1
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Litso I, Plaitakis A, Fadouloglou VE, Providaki M, Kokkinidis M, Zaganas I. Structural Evolution of Primate Glutamate Dehydrogenase 2 as Revealed by In Silico Predictions and Experimentally Determined Structures. Biomolecules 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 38254622 PMCID: PMC10812971 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) interconverts glutamate to a-ketoglutarate and ammonia, interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In humans, two functional GDH genes, GLUD1 and GLUD2, encode for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively. GLUD2 evolved from retrotransposition of the GLUD1 gene in the common ancestor of modern apes. These two isoenzymes are involved in the pathophysiology of human metabolic, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders. The 3D structures of hGDH1 and hGDH2 have been experimentally determined; however, no information is available about the path of GDH2 structure changes during primate evolution. Here, we compare the structures predicted by the AlphaFold Colab method for the GDH2 enzyme of modern apes and their extinct primate ancestors. Also, we analyze the individual effect of amino acid substitutions emerging during primate evolution. Our most important finding is that the predicted structure of GDH2 in the common ancestor of apes was the steppingstone for the structural evolution of primate GDH2s. Two changes with a strong functional impact occurring at the first evolutionary step, Arg443Ser and Gly456Ala, had a destabilizing and stabilizing effect, respectively, making this step the most important one. Subsequently, GDH2 underwent additional modifications that fine-tuned its enzymatic properties to adapt to the functional needs of modern-day primate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Litso
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mary Providaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
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2
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Mathioudakis L, Dimovasili C, Bourbouli M, Latsoudis H, Kokosali E, Gouna G, Vogiatzi E, Basta M, Kapetanaki S, Panagiotakis S, Kanterakis A, Boumpas D, Lionis C, Plaitakis A, Simos P, Vgontzas A, Kafetzopoulos D, Zaganas I. Study of Alzheimer's disease- and frontotemporal dementia-associated genes in the Cretan Aging Cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:111-128. [PMID: 36117051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using exome sequencing, we analyzed 196 participants of the Cretan Aging Cohort (CAC; 95 with Alzheimer's disease [AD], 20 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 81 cognitively normal controls). The APOE ε4 allele was more common in AD patients (23.2%) than in controls (7.4%; p < 0.01) and the PSEN2 p.Arg29His and p.Cys391Arg variants were found in 3 AD and 1 MCI patient, respectively. Also, we found the frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-associated TARDBP gene p.Ile383Val variant in 2 elderly patients diagnosed with AD and in 2 patients, non CAC members, with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/FTD phenotype. Furthermore, the p.Ser498Ala variant in the positively selected GLUD2 gene was less frequent in AD patients (2.11%) than in controls (16%; p < 0.01), suggesting a possible protective effect. While the same trend was found in another local replication cohort (n = 406) and in section of the ADNI cohort (n = 808), this finding did not reach statistical significance and therefore it should be considered preliminary. Our results attest to the value of genetic testing to study aged adults with AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Helen Latsoudis
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenia Kokosali
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouella Vogiatzi
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Basta
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stefania Kapetanaki
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Simeon Panagiotakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (ICS-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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3
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.17.476616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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4
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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5
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Sirtuin 4 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Modulating p21 Nuclear Translocation and Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 ADP-Ribosylation. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:5498743. [PMID: 35847357 PMCID: PMC9283077 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5498743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modification regulates several biological mechanisms, including tumor progression. In this study, we show that the mitochondrial Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4), which has ADP-ribosylation activity, plays a role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Firstly, SIRT4 expression was verified in PCa tissues and cell lines by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Subsequently, we established stable PC-3 and 22rv1 cells that overexpressed SIRT4 and knocked down SIRT4, respectively. The functions of SIRT4 in PCa were explored through various phenotype experiments. The mechanism underlying the functions of SIRT4 was investigated through western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction assays. We revealed that SIRT4 inhibited cell progression both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, on the one hand, SIRT4 promoted the ADP-ribosylation of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 to inhibit the glutamine metabolism pathways. On the other hand, SIRT4 inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT, thereby affecting p21 phosphorylation and its cellular localization for cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, our study indicates that SIRT4 is directly associated with PCa progression and could be a novel target for PCa therapy.
