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Samantha Cristiane Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luiz Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naren P, Cholkar A, Kamble S, Khan SS, Srivastava S, Madan J, Mehra N, Tiwari V, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Pathological and Therapeutic Advances in Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondria in the Interplay. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S399-S428. [PMID: 36093711 PMCID: PMC10473111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness majorly affecting the population between the ages of 55 to 65 years. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the collective assemblage of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, remain notable neuro-pathological hallmarks of the disease. Multitudes of mechanistic pathways have been proposed in attempts to unravel the pathogenesis of PD but still, it remains elusive. The convergence of PD pathology is found in organelle dysfunction where mitochondria remain a major contributor. Mitochondrial processes like bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are under strict regulation by the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome. These processes aggravate neurodegenerative activities upon alteration through neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and proteostatic stress. Therefore, the mitochondria have grabbed a central position in the patho-mechanistic exploration of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. The management of PD remains a challenge to physicians to date, due to the variable therapeutic response of patients and the limitation of conventional chemical agents which only offer symptomatic relief with minimal to no disease-modifying effect. This review describes the patho-mechanistic pathways involved in PD not only limited to protein dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress, but explicit attention has been drawn to exploring mechanisms like organelle dysfunction, primarily mitochondria and mitochondrial genome influence, while delineating the newer exploratory targets such as GBA1, GLP, LRRK2, and miRNAs and therapeutic agents targeting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anjali Cholkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suchita Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi (U.P.), India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen KQ, Ke BY, Cheng L, Guan MT, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Research and Progress of Probucol in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:1905-1911. [PMID: 36967462 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230324092842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the social economy over the last 30 years, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by unhealthy living habits and eating styles and has gradually become an increasingly serious public health problem. It is very important to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD for the development of human health. Probucol is an antioxidant with a bis-phenol structure. Although probucol is a clinically used cholesterol-lowering and antiatherosclerosis drug, its mechanism has not been elucidated in detail. This paper reviews the chemical structure, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological research of probucol. Meanwhile, this paper reviews the mechanism of probucol in NAFLD. We also analyzed and summarized the experimental models and clinical trials of probucol in NAFLD. Although current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD are not effective, we hope that through further research on probucol, we will be able to find suitable treatments to solve this problem in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qian Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Bo-Yi Ke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Meng-Ting Guan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Novel Diselenide-Probucol-Analogue Protects Against Methylmercury-Induced Toxicity in HT22 Cells by Upregulating Peroxide Detoxification Systems: a Comparison with Diphenyl Diselenide. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:127-139. [PMID: 35043379 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous environmental neurotoxicant whose mechanisms of action involve oxidation of endogenous nucleophilic groups (mainly thiols and selenols), depletion of antioxidant defenses, and disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis. Diphenyl diselenide-(PhSe)2-a model diaryl diselenide, has been reported to display significant protective effects against MeHg-induced neurotoxicity under both in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. In this study, we compared the protective effects of (PhSe)2 with those of RC513 (4,4'-diselanediylbis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), a novel diselenide-probucol-analog) against MeHg-induced toxicity in the neuronal (hippocampal) cell line HT22. Although both (PhSe)2 and RC513 significantly mitigated MeHg- and tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH)-cytotoxicity, the probucol analog exhibited superior protective effects, which were observed earlier and at lower concentrations compared to (PhSe)2. RC513 treatment (at either 0.5 µM or 2 µM) significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, which has been reported to counteract MeHg-toxicity. (PhSe)2 was also able to increase GPx activity, but only at 2 µM. Although both compounds increased the Gpx1 transcripts at 6 h after treatments, only RC513 was able to increase mRNA levels of Prx2, Prx3, Prx5, and Txn2, which are also involved in peroxide detoxification. RC513 (at 2 µM) significantly increased GPx-1 protein expression in HT22 cells, although (PhSe)2 displayed a minor (nonsignificant) effect in this parameter. In agreement, RC513 induced a faster and superior capability to cope with exogenously-added peroxide (t-BuOOH). In summary, when compared to the prototypical organic diaryl diselenide [(PhSe)2], RC513 displayed superior protective properties against MeHg-toxicity in vitro; this was paralleled by a more pronounced upregulation of defenses related to detoxification of peroxides, which are well-known MeHg-derived intermediate oxidant species.
