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Ogidigo JO, Anosike CA, Joshua PE, Ibeji CU, Nwanguma BC, Nwodo OFC. Neuroprotective effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum flavonoids against aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:243-258. [PMID: 34663170 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1995557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxic metals such as aluminum accumulation in the brain have been associated with the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves contain a vast array of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, that may play a role in the prevention of toxic and degenerative effects in the brain. This study assessed the neuro-restorative potential of leaves of B. pinnatum enriched flavonoid fraction (BPFRF) in aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by oral administration of 150 mg/kg body weight of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) for 21 days. Rats were grouped into five (n = 6); Control (untreated), Rivastigmine group, AlCl3 group and BPFRF group (50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 21 days. Neuronal changes in the hippocampus and cortex were biochemically and histologically evaluated. Expression patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mRNA were assessed using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction protocols. Molecular interactions of BPFRF compounds were investigated in silico. The results revealed that oral administration of BPFRF ameliorated oxidative imbalance by augmenting antioxidant systems and decreasing lipid peroxidation caused by AlCl3. BPFRF administration also contributed to the down-regulation of AChE mRNA transcripts and improved histological features in the hippocampus and cortex. Molecular docking studies revealed strong molecular interactions between BPFRF compounds, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase Overall, these findings suggest the neuroprotective effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Oloaigbe Ogidigo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Bio-resources Centre Abuja, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chioma Assumpta Anosike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Collins U Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Bennett C Nwanguma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Okwesili Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Mkar University, Benue State, Nigeria
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Santos J, Quimque MT, Liman RA, Agbay JC, Macabeo APG, Corpuz MJA, Wang YM, Lu TT, Lin CH, Villaflores OB. Computational and Experimental Assessments of Magnolol as a Neuroprotective Agent and Utilization of UiO-66(Zr) as Its Drug Delivery System. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24382-24396. [PMID: 34604621 PMCID: PMC8482410 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic natural product magnolol exhibits neuroprotective properties through β-amyloid toxicity in PC-12 cells and ameliorative effects against cognitive deficits in a TgCRND8 transgenic mice model. Its bioavailability and blood-brain barrier crossing ability have been significantly improved using the metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66(Zr) as a drug delivery system (DDS). To investigate the neuroprotective effects of the Zr-based DDS, magnolol and magnolol-loaded-UiO-66(Zr) (Mag@UiO-66(Zr)) were evaluated for inhibitory activity against β-secretase and AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity. Due to the moderate inhibition observed for magnolol in vitro, in silico binding studies were explored against β-secretase along with 11 enzymes known to affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Favorable binding energies against CDK2, CKD5, MARK, and phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) and dynamically stable complexes were noted through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation experiments, respectively. The magnolol-loaded DDS UiO-66(Zr) also showed enhanced neuroprotective activity against two pathological indices, namely, neutrophil infiltration and apoptotic neurons, in addition to damage reversal compared to magnolol. Thus, MOFs are promising drug delivery platforms for poorly bioavailable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Santos
- The
Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Phytochemistry
Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
| | - Mark Tristan Quimque
- The
Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Laboratory
of Organic Reactivity, Discovery, and Synthesis (LORDS), Research
Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Rhenz Alfred Liman
- The
Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Phytochemistry
Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
| | - Jay Carl Agbay
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines
- Philippine
Science High School-Central Mindanao Campus, 9217 Balo-i, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory
of Organic Reactivity, Discovery, and Synthesis (LORDS), Research
Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Jho-Anne Corpuz
- The
Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Pharmacology
Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Santo Tomas, España
Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine
and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart
Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung
University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- College
of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, 320 Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Oliver B. Villaflores
- The
Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Phytochemistry
Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
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Jenkinson P. Critical review of the publications on the genotoxicology of aluminium salts: 1990-2018. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:109-127. [PMID: 33609359 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, there have been many reports that purport to implicate aluminium in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disease. After several decades of research, the role of aluminium in such disease remains controversial and is not the subject of this review. However, if aluminium is implicated in such disease then it follows that there must be a toxicological mechanism or mode of action, and many researchers have investigated various potential mechanisms including the involvement of oxidative damage, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This paper reviews many of the publications of studies using various salts of aluminium and various genotoxicity end points, both in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on oxidative damage. The conclusion of this review is that the majority, if not all, of the publications that report positive results have serious technical flaws and/or implausible findings and consequently should contribute little or no weight to a weight of evidence (WoE) argument. There are many high-quality, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant genotoxicity studies, that follow relevant OECD test guidelines and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) integrated mutagenicity testing strategy, on several salts of aluminium; all demonstrate clear negative results for both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity. In addition, the claim for an oxidative mode of action for aluminium can be shown to be spurious. This review concludes that there are no reliable studies that demonstrate a potential for genotoxicity, or oxidative mode of action, for aluminium.
