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Zeng ML, Xu W. A Narrative Review of the Published Pre-Clinical Evaluations: Multiple Effects of Arachidonic Acid, its Metabolic Enzymes and Metabolites in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04274-6. [PMID: 38842673 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), an important polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, is hydrolyzed by a direct action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or through the combined action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase, and released into the cytoplasm. Various derivatives of AA can be synthesized mainly through the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme pathways. AA and its metabolic enzymes and metabolites play important roles in a variety of neurophysiological activities. The abnormal metabolites and their catalytic enzymes in the AA cascade are related to the pathogenesis of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we systematically reviewed literatures in PubMed about the latest randomized controlled trials, animal studies and clinical studies concerning the known features of AA, its metabolic enzymes and metabolites, and their roles in epilepsy. The exclusion criteria include non-original studies and articles not in English.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Liu Zeng
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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2
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Jourian S, Rahimi M, Manavi MA, Pahlevan-Fallahy MT, Mohammad Jafari R, Amini A, Dehpour AR. Possible Interaction of Opioidergic and Nitrergic Pathways in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Ivermectin on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Clonic Seizures in Mice. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:885-894. [PMID: 36383324 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic drug that primarily works by the activation of GABAA receptors. The potential pharmacological pathways behind the anti-convulsant effect of IVM haven't yet been identified. In this study, intravenous injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizure in mice was investigated in order to assess the possible influence of IVM on clonic seizure threshold (CST). We also look at the function of the Opioidergic and nitrergic pathways in IVM anticonvulsant action on clonic seizure threshold. IVM (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) raised the PTZ-induced CST, according to our findings. Furthermore, the ineffective dose of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (L-NAME 10 mg/kg, i.p.), and (7-NI 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or opioidergic system agonist (morphine 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) were able to amplify the anticonvulsive action of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, the anticonvulsant effect of IVM was reversed by an opioid receptor antagonist (naltrexone 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the combination of the ineffective dose of morphine as an opioid receptor agonist with either L-NAME (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or 7-NI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and with an ineffective dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) had a significant anticonvulsant effect. Taken together, IVM has anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice, which may be mediated at least in part through the interaction of the opioidergic system and the nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Jourian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Manavi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taha Pahlevan-Fallahy
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Amini
- The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sharif N. Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:5-17. [PMID: 35799502 PMCID: PMC9241399 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane-A2 interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Evaluation of 5-[(Z)-(4-nitrobenzylidene)]-2-(thiazol-2-ylimino)-4-thiazolidinone (Les-6222) as Potential Anticonvulsant Agent. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was determined that the studied 5-[(Z)-(4-nitrobenzylidene)]-2-(thiazol-2-ylimino)-4-thiazolidinone (Les-6222) affects the cyclooxygenase pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade, the markers of damage to neurons on models of PTZ kindling. In the model of chronic epileptogenesis in mice (pentylenetetrazole kindling), a 4-thiazolidinone derivative showed high anticonvulsant activity, which is weaker than the effect of sodium valproate and higher than Celecoxib. The mentioned compound has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect in the brain on the background of the PTZ kindling, reliably inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. The predominant inhibition of COX-2 by 44.5% indicates this enzyme’s high selectivity of Les-6222. According to the molecular docking study results, the studied compound revealed the properties of COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor and especially 5-LOX/FLAP. The decreasing content of 8-isoprostane in the brain of mice of the Les-6222 group indicates a beneficial effect on cell membranes in the background of oxidative stress during the long-term administration of PTZ. In addition, Les-6222 significantly decreased the content of neuron-specific enolase, indicating neuroprotective properties in the background of chronic epileptogenesis. The obtained results experimentally substantiate the feasibility of further developing Les-6222 as a promising anticonvulsant agent.