Collapse
|
10
|
da Silva EB, Eichwald T, Glaser V, Varela KG, Baptistella AR, de Carvalho D, Remor AP. Protective Effects of Probucol on Different Brain Cells Exposed to Manganese. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:276-285. [PMID: 35043377 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for many functions in the body. However, in excess, it can be neurotoxic and cause a Parkinson-like syndrome, known as manganism. Here, we aimed to identify a protective effect of probucol, a lipid-lowering agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, against Mn-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and glioblastoma (C6) cell lines. The cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of Mn followed by probucol addition 1, 3, 6, and/or 24 h to assess the metal toxic doses and measure the protective effect of probucol against Mn-induced oxidative damage. Longer exposition to Mn showed decreased SH-SY5Y cellular viability in concentrations higher than 100 µM, and probucol was able to prevent this effect. The C6 cells were more sensitive to the Mn deleterious actions, decreasing the cell viability after 6 h of 500 µM Mn exposure. In addition, probucol prevents the complex I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) inhibition caused by Mn and decreased the intracellular ROS production. Taken together, our results showed that Mn toxicity affects differently both cell lines and probucol has a protective effect against the oxidative imbalance in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Blenda da Silva
- Graduada em Medicina, Área de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, SC, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | - Tuany Eichwald
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde (PPGBS), Área de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, SC, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | - Viviane Glaser
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Coordenadoria Especial de Ciências Biológicas e Agronômicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus de Curitibanos, SC, Curitibanos, Brazil
| | - Karina Giacomini Varela
- Graduada em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, Biotério, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | - Antuani Rafael Baptistella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde (PPGBS), Área de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, SC, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | - Diego de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde (PPGBS), Área de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, SC, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | - Aline Pertile Remor
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde (PPGBS), Área de Ciências da Vida e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de Joaçaba, SC, 89600-000, Joaçaba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naime AA, Barbosa FVAR, Bueno DC, Curi Pedrosa R, Canto RFS, Colle D, Braga AL, Farina M. Prevention of ferroptosis in acute scenarios: an in vitro study with classic and novel anti-ferroptotic compounds. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:1062-1079. [PMID: 34895012 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2017912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has critical roles in diverse pathologies. Data on the temporal events mediating the prevention of ferroptosis are lacking. Focused on temporal aspects of cytotoxicity/protection, we investigated the effects of classic (Fer-1) and novel [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-thienylthio)phenol (C1) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-thienylselano)phenol (C2)] anti-ferroptotic agents against RSL3-, BSO- or glutamate-induced ferroptosis in cultured HT22 neuronal cell line, comparing their effects with those of the antioxidants trolox, ebselen and probucol. Glutamate (5 mM), BSO (25 μM) and RSL3 (50 nM) decreased approximately 40% of cell viability at 24 h. At these concentrations, none of these agents changed cell viability at 6 h after treatments; RSL3 increased lipoperoxidation from 6 h, although BSO and glutamate only did so at 12 h after treatments. At similar conditions, BSO and glutamate (but not RSL3) decreased GSH levels at 6 h after treatments. Fer-1, C1 and C2 exhibited similar protective effects against glutamate-, BSO- and RSL3-cytotoxicity, but this protection was limited when the protective agents were delivered to cells at time-points characterized by increased lipoperoxidation (but not glutathione depletion). Compared to Fer-1, C1 and C2, the anti-ferroptotic effects of trolox, ebselen and probucol were minor. Cytoprotective effects were not associated with direct antioxidant efficacies. These results indicate that the temporal window is central in affecting the efficacies of anti-ferroptotic drugs in acute scenarios; ferroptosis prevention is improbable when significant rates of lipoperoxidation were already achieved. C1 and C2 displayed remarkable cytoprotective effects, representing a promising new class of compounds to treat ferroptosis-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aita Naime
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Diones Caeran Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rozangela Curi Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Faria Santos Canto
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirleise Colle