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Studies on the Neuromodulatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Alterations in Lipid Composition and Membrane Integrity of Rat Brain Following Aluminium Neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2143-2160. [PMID: 32594293 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain contains the highest lipid content involved in various structural and physiological activities such as structural development, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, signal transduction and myelin sheath formation. Lipids bilayer is essential to maintain the structural integrity for the physiological functions of protein. Impairments in lipid metabolism and its composition can lead to the progression of various brain ailments such as neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Aluminium (Al), the potent neurotoxin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) like pathology. Al can bind to biomembrane and influence oligomerization and conformational changes of proteins by acting as cross-linkers. The present study evaluated the influence of Ginkgo biloba (GBE) on the lipid profile alterations induced by Al lactate in hippocampal and cortical regions using FTIR spectroscopy. Rats were exposed with 10 mg/kg b.w. (intraperitoneal) of Al lactate for 6 weeks. This was followed by a treatment protocol of GBE (100 mg/kg b.w.) both preexposure (2 weeks) and conjunctive (6 weeks) exposure. A self recovery group was also included, where Al withdrawal was done for 2 weeks post Al exposure. A significant decrease in peak areas of cholesterol, sphingolipids and phospholipids was observed in Al treated groups. Further, polyunsaturated fatty acids and membrane fluidity has also decreased, as revealed by olefinic and methyl asymmetric stretching bands. Al treatment significantly increased the fluorescence polarization, anisotropy and order parameter, which however were normalized following GBE supplementation. Results also showed that pretreatment with GBE provided more beneficial effects on the adverse changes following Al in membrane composition and behavioral outcome.
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Verma S, Ranawat P, Sharma N, Nehru B. Ginkgo biloba attenuates aluminum lactate-induced neurotoxicity in reproductive senescent female rats: behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27148-27167. [PMID: 31321719 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of aluminum (Al) in industry, cooking utensils, and wrapping or freezing the food items, due to its cheapness and abundance in the environment, has become a major concern. Growing evidence supports that environmental pollutant Al promotes the aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, which is the main pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further, AD- and Al-induced neurotoxic effects are more common among women following reproductive senescence due to decline in estrogen. Though clinically Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been exploited as a memory enhancer, its role in Al-induced neurotoxicity in reproductive senescent female rats needs to be evaluated. Animals were exposed to intraperitoneal dose (10 mg/kg b.wt) of Al and oral dose (100 mg/kg b.wt.) of GBE daily for 6 weeks. A significant decline in the Al-induced Aβ aggregates was observed in hippocampal and cortical regions of the brain with GBE supplementation, as confirmed by thioflavin (ThT) and Congo red staining. GBE administration significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and citrulline levels in comparison to Al-treated rats. On the contrary, a significant increase in the reduced glutathione, GSH/GSSG ratio as well as in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed with GBE administration. Based on the above results, GBE prevented the neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex, hence caused significant improvement in the learning and memory of the animals in terms of AChE activity, serotonin levels, Morris water maze, and active and passive avoidance tests. In conclusion, GBE has alleviated the behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations due to Al toxicity in rats. However, molecular studies are going on to better understand the mechanism of GBE protection against the environmental toxicant Al exposure. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Verma
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Pavitra Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Effects of Al Exposure on Mitochondrial Dynamics in Rat Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:334-346. [PMID: 31055771 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) exposure impairs learning and memory function in humans and in animal models. Several studies have shown that the neurotoxicity of Al is associated with damage to mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial dysfunction, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. The present study was performed to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism related to the Al-induced abnormal mitochondrial dynamics that lead to learning and memory disorders. SD rats were exposed to Al-maltolate complex (Al(mal)3) (blank, 0, 0.41, 0.81, or 1.62 mg/kg) for 30, 60, or 90 days, and neurobehavior, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial function, the levels of fission proteins such as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission protein 1 (Fis1), and the levels of fusion proteins such as optic atrophy 1 (Opa1), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) were explored. The results indicated that exposure to Al(mal)3 increased the concentration of Al in the brain in a time- and dose-dependent manner and impaired spatial learning and memory. Al(mal)3 damaged mitochondrial morphology and impaired mitochondrial function in the hippocampus. Dose-dependent elevations in the levels of mitochondrial fission (Drp1 and Fis1) and fusion (Opa1, Mfn1, and Mfn2) proteins were observed. In addition, the upregulation of calcineurin (CaN) and the reduced phosphorylation of Drp1 (s637) may have disturbed the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the hippocampus. These results showed that Al-induced learning and memory impairment may be related to mitochondrial fission and fusion disorders.
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