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Razavi SM, Khayatan D, Arab ZN, Momtaz S, Zare K, Jafari RM, Dehpour AR, Abdolghaffari AH. Licofelone, a potent COX/5-LOX inhibitor and a novel option for treatment of neurological disorders. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 157:106587. [PMID: 34517113 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders result in disability and morbidity. Neuroinflammation is a key factor involved in progression or resolution of a series of neurological disorders like Huntington disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), and Seizure. Thereby, anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to improve the neurodegenerative impairments. Licofelone is an approved osteoarthritis drug that inhibits both the COX (cyclooxygenase) and 5-LOX (lipoxygenase) pathways. Licofelone has pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects and it was shown to have neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system, which is implicated in its regulatory effect on the COX/5-LOX pathway, inflammatory cytokines, and immune responses. In this study, we briefly review the various features of neurological disorders and the function of COX/LOX in their flare up and current pharmacological products for their management. Moreover, this review attempts to summarize potential therapeutics that target the immune responses within the central nervous system. A better understanding of the interactions between Licofelone and the nervous systems will be crucial to demonstrate the possible efficacy of Licofelone in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehrad Razavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Khayatan
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi Arab
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Zare
- School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Gholizadeh R, Abdolmaleki Z, Bahremand T, Ghasemi M, Gharghabi M, Dehpour AR. Involvement of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in the Anticonvulsive Effects of Licofelone on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Clonic Seizure in Mice. J Epilepsy Res 2021; 11:14-21. [PMID: 34395219 PMCID: PMC8357553 DOI: 10.14581/jer.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Licofelone is a dual 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor, with well-documented anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, which is used for treatment of osteoarthritis. Recent preclinical studies have also suggested neuroprotective and anti-oxidative properties of this drug in some neurological conditions such as seizure and epilepsy. We have recently demonstrated a role for nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the anti-epileptic activity of licofelone in two seizure models in rodents. Given the important role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activation in the NO production and its function in the nervous system, in the present study, we further investigated the involvement of NMDAR in the effects of licofelone (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) in an in vivo model of seizure in mice. METHODS Clonic seizures were induced in male NMRI mice by intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). RESULTS Acute administration of licofelone exerted anticonvulsant effects at 10 (p<0.01) and 20 mg/kg (p<0.001). A combined treatment with sub-effective doses of the selective NMDAR antagonist MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) and licofelone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p<0.001) exerted an anticonvulsant effect on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice. Notably, pre-treatment with the NMDAR co-agonist D-serine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) partially hindered the anticonvulsant effects of licofelone (20 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a possible role for the NMDAR in the anticonvulsant effects of licofelone on the clonic seizures induced by PTZ in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Taraneh Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Gharghabi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Goldman SM, Janakiram NB, Valerio MS, Dearth CL. Evaluation of licofelone as an adjunct anti-inflammatory therapy to biologic scaffolds in the treatment of volumetric muscle loss. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:149-159. [PMID: 33852076 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds (BS) are the most widely studied therapeutics for the treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML) owing to their purported effects on cell proliferation, chemotaxis, migration, and differentiation. Despite these claims, variability in reports on the nature of the immune response to their implantation suggests that BS-associated inflammation may be limiting their regenerative efficacy. To address this shortcoming, this study sought to evaluate licofelone (ML3000), a dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor, as an anti-inflammatory adjunct therapy to a BS in the treatment of VML. Utilizing a well-established rat VML model, a micronized BS was used to treat the VML injury, with or without administration of licofelone. Functional, molecular, and histological outcomes were assessed at both 7- and 28-day post-injury time points. While the BS + licofelone group exhibited decreased transcription of pro-inflammatory markers (Tnf, Ccl5, Nos2) relative to the BS only control group, no differences in expression profile of a panel of inflammatory-related soluble factors were observed between groups. A modest reduction in type I collagen was observed in the licofelone-treated group, but no meaningful differences in histologic presentation of repaired tissue were observed between groups. Furthermore, no differences in end organ functional capacity were observed between groups. Moving forward, efforts related to modulating the wound healing environment of VML should focus on polypharmaceutical strategies that target multiple aspects of the early pathophysiology of VML so as to provide an environment that is sufficiently permissive for local regenerative therapies to promote restoration of myofiber number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Goldman
- DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naveena Basa Janakiram
- DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Valerio
- DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher L Dearth
- DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Nikoui V, Mehrzadi S, Khan MI, Aman W, Ostadhadi S, Dehpour AR. Licofelone, a dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, reverses endotoxin-induced impaired atrial chronotropic responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mukhtar I. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and epilepsy: From pathogenesis to treatment target. Seizure 2020; 82:65-79. [PMID: 33011590 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disease associated with epileptic seizures as well as with neurobehavioral outcomes of this condition. In the last century, inflammation emerged as a crucial factor in epilepsy etiology. Various brain insults through activation of neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells initiate a series of inflammatory events. Growing observations strongly suggest that abnormal activation of critical inflammatory processes contributes to epileptogenesis, a gradual process by which a normal brain transforms into the epileptic brain. Increased knowledge of inflammatory pathways in epileptogenesis has unveiled mechanistic targets for novel antiepileptic therapies. Molecules specifically targeting the pivotal inflammatory pathways may serve as promising candidates to halt the development of epilepsy. The present paper reviews the pieces of evidence conceptually supporting the potential role of inflammatory mechanisms and the relevant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in epileptogenesis. Also, it discusses the mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced neuronal-glial network impairment and highlights innovative neuroregulatory actions of typical inflammatory molecules. Finally, it presents a brief analysis of observations supporting the therapeutic role of inflammation-targeting tiny molecules in epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mukhtar
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center For Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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A Potent Lignan from Prunes Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Lithium/Pilocarpine-Induced Epileptic Seizures in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070575. [PMID: 32630680 PMCID: PMC7402155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus domestica L. is an edible plant that is included in the family Rosaceae and proven to possess potent anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic activity. Pinoresinol-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (PGu) was isolated from Prunus domestica methanol extract and its structure was determined using 1-D and 2-D NMR (one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance). PGu was evaluated for its anticonvulsant activity using lithium/pilocarpine-induced epileptic seizures in rats. PGu displayed a notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. It ameliorates the seizures triggered by pilocarpine in a dose-dependent manner, manifested by retarding seizure onset, reducing the number of rats developing seizures, and enhancing the survival of animals after seizure exposure. PGu reduced MDA (malondialdehyde) level by 24.2% in addition to increasing catalase activity by 44.4% at 50 mg/kg b.w compared to pilocarpine-treated animals. This was confirmed by histopathological examination in which pretreatment with PGu (50 mg/kg b.w.) attenuated neurodegeneration and seizures with no histopathological alteration in neurons of the cerebral cortex. In the immunohistochemical examination, it significantly declined the elevated Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by 40% and decreased Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by 18% as expressed by the optical density. PGu revealed a pronounced fitting within the active site of 5-LOX (lipoxygenase-5) with a free binding energy (∆G) equals to −65.05 kcal/mol. PGu could perfectly serve as a potent lead drug for the relief of epileptic seizures, which appeals to many patients owing to its natural origin.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation has a critical role in brain disorders. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is one of the principal drug targets for the reduction of neuroinflammation; however, studies have yielded mixed results for COX-inhibitors in the treatment of diverse acute and chronic models of epilepsy. AREAS COVERED The article covers the effects of COX-inhibitors in epilepsy disorders. A considerable emphasis has been placed on the antiepileptic and 'disease-modifying' properties of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in various preclinical epilepsy models. EXPERT OPINION The effect of COX-inhibitors on epilepsy is inconclusive. Studies have indicated beneficial effects in preclinical models; however, proconvulsant or no effects have also been observed. These molecules may have a bidirectional role with early neuroprotective and delayed neurotoxic effects. Further systematic preclinical studies to establish the use of COX-inhibitors in epilepsy are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- a Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , University of California, Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
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Jeon AR, Kim JE. PDI Knockdown Inhibits Seizure Activity in Acute Seizure and Chronic Epilepsy Rat Models via S-Nitrosylation-Independent Thiolation on NMDA Receptor. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:438. [PMID: 30524244 PMCID: PMC6261974 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox modulation and S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues are the post-translational modifications of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) to regulate its functionality. Recently, we have reported that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) reduces disulfide bond (S-S) to free thiol (-SH) on NMDAR. Since PDI is a modulator of S-nitrosylation on various proteins, it is noteworthy whether PDI affects S-nitrosylation of NMDAR in acute seizure and chronic epilepsy models. In the present study, we found that acute seizures in response to pilocarpine and spontaneous seizures in chronic epilepsy rats led to the reduction in S-nitrosylated thiol (SNO-thiol)-to-total thiol ratio on NMDAR, while they elevated nitric oxide (NO) level and S-nitrosylation on NMDAR. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor) did not affect seizure activities in both models, although it decreased SNO-thiol levels on NMDAR. However, PDI knockdown effectively inhibited pilocarpine-induced acute seizures and spontaneous seizures in chronic epilepsy rats, accompanied by increasing the SNO-thiol-to-total thiol ratio on NMDAR due to diminishing the amounts of total thiols on GluN1 and GluN2A. Therefore, these findings indicate that PDI may not be a NO donor or a denitrosylase for NMDAR, and that PDI knockdown may inhibit seizure activity by the S-nitrosylation-independent thiolation on NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ran Jeon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Wei H, Duan G, He J, Meng Q, Liu Y, Chen W, Meng Y. Geniposide attenuates epilepsy symptoms in a mouse model through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1136-1142. [PMID: 29399113 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports on the pharmacological actions of geniposide have indicated that it has anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the liver and gallbladder, and therapeutic effects in neurological, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The results of the current study demonstrate that geniposide attenuates epilepsy in a mouse model through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway. A mouse model of epilepsy was induced by maximal electric shock (50 mA, 50 Hz, 1 sec). Epilepsy mice were intragastrically administered with 0, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg geniposide. Geniposide significantly reduced the incidence and significantly increased the latency of clonic seizures in epileptic mice compared with non-treated epileptic mice (both P<0.01). Geniposide treatment significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in epilepsy mice (P<0.01). Furthermore, geniposide significantly suppressed the protein expression of activator protein 1, increased the activation of Akt and increased the protein expression of GSK-3β and PI3K in epilepsy mice (all P<0.01). These results suggest that geniposide attenuates epilepsy in mice through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jianxun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qinglong Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wanqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yongpeng Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Liu X, Li T, Wang D, Yang Y, Sun W, Liu J, Sun S. Synergistic Antifungal Effect of Fluconazole Combined with Licofelone against Resistant Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2101. [PMID: 29163396 PMCID: PMC5681995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the important opportunistic fungal pathogens that is closely associated with disseminated or chronic infections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the synergistic antifungal effect of licofelone, which is dual microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase/lipoxygenase (mPGES-1/LOX) inhibitor in combination with fluconazole against C. albicans. Here our results showed that licofelone (16 μg/mL) can synergistically work with fluconazole (1 μg/mL) against planktonic cells of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. The two-drug combination inhibited the C. albicans biofilm formation over 12 h, and reduced the expression of extracellular phospholipase genes, biofilm-specific genes and RAS/cAMP/PKA pathway related genes. In addition, the two-drug combination inhibited the transition from yeast to hyphal growth form, and decreased the secreted aspartyl proteinase activity, while not affecting the drug efflux pumps activity. Galleria mellonella model was also used to confirm the antifungal activity of the drug combination in vivo. This study first indicates that the combination of fluconazole and licofelone has synergistic effect against resistant C. albicans and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Eslami SM, Moradi MM, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Anticonvulsive Effects of Licofelone on Status Epilepticus Induced by Lithium-pilocarpine in Wistar Rats: a Role for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Epilepsy Res 2016; 6:51-58. [PMID: 28101475 PMCID: PMC5206100 DOI: 10.14581/jer.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological disorder with high prevalence and mortality rates, requiring immediate intervention. Licofelone is a cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor, which its effectiveness to treat osteoarthritis has been approved. Increasing evidence suggests an involvement of COX and LOX enzymes in epileptic disorders. Thus, in the present study we investigate possible effects of licofelone on prevention and termination of SE. We also evaluated whether the nitrergic system could participate in this effect of licofelone. Methods We have utilized lithium-pilocarpine model of SE in adult Wistar rats to assess the potential effect of licofelone on seizure susceptibility. Licofelone was administered 1 h before pilocarpine. To evaluate probable role of nitric oxide (NO) system, L-arginine (60 mg/kg, i.p.), as a NO precursor; L-NAME (15 mg/kg, i.p.), as a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor; aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), as an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor and 7-nitroindazole (60 mg/kg, i.p.), as a neuronal NOS inhibitor were injected 15 min before licofelone. Also, licofelone and diazepam 10 mg/kg were administered 30 minutes after onset of SE. Results Pre-treatment with licofelone at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, significantly prevented the onset of SE in all subjects (p < 0.001). L-arginine significantly inverted this anticonvulsant effect (p < 0.05). However, L-NAME and aminoguanidine, potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of licofelone (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Licofelone could not terminate seizures after onset which was terminated by diazepam. Conclusions Our findings showed that anticonvulsive effects of licofelone on SE could be mediated by iNOS. Also, we suggest that COX/5-LOX activation is possibly required in the initial stage of onset but SE recruits extra excitatory pathways with prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Majid Eslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mobin Moradi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Liu X, Wang D, Yu C, Li T, Liu J, Sun S. Potential Antifungal Targets against a Candida Biofilm Based on an Enzyme in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade-A Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1925. [PMID: 27999568 PMCID: PMC5138225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen, especially in biofilm associated infections. The formation of a Candida biofilm can decrease Candida sensitivity to antifungal drugs and cause drug resistance. Although many effective antifungal drugs are available, their applications are limited due to their high toxicity and cost. Seeking new antifungal agents that are effective against biofilm-associated infection is an urgent need. Many research efforts are underway, and some progress has been made in this field. It has been shown that the arachidonic acid cascade plays an important role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity. Notably, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can promote the formation of a Candida biofilm. Recently, the inhibition of PGE2 has received much attention. Studies have shown that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin, combined with fluconazole can significantly reduce Candida adhesion and biofilm development and increase fluconazole susceptibility; the MIC of fluconazole can be decrease from 64 to 2 μg/ml when used in combination with ibuprofen. In addition, in vivo studies have also confirmed the antifungal activities of these inhibitors. In this article, we mainly review the relationship between PGE2 and Candida biofilm, summarize the antifungal activities of COX inhibitors and analyze the possible antifungal activity of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (MPGES-1) inhibitors; additionally, other factors that influence PGE2 production are also discussed. Hopefully this review can disclose potential antifungal targets based on the arachidonic acid cascade and provide a prevailing strategy to alleviate Candida albicans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital Jinnan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
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Dey A, Kang X, Qiu J, Du Y, Jiang J. Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:463-484. [PMID: 27062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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