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luiz Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koç A, Karabay AZ, Yaprak A, Büyükbingöl Z, Aktan F. Effect of Probucol on Proliferation of Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma, and Fibroblast Cells. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:75-79. [PMID: 33634671 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Probucol is a bisphenol antioxidant with antiinflammatory, antilipidemic and antidiabetic effect. Development and progression of cancer is closely related to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Agents that target these processes have been shown to modulate cancer cell proliferation. In this regard, the effect of probucol on proliferation of different cancer cell lines was investigated. Materials and Methods Different concentrations of probucol solutions were prepared and applied to the following cancer cell lines: K562S (imatinib sensitive) and K562R (imatinib resistant) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells; U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells; HL60 acute myeloid leukemia cells; U266, H929, and RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells; and L929 fibroblast cells. Cell viability was conducted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results Significant toxicity was not exhibited due to probucol treatment (0.1-10 µM) in K562S and K562R CML cells, U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells, HL60 acute myeloid leukemia cells, U266 multiple myeloma cells, and L929 fibroblast cells. However, probucol treatment significantly inhibited the viability of H929 and RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells at the concentration of 0.5-10 µM and 5-10 µM, respectively. Conclusion Probucol treatment slightly inhibited the viability of other cancer cell lines, but significantly inhibited the viability of H929 and RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells. However, its effect was not potent, since a 50% reduction in cell viability could not be achieved at the concentrations of probucol treatment administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Koç
- Ankara Universtiy Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Zeynep Karabay
- Ankara Universtiy Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Yaprak
- Ankara Universtiy Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Büyükbingöl
- Ankara Universtiy Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fügen Aktan
- Ankara Universtiy Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Probucol Protects Neuronal Cells Against Peroxide-Induced Damage and Directly Activates Glutathione Peroxidase-1. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3245-3257. [PMID: 32506382 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has shown that probucol, a hypocholesterolemic agent, is also able to increase glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanism(s) involved in this event. In this study, in vitro experiments with purified GPx1 from bovine erythrocytes and cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, as well as in silico studies with GPx1, were performed in order to elucidate mechanisms mediating the stimulatory effect of probucol on GPx activity and to investigate the relevance of this event in terms of susceptibility against peroxide-induced cytotoxicity. In vitro experiments with purified GPx1 showed a direct stimulatory effect of probucol on the activity of GPx1, which was related to an increase in Vmax with no changes in KM. Probucol also increased GPx activity in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, while the levels of GPx1 expression were not changed, corroborating the results found with the purified enzyme. In addition, probucol rendered SH-SY5Y cells more resistant to hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity, and this event was abolished in GPx1 knocked-down cells. In silico studies with GPx1 pointed to a potential binding site for probucol at the close vicinity of the GSH pocket. Collectively, the results presented herein indicate that GPx1 plays a central role in the probucol-induced protective effects against peroxide toxicity. This highlights a novel target (GPx1) and a new mechanism of action (direct activation) for an "old drug." The relevance of such results for in vivo conditions deserves further investigation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bueno DC, Canto RFS, de Souza V, Andreguetti RR, Barbosa FAR, Naime AA, Dey PN, Wüllner V, Lopes MW, Braga AL, Methner A, Farina M. New Probucol Analogues Inhibit Ferroptosis, Improve Mitochondrial Parameters, and Induce Glutathione Peroxidase in HT22 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3273-3290. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
González-Guevara E, Cárdenas G, Pérez-Severiano F, Martínez-Lazcano JC. Dysregulated Brain Cholesterol Metabolism Is Linked to Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1113-1127. [PMID: 32410324 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon-1 of the huntingtin gene. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism and distribution have been reported in Huntington's disease, including abnormal interactions between mutant huntingtin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, decreased levels of apolipoprotein E/cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein receptor complexes, and alterations in the synthesis of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholestrol, a key intermediary in cholesterol metabolism and a possible marker in neurodegenerative diseases, decreased proportionally to the degree of caudate nucleus atrophy. The interaction of mutant huntingtin with sterol regulatory element-binding proteins is of particular interest given that sterol regulatory element-binding proteins play a dual role: They take part in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, but also in the inflammatory response that induces immune cell migration as well as toxic effects, particularly in astrocytes. This work summarizes current evidence on the metabolic and immune implications of sterol regulatory element-binding protein dysregulation in Huntington's disease, highlighting the potential use of drugs that modulate these alterations. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología y Enfermedades Neuro-Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson's Disease? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4293071. [PMID: 32215173 PMCID: PMC7042542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4293071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at investigating the effects and molecular mechanisms of physical activity intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of PD. Methods Four electronic databases up to December 2019 were searched (PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley database), 176 articles were selected. Literature data were analyzed by the logic analysis method. Results (1) Risk factors of PD include dairy products, pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and obesity. Protective factors include alcohol, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and physical activity. (2) Physical activity can reduce the risk and improve symptoms of PD and the beneficial forms of physical activity, including running, dancing, traditional Chinese martial arts, yoga, and weight training. (3) Different forms of physical activity alleviate the symptoms of PD through different mechanisms, including reducing the accumulation of α-syn protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while enhancing BDNF activity, nerve regeneration, and mitochondrial function. Conclusion Physical activity has a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of PD. Illustrating the molecular mechanism of physical activity-induced protective effect on PD is an urgent need for improving the efficacy of PD therapy regimens in the future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sodium alginate capsulation increased brain delivery of probucol and suppressed neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ther Deliv 2019; 9:703-709. [PMID: 30277134 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To enhance the bioavailability and brain uptake of probucol and examine whether it attenuates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by utilizing a sodium alginate nanoencapsulation technique. MATERIALS & METHODS Wild-type mice were given either low-fat standard chow, high-fat (HF) diet to induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, HF diet supplemented with nanocapsuled probucol at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w), HF diet supplemented with noncapsulated probucol at the same concentration of 0.1%, or HF diet supplemented with noncapsulated probucol at higher concentration (1%) for 24 weeks. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The nanoencapsulation increased the plasma and brain concentration of probucol significantly compared with the mice that was given the same dosage of probucol without capsulation, and significantly suppressed the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
18
|
Antidepressant Effects of Probucol on Early-Symptomatic YAC128 Transgenic Mice for Huntington's Disease. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:4056383. [PMID: 30186318 PMCID: PMC6112232 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4056383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a trinucleotide expansion in the HD gene, resulting in an extended polyglutamine tract in the protein huntingtin. HD is traditionally viewed as a movement disorder, but cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms also contribute to the clinical presentation. Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disturbances in HD, present even before manifestation of motor symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in HD-affected individuals are essential aspects of clinical management in this population, especially owing to the high risk of suicide. This study investigated whether chronic administration of the antioxidant probucol improved motor and affective symptoms as well as hippocampal neurogenic function in the YAC128 transgenic mouse model of HD during the early- to mild-symptomatic stages of disease progression. The motor performance and affective symptoms were monitored using well-validated behavioral tests in YAC128 mice and age-matched wild-type littermates at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, after 1, 3, or 5 months of treatment with probucol (30 mg/kg/day via water supplementation, starting on postnatal day 30). Endogenous markers were used to assess the effect of probucol on cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)) and neuronal differentiation (doublecortin (DCX)) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Chronic treatment with probucol reduced the occurrence of depressive-like behaviors in early- and mild-symptomatic YAC128 mice. Functional improvements were not accompanied by increased progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our findings provide evidence that administration of probucol may be of clinical benefit in the management of early- to mild-symptomatic HD.