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6
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Song J, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Chen L. Glutamate Metabolism in Mitochondria is Closely Related to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:557-578. [PMID: 34602474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its excitatory neurotoxicity is closely related to the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. However, increasing evidence shows that in the process of Alzheimer's disease, glutamate is not only limited to its excitotoxicity as a neurotransmitter but also related to the disorder of its metabolic balance. The balance of glutamate metabolism in the brain is an important determinant of central nervous system health, and the maintenance of this balance is closely related to glutamate uptake, glutamate circulation, intracellular mitochondrial transport, and mitochondrial metabolism. In this paper, we intend to elaborate the key role of mitochondrial glutamate metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and review glutamate metabolism in mitochondria as a potential target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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7
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Dimovasili C, Fadouloglou VE, Kefala A, Providaki M, Kotsifaki D, Kanavouras K, Sarrou I, Plaitakis A, Zaganas I, Kokkinidis M. Crystal structure of glutamate dehydrogenase 2, a positively selected novel human enzyme involved in brain biology and cancer pathophysiology. J Neurochem 2021; 157:802-815. [PMID: 33421122 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (hGDH1 in human cells) interconverts glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. During primate evolution, humans and great apes have acquired hGDH2, an isoenzyme that underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation concomitantly with brain expansion, thereby acquiring unique catalytic and regulatory properties that permitted its function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1. Although the 3D-structures of GDHs, including hGDH1, have been determined, attempts to determine the hGDH2 structure were until recently unsuccessful. Comparison of the hGDH1/hGDH2 structures would enable a detailed understanding of their evolutionary differences. This work aimed at the determination of the hGDH2 crystal structure and the analysis of its functional implications. Recombinant hGDH2 was produced in the Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell line Sf21, using the Baculovirus expression system. Purification was achieved via a two-step chromatography procedure. hGDH2 was crystallized, X-ray diffraction data were collected using synchrotron radiation and the structure was determined by molecular replacement. The hGDH2 structure is reported at a resolution of 2.9 Å. The enzyme adopts a novel semi-closed conformation, which is an intermediate between known open and closed GDH1 conformations, differing from both. The structure enabled us to dissect previously reported biochemical findings and to structurally interpret the effects of evolutionary amino acid substitutions, including Arg470His, on ADP affinity. In conclusion, our data provide insights into the structural basis of hGDH2 properties, the functional evolution of hGDH isoenzymes, and open new prospects for drug design, especially for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dimovasili
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasiliki E Fadouloglou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kefala
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mary Providaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dina Kotsifaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kanavouras
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Neurology, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iosifina Sarrou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science/DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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8
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Mathioudakis L, Bourbouli M, Daklada E, Kargatzi S, Michaelidou K, Zaganas I. Localization of Human Glutamate Dehydrogenases Provides Insights into Their Metabolic Role and Their Involvement in Disease Processes. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:170-187. [PMID: 29943084 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. In mammals, GDH contributes to important processes such as amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, ammonia management, neurotransmitter recycling and insulin secretion. In humans, two isoforms of GDH are found, namely hGDH1 and hGDH2, with the former being ubiquitously expressed and the latter found mainly in brain, testis and kidney. These two iso-enzymes display highly divergent allosteric properties, especially concerning their basal activity, ADP activation and GTP inhibition. On the other hand, both enzymes are thought to predominantly localize in the mitochondrial matrix, even though alternative localizations have been proposed. To further study the subcellular localization of the two human iso-enzymes, we created HEK293 cell lines stably over-expressing hGDH1 and hGDH2. In these cell lines, immunofluorescence and enzymatic analyses verified the overexpression of both hGDH1 and hGDH2 iso-enzymes, whereas subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting showed their predominantly mitochondrial localization. Given that previous studies have only indirectly compared the subcellular localization of the two iso-enzymes, we co-expressed them tagged with different fluorescent dyes (green and red fluorescent protein for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively) and found them to co-localize. Despite the wealth of information related to the functional properties of hGDH1 and hGDH2 and the availability of the hGDH1 structure, there is still an ongoing debate concerning their metabolic role and their involvement in disease processes. Data on the localization of hGDHs, as the ones presented here, could contribute to better understanding of the function of these important human enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elisavet Daklada
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Kargatzi
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kleita Michaelidou
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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9
