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Xu Z, Li Q, Shen X. AZU1 (HBP/CAP37) and PRKCG (PKC-gamma) may be candidate genes affecting the severity of acute mountain sickness. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 36803152 PMCID: PMC9940399 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is one of the diseases that predispose to sudden ascent to high altitudes above 2500 m. Among the many studies on the occurrence and development of AMS, there are few studies on the severity of AMS. Some unidentified phenotypes or genes that determine the severity of AMS may be vital to elucidating the mechanisms of AMS. This study aims to explore the underlying genes or phenotypes associated with AMS severity and to provide evidence for a better understanding of the mechanisms of AMS. METHODS GSE103927 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and a total of 19 subjects were enrolled in the study. Subjects were divided into a moderate to severe AMS (MS-AMS, 9 subjects) group and a no or mild AMS (NM-AMS, 10 subjects) group based on the Lake Louise score (LLS). Various bioinformatics analyses were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Another dataset, Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and another grouping method were used to validate the analysis results. RESULT No statistically significant differences in phenotypic and clinical data existed between the MS-AMS and NM-AMS groups. Eight differential expression genes are associated with LLS, and their biological functions are related regulating of the apoptotic process and programmed cell death. The ROC curves showed that AZU1 and PRKCG had a better predictive performance for MS-AMS. AZU1 and PRKCG were significantly associated with the severity of AMS. The expression of AZU1 and PRKCG were significantly higher in the MS-AMS group compared to the NM-AMS group. The hypoxic environment promotes the expression of AZU1 and PRKCG. The results of these analyses were validated by an alternative grouping method and RT-qPCR results. AZU1 and PRKCG were enriched in the Neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathway, suggesting the importance of this pathway in influencing the severity of AMS. CONCLUSION AZU1 and PRKCG may be key genes influencing the severity of acute mountain sickness, and can be used as good diagnostic or predictive indicators of the severity of AMS. Our study provides a new perspective to explore the molecular mechanism of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Qiong Li
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hu X, Li S, Doycheva DM, Huang L, Lenahan C, Liu R, Huang J, Xie S, Tang J, Zuo G, Zhang JH. Rh-CSF1 attenuates neuroinflammation via the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKCε pathway in a rat model of neonatal HIE. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:182. [PMID: 32522286 PMCID: PMC7285566 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a life-threatening cerebrovascular disease. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HIE, in which microglia are key cellular mediators in the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), a specific endogenous ligand of CSF1 receptor (CSF1R), is crucial in microglial growth, differentiation, and proliferation. Recent studies showed that the activation of CSF1R with CSF1 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of nervous system diseases. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of recombinant human CSF1 (rh-CSF1) and the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of HIE. METHODS A total of 202 10-day old Sprague Dawley rat pups were used. HI was induced by the right common carotid artery ligation with subsequent exposure of 2.5-h hypoxia. At 1 h and 24 h after HI induction, exogenous rh-CSF1 was administered intranasally. To explore the underlying mechanism, CSF1R inhibitor, BLZ945, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCG2) inhibitor, U73122, were injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before HI induction, respectively. Brain infarct area, brain water content, neurobehavioral tests, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed. RESULTS The expressions of endogenous CSF1, CSF1R, PLCG2, protein kinase C epsilon type (PKCε), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were gradually increased after HIE. Rh-CSF1 significantly improved the neurological deficits at 48 h and 4 weeks after HI, which was accompanied by a reduction in the brain infarct area, brain edema, brain atrophy, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, activation of CSF1R by rh-CSF1 significantly increased the expressions of p-PLCG2, p-PKCε, and p-CREB, but inhibited the activation of neutrophil infiltration, and downregulated the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α. Inhibition of CSF1R and PLCG2 abolished these neuroprotective effects of rh-CSF1 after HI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that the activation of CSF1R by rh-CSF1 attenuated neuroinflammation and improved neurological deficits after HI. The anti