Collapse
|
19
|
de Freitas CM, Krum BN, Chiapinotto Ceretta AP, Schaffer LF, de Moraes Reis E, Schwerz JP, Barbosa CP, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R. Silymarin recovers 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor deficits in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:549-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
20
|
Quispe RL, Canto RFS, Jaramillo ML, Barbosa FAR, Braga AL, de Bem AF, Farina M. Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Evaluation of a Novel Probucol Derivative: Protective Activity in Neuronal Cells Through GPx Upregulation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7619-7634. [PMID: 29430618 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that probucol (PB), a hipocholesterolemic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, presents neuroprotective properties. On the other hand, adverse effects have limited PB's clinical application. Thus, the search for PB derivatives with no or less adverse effects has been a topic of research. In this study, we present a novel organoselenium PB derivative (RC513) and investigate its potential protective activity in an in vitro experimental model of oxidative toxicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) in HT22 neuronal cells, as well as exploit potential protective mechanisms. tBuOOH exposure caused a significant decrease in the cell viability, which was preceded by (i) increased reactive species generation and (ii) decreased mitochondrial maximum oxygen consumption rate. RC513 pretreatment (48 h) significantly prevented the tBuOOH-induced decrease of cell viability, RS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Of note, RC513 significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and mRNA expression of GPx1, a key enzyme involved in peroxide detoxification. The use of mercaptosuccinic acid, an inhibitor of GPx, significantly decreased the protective activity of RC513 against tBuOOH-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells, highlighting the importance of GPx upregulation in the observed protection. In summary, the results showed a significant protective activity of a novel PB derivative against tBuOOH-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which was related to the upregulation of GPx. Our results point to RC513 as a promising neuroprotective molecule, even though studies concerning potential beneficial effects and safety aspects of RC513 under in vivo conditions are well warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Liliám Quispe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Bloco C, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Faria Santos Canto
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Lorenz Jaramillo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flavio Augusto Rocha Barbosa
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Bloco C, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Bloco C, CEP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by probucol contributes to inhibiting inflammation and neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52078-52093. [PMID: 28881715 PMCID: PMC5581014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a massive release of inflammatory factors and free radicals, which seriously compromise nerve recovery and axon regeneration. In this study, we examined the efficacy of probucol on anti-inflammatory responses and functional recovery after SCI by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. We also investigated the mechanism by which inflammation is inhibited in this process. We found that treatment of injured rats with probucol significantly increased levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), while levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were decreased. This was associated with a reduction in neural cell apoptosis and promotion of nerve function recovery. These results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of probucol after SCI are mediated by activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of probucol represent a viable treatment for improving functional recovery following SCI.
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo X, Liu T, Zhao D, Wang X, Liu D, He Y, Shan C, Kong Y, Hu W, Tao B, Sun L, Zhao H, Li S, Liu J. FGF18 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal damage in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2017; 356:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Probucol inhibits neural cell apoptosis via inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2016; 329:193-200. [PMID: 27223630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in neurodevelopment, axonal guidance, neuropathic pain remission, and neuronal survival. Inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway can induce the occurrence of autophagy. In this study, we initially detected the effect of probucol on autophagy after spinal cord injury (SCI) by intraperitoneally injecting spinal cord-injured rats with probucol for 7days. The levels of Beclin1 and LC3B were evidently enhanced at 7days post-operation. However, the increase in the phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein and the decrease in ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70 subtype (p70S6K) phosphorylation level simultaneously occurred after SCI. Moreover, the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Bax were significantly reduced. Immunofluorescence results indicated that the expression of Caspase-3 protein was evidently decreased and that of Beclin-1 protein was increased by probucol. Nissl staining and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores showed that the quantity and function of motor neurons were visibly preserved by probucol after SCI. This study showed that probucol inhibited the mTOR signaling pathway to induce autophagy, reduce neural cell apoptosis and promote recovery of neurological function after SCI.
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin MS, Jeong HY, An DI, Lee HY, Sung YH. Treadmill exercise facilitates synaptic plasticity on dopaminergic neurons and fibers in the mouse model with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:28-33. [PMID: 27080424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) helps to alleviate clinical symptoms such as tremor, balance instability, gait dysfunction, and rigidity. However, molecular mechanism about effect of exercise is poorly unknown. In this study, we investigated effect of exercise in synapse and dendritic spine of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons on mice with PD. The C57BL/6J male mice (n=40) were divided by sham group, sham-exercise treated group, 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated group, and MPTP-exercise treated group. For exercise treatment, the mice were put on the treadmill to run for 8m/min, 30min/day, and 5 times/week for 2 weeks. Coordination ability was checked by rota rod test. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), synaptophysin, and post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) was confirmed at substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) or striatum using western blotting, or immunohistochemistry. To check dendritic spine in striatum, we used Golgi staining. The results revealed that MPTP treated group displayed poor coordination ability compared with sham group. However, MPTP-exercise treated group showed good coordination ability compared with MPTP treated group. As well as, we also found that MPTP-exercise group increases expression of synaptophysin, PSD-95, TH, and dendritic spine in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and fibers than MPTP treated group (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that exercise may give beneficial effects to patients with PD by facilitating synaptic plasticity and increasing dendritic spines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mal-Soon Shin
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong-si, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Jeong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Da-In An
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ribeiro RP, Santos DB, Colle D, Naime AA, Gonçalves CL, Ghizoni H, Hort MA, Godoi M, Dias PF, Braga AL, Farina M. Decreased forelimb ability in mice intracerebroventricularly injected with low dose 6-hydroxidopamine: A model on the dissociation of bradykinesia from hypokinesia. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:30-6. [PMID: 26921691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinesia and hypokinesia represent well-known motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). While bradykinesia (slow execution of movements) is present in less affected PD patients and aggravates as the disease severity increases, hypokinesia (reduction of movement) seems to emerge prominently only in the more affected patients. Here we developed a model based on the central infusion of low dose (40μg) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in mice in an attempt to discriminate bradykinesia (accessed through forelimb inability) from hypokinesia (accessed through locomotor and exploratory activities). The potential beneficial effects of succinobucol against 6-OHDA-induced forelimb inability were also evaluated. One week after the beginning of treatment with succinobucol (i.p. injections, 10mg/kg/day), mice received a single i.c.v. infusion of 6-OHDA (40μg/site). One week after 6-OHDA infusion, general locomotor/exploratory activities (open field test), muscle strength (grid test), forelimb skill (single pellet task), as well as striatal biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and NADH dehydrogenases activities, lipid peroxidation and TH levels), were evaluated. 6-OHDA infusions did not change locomotor/exploratory activities and muscle strength, as well as the evaluated striatal biochemical parameters. However, 6-OHDA infusions caused significant reductions (50%) in the single pellet reaching task performance, which detects forelimb skill inability and can be used to experimentally identify bradykinesia. Succinobucol partially protected against 6-OHDA-induced forelimb inability. The decreased forelimb ability with no changes in locomotor/exploratory behavior indicates that our 6-OHDA-based protocol represents a useful tool to mechanistically study the dissociation of bradykinesia and hypokinesia in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pietsch Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento Acadêmico de Saúde e Serviço, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, 88020030 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Danúbia Bonfanti Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Dirleise Colle
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Aita Naime
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Ghizoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Godoi
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Campus Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fernando Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Succinobucol, a Non-Statin Hypocholesterolemic Drug, Prevents Premotor Symptoms and Nigrostriatal Neurodegeneration in an Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1513-1530. [PMID: 26852411 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by non-motor and motor disabilities. This study investigated whether succinobucol (SUC) could mitigate nigrostriatal injury caused by intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration in mice. Moreover, the effects of SUC against MPTP-induced behavioral impairments and neurochemical changes were also evaluated. The quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) cells was also performed in primary mesencephalic cultures to evaluate the effects of SUC against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) toxicity in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were treated with SUC (10 mg/kg/day, intragastric (i.g.)) for 30 days, and thereafter, animals received MPTP infusion (1 mg/nostril) and SUC treatment continued for additional 15 days. MPTP-infused animals displayed significant non-motor symptoms including olfactory and short-term memory deficits evaluated in the olfactory discrimination, social recognition, and water maze tasks. These behavioral impairments