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Kim AY, Baik EJ. Glutamate Dehydrogenase as a Neuroprotective Target Against Neurodegeneration. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:147-153. [PMID: 29357018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glutamate metabolism via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) might be the promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative disorders. In the central nervous system, glutamate functions both as a major excitatory neurotransmitter and as a key intermediate metabolite for neurons. GDH converts glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, which serves as a TCA cycle intermediate. Dysregulated GDH activity in the central nervous system is highly correlated with neurological disorders. Indeed, studies conducted with mutant mice and allosteric drugs have shown that deficient or overexpressed GDH activity in the brain can regulate whole body energy metabolism and affect early onset of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, temporal lobe epilepsy, and spinocerebellar atrophy. Moreover, in strokes with excitotoxicity as the main pathophysiology, mice that overexpressed GDH exhibited smaller ischemic lesion than mice with normal GDH expression. In additions, GDH activators improve lesions in vivo by increasing α-ketoglutarate levels. In neurons exposed to an insult in vitro, enhanced GDH activity increases ATP levels. Thus, in an energy crisis, neuronal mitochondrial activity is improved and excitotoxic risk is reduced. Consequently, modulating GDH activity in energy-depleted conditions could be a sound strategy for maintaining the mitochondrial factory in neurons, and thus, protect against metabolic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun Joo Baik
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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10
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Glutamate production from ammonia via glutamate dehydrogenase 2 activity supports cancer cell proliferation under glutamine depletion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:761-767. [PMID: 29146184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rapidly consume glutamine as a carbon and nitrogen source to support proliferation, but the cell number continues to increase exponentially after glutamine is nearly depleted from the medium. In contrast, cell proliferation rates are strongly depressed when cells are cultured in glutamine-free medium. How cancer cells survive in response to nutrient limitation and cellular stress remains poorly understood. In addition, rapid glutamine catabolism yields ammonia, which is a potentially toxic metabolite that is secreted into the extracellular space. Here, we show that ammonia can be utilized for glutamate production, leading to cell proliferation under glutamine-depleted conditions. This proliferation requires glutamate dehydrogenase 2, which synthesizes glutamate from ammonia and α-ketoglutarate and is expressed in MCF7 and T47D cells. Our findings provide insight into how cancer cells survive under glutamine deprivation conditions and thus contribute to elucidating the mechanisms of tumor growth.
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11
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Waitkus MS, Pirozzi CJ, Moure CJ, Diplas BH, Hansen LJ, Carpenter AB, Yang R, Wang Z, Ingram BO, Karoly ED, Mohney RP, Spasojevic I, McLendon RE, Friedman HS, He Y, Bigner DD, Yan H. Adaptive Evolution of the GDH2 Allosteric Domain Promotes Gliomagenesis by Resolving IDH1 R132H-Induced Metabolic Liabilities. Cancer Res 2017; 78:36-50. [PMID: 29097607 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hotspot mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene occur in a number of human cancers and confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that catalyzes the conversion of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) to the oncometabolite D-(2)-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG). In malignant gliomas, IDH1R132H expression induces widespread metabolic reprogramming, possibly requiring compensatory mechanisms to sustain the normal biosynthetic requirements of actively proliferating tumor cells. We used genetically engineered mouse models of glioma and quantitative metabolomics to investigate IDH1R132H-dependent metabolic reprogramming and its potential to induce biosynthetic liabilities that can be exploited for glioma therapy. In gliomagenic neural progenitor cells, IDH1R132H expression increased the abundance of dipeptide metabolites, depleted key tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and slowed progression of murine gliomas. Notably, expression of glutamate dehydrogenase GDH2, a hominoid-specific enzyme with relatively restricted expression to the brain, was critically involved in compensating for IDH1R132H-induced metabolic alterations and promoting IDH1R132H glioma growth. Indeed, we found that recently evolved amino acid substitutions in the GDH2 allosteric domain conferred its nonredundant, glioma-promoting properties in the presence of IDH1 mutation. Our results indicate that among the unique roles for GDH2 in the human forebrain is its ability to limit IDH1R132H-mediated metabolic liabilities, thus promoting glioma growth in this context. Results from this study raise the possibility that GDH2-specific inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy for gliomas with IDH mutations.Significance: These findings show that the homonid-specific brain enzyme GDH2 may be essential to mitigate metabolic liabilities created by IDH1 mutations in glioma, with possible implications to leverage its therapeutic management by IDH1 inhibitors. Cancer Res; 78(1); 36-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Waitkus
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Pirozzi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Casey J Moure
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bill H Diplas
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Landon J Hansen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Austin B Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine - Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henry S Friedman
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. .,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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12
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Amino Acid Catabolism in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: Friend or Foe? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5472792. [PMID: 28261376 PMCID: PMC5316456 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5472792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a dire need to discover new targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. Decreased neuronal glucose metabolism that occurs in AD brain could play a central role in disease progression. Little is known about the compensatory neuronal changes that occur to attempt to maintain energy homeostasis. In this review using the PubMed literature database, we summarize evidence that amino acid oxidation can temporarily compensate for the decreased glucose metabolism, but eventually altered amino acid and amino acid catabolite levels likely lead to toxicities contributing to AD progression. Because amino acids are involved in so many cellular metabolic and signaling pathways, the effects of altered amino acid metabolism in AD brain are far-reaching. Possible pathological results from changes in the levels of several important amino acids are discussed. Urea cycle function may be induced in endothelial cells of AD patient brains, possibly to remove excess ammonia produced from increased amino acid catabolism. Studying AD from a metabolic perspective provides new insights into AD pathogenesis and may lead to the discovery of dietary metabolite supplements that can partially compensate for alterations of enzymatic function to delay AD or alleviate some of the suffering caused by the disease.