were accompanied by inhibition of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity (complex I), as well as significant decrease of TH and dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. Although SUC treatment did not rescue NADH dehydrogenase activity inhibition, it was able to blunt MPTP-induced behavioral impairments and prevented the decrease in TH and DAT immunoreactivities in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. SUC also suppressed striatal astroglial activation and increased interleukin-6 levels in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, SUC significantly prevented the loss of TH+ neurons induced by MPP+ in primary mesencephalic cultures. These results provide new evidence that SUC treatment counteracts early non-motor symptoms and neurodegeneration/neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway induced by intranasal MPTP administration in mice by modulating events downstream to the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase inhibition.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun X, Shi X, Lu L, Jiang Y, Liu B. Stimulus-dependent neuronal cell responses in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2215-20. [PMID: 26781445 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms that cause neuronal cell death following exposure to excitatory neurotransmitter‑induced neurotoxicity, neurotoxins and oxidative stress. Human SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to various stimuli, including glutamate, 6‑hydroxydopamine (6‑OHDA), and glucose oxidase, and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Early apoptosis and necrosis were examined by Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometric analysis. Intracellular calcium ion concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed by Fluo‑3a and JC‑1 staining, respectively. In addition, protein expression of receptor‑interacting protein (RIP) kinase 1 and RIP kinase 3 were evaluated by western blotting. Glutamate, 6‑OHDA and glucose oxidase treatment decreased cell viability. Glutamate induced apoptosis and necrosis, whereas, 6‑OHDA induced cell necrosis and glucose oxidase induced apoptosis. Furthermore, glutamate, 6‑OHDA or glucose oxidase treatment significantly increased intracellular calcium concentrations (P<0.05). The effect of glutamate on mitochondrial membrane potential varied with high and low concentrations, whereas 6‑OHDA and glucose oxidase significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in the SH‑SY5Y cells (P<0.05). Glutamate significantly upregulated expression levels of RIP kinase 1 (P<0.05), but not RIP kinase 3. These findings demonstrate that the response of SH‑SY5Y cells varies with the stimuli. Furthermore, RIP kinase 1 may specifically regulate programmed necrosis in glutamate‑mediated excitatory toxicity, but not in cell damage induced by either 6-OHDA or glucose oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiguang Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Laijing Lu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nrf2–ARE pathway: An emerging target against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 157:84-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
29
|
Pallebage-Gamarallage M, Takechi R, Lam V, Elahy M, Mamo J. Pharmacological modulation of dietary lipid-induced cerebral capillary dysfunction: Considerations for reducing risk for Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:166-83. [PMID: 26678521 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1115820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that cerebrovascular dysfunction and microvessel disease precede the evolution of hallmark pathological features that characterise Alzheimer's disease (AD), consistent with a causal association for onset or progression. Recent studies, principally in genetically unmanipulated animal models, suggest that chronic ingestion of diets enriched in saturated fats and cholesterol may compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity resulting in inappropriate blood-to-brain extravasation of plasma proteins, including lipid macromolecules that may be enriched in amyloid-β (Aβ). Brain parenchymal retention of blood proteins and lipoprotein bound Aβ is associated with heightened neurovascular inflammation, altered redox homeostasis and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. Therefore, it is a reasonable proposition that lipid-lowering agents may positively modulate BBB integrity and by extension attenuate risk or progression of AD. In addition to their robust lipid lowering properties, reported beneficial effects of lipid-lowering agents were attributed to their pleiotropic properties via modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, NO and Aβ metabolism. The review is a contemporary consideration of a complex body of literature intended to synthesise focussed consideration of mechanisms central to regulation of BBB function and integrity. Emphasis is given to dietary fat driven significant epidemiological evidence consistent with heightened risk amongst populations consuming greater amounts of saturated fats and cholesterol. In addition, potential neurovascular benefits associated with the use of hypolipidemic statins, probucol and fenofibrate are also presented in the context of lipid-lowering and pleiotropic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menuka Pallebage-Gamarallage
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Public Health Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia and.,b Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Public Health Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia and.,b Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Public Health Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia and.,b Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Mina Elahy
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Public Health Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia and.,b Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia
| | - John Mamo
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Public Health Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia and.,b Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Curtin University , Perth , WA , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hwan Do J. Genome-wide transcriptional comparison of MPP<sup>+</sup> treated human neuroblastoma cells with the state space model. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.4.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
31
|
Santos D, Colle D, Moreira E, Peres K, Ribeiro R, dos Santos A, de Oliveira J, Hort M, de Bem A, Farina M. Probucol mitigates streptozotocin-induced cognitive and biochemical changes in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 284:590-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
32
|
Damage of neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5Y mediated by MPP+ inhibits proliferation of T-cell leukemia Jurkat by co-culture system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10738-50. [PMID: 24933638 PMCID: PMC4100177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has implications in pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Research data demonstrated that the peripheral CD4+ T-cell population decreased in pathogenesis of PD. The effect of damaged dopaminergic neurons on peripheral T cells of PD is still unknown. In this study, we constructed a neuronal and glial cells co-culture model by using human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y and gliomas cells U87. After the co-culture cells were treated with neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for 24 h, the conditioned media was harvested and used to cultivate T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells for another 24 h. We then analyzed the cell proliferation, cell cycle and necrosis effect of Jurkat cells. The results showed that co-culture medium of SH-SY5Y and U87 cells with MPP+ treatment inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells compared to control medium without MPP+, even though the same concentration of MPP+ had very little toxicity to the Jurkat cell. Furthermore, co-culture medium with low concentration of MPP+ (100 µM) arrested Jurkat cells cycle in G2/M phase through increasing cell cycle division 2 (CDC2) and CyclinB1 expression level, whereas co-culture medium with high concentration of MPP+ (500 µM) induced Jurkat cell necrosis through cellular swelling and membrane breakage. Our data implies that damaged dopamine neurons with glial cells can lead to the reduced number or inhibited proliferation activity of peripheral T cells.
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu Y, Liu C, Chen S, Ye Y, Guo M, Ren Q, Liu L, Zhang H, Xu C, Zhou Q, Huang S, Chen L. Activation of AMPK and inactivation of Akt result in suppression of mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways leading to neuronal cell death in in vitro models of Parkinson's disease. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1680-1689. [PMID: 24726895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Dysregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the underlying mechanism is incompletely elucidated. Here, we show that PD mimetics (6-hydroxydopamine, N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine or rotenone) suppressed phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1, reduced cell viability, and activated caspase-3 and PARP in PC12 cells and primary neurons. Overexpression of wild-type mTOR or constitutively active S6K1, or downregulation of 4E-BP1 in PC12 cells partially prevented cell death in response to the PD toxins, revealing that mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways due to the PD toxins were inhibited, leading to neuronal cell death. Furthermore, we found that the inhibition of mTOR signaling contributing to neuronal cell death was attributed to suppression of Akt and activation of AMPK. This is supported by the findings that ectopic expression of constitutively active Akt or dominant negative AMPKα, or inhibition of AMPKα with compound C partially attenuated inhibition of phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1, activation of caspase-3, and neuronal cell death triggered by the PD toxins. The results indicate that PD stresses activate AMPK and inactivate Akt, causing neuronal cell death via inhibiting mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways. Our findings suggest that proper co-manipulation of AMPK/Akt/mTOR signaling may be a potential strategy for prevention and treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijiao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yangjing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Hai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stott SRW, Barker RA. Time course of dopamine neuron loss and glial response in the 6-OHDA striatal mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1042-1056. [PMID: 24372914 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxic lesion of the midbrain dopamine (DA) system is one of the most widely used techniques for modelling Parkinson's disease in rodents. The majority of studies using this approach, however, largely limit their analysis to lesioning acutely, and looking at behavioural deficits and the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-stained cells in the midbrain. Here we have analysed additional characteristics that occur following intrastriatal delivery of 6-OHDA, providing better understanding of the neurodegenerative process. Female C57/Black mice were given lesions at 10 weeks old, and killed at several different time points postoperatively (3 and 6 h, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). While the detrimental effect of the toxin on the TH+ fibres in the striatum was immediate, we found that the loss of TH+ dendritic fibres, reduction in cell size and intensity of TH expression, and eventual reduction in the number of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra was delayed for several days post-surgery. We also investigated the expression of various transcription factors and proteins expressed by midbrain DA neurons following lesioning, and observed changes in the expression of Aldh1a1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1) as the neurodegenerative process evolved. Extracellularly, we looked at microglia and astrocytes in reaction to the 6-OHDA striatal lesion, and found a delay in their response and proliferation in the substantia nigra. In summary, this work highlights aspects of the neurodegenerative process in the 6-OHDA mouse model that can be applied to future studies looking at therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon R W Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| |
Collapse
|