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13
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Multiple Forms of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Animals: Structural Determinants and Physiological Implications. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5040053. [PMID: 27983623 PMCID: PMC5192433 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) of animal cells is usually considered to be a mitochondrial enzyme. However, this enzyme has recently been reported to be also present in nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. These extramitochondrial localizations are associated with moonlighting functions of GDH, which include acting as a serine protease or an ATP-dependent tubulin-binding protein. Here, we review the published data on kinetics and localization of multiple forms of animal GDH taking into account the splice variants, post-translational modifications and GDH isoenzymes, found in humans and apes. The kinetic properties of human GLUD1 and GLUD2 isoenzymes are shown to be similar to those published for GDH1 and GDH2 from bovine brain. Increased functional diversity and specific regulation of GDH isoforms due to alternative splicing and post-translational modifications are also considered. In particular, these structural differences may affect the well-known regulation of GDH by nucleotides which is related to recent identification of thiamine derivatives as novel GDH modulators. The thiamine-dependent regulation of GDH is in good agreement with the fact that the non-coenzyme forms of thiamine, i.e., thiamine triphosphate and its adenylated form are generated in response to amino acid and carbon starvation.
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14
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Kim AY, Jeong KH, Lee JH, Kang Y, Lee SH, Baik EJ. Glutamate dehydrogenase as a neuroprotective target against brain ischemia and reperfusion. Neuroscience 2016; 340:487-500. [PMID: 27845178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of glutamate homeostasis is associated with degenerative neurological disorders. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is important for glutamate metabolism and plays a central role in expanding the pool of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), which improves overall bioenergetics. Under high energy demand, maintenance of ATP production results in functionally active mitochondria. Here, we tested whether the modulation of GDH activity can rescue ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal death in an in vivo mouse model of middle artery occlusion and an in vitro oxygen/glucose depletion model. Iodoacetate, an inhibitor of glycolysis, was also used in a model of energy failure, remarkably depleting ATP and α-KG. To stimulate GDH activity, the GDH activator 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid and potential activator beta-lapachone were used. The GDH activators restored α-KG and ATP levels in the injury models and provided potent neuroprotection. We also found that beta-lapachone increased glutamate utilization, accompanied by a reduction in extracellular glutamate. Thus, our hypothesis that mitochondrial GDH activators increase α-KG production as an alternative energy source for use in the TCA cycle under energy-depleted conditions was confirmed. Our results suggest that increasing GDH-mediated glutamate oxidation represents a new therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative disorders, including stoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hoon Jeong
- Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Baik
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Glutamine activates STAT3 to control cancer cell proliferation independently of glutamine metabolism. Oncogene 2016; 36:2074-2084. [PMID: 27748760 PMCID: PMC5245769 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can use a variety of metabolic substrates to fulfill the bioenergetic and
biosynthetic needs of their oncogenic program. Besides bioenergetics, cancer
cell metabolism also directly influences genetic, epigenetic and signaling
events associated with tumor progression. Many cancer cells are addicted to
glutamine, and this addiction is observed in oxidative as well as in glycolytic
cells. While both oxidative and bioreductive glutamine metabolism can contribute
to cancer progression and glutamine can further serve to generate peptides
(including glutathione) and proteins, we report that glutamine promotes the
proliferation of cancer cells independently of its use as a metabolic fuel or as
a precursor of glutathione. Extracellular glutamine activates transcription
factor STAT3, which is necessary and sufficient to mediate the proliferative
effects of glutamine in glycolytic and in oxidative cancer cells. Glutamine also
activates transcription factors HIF-1, mTOR and c-Myc, but these factors do not
mediate the effects of glutamine on cancer cell proliferation. Our findings shed
a new light on the anticancer effects of L-asparaginase that
possesses glutaminase activity and converts glutamine into glutamate
extracellularly. Conversely, cancer resistance to treatments that block
glutamine metabolism could arise from glutamine-independent STAT3
re-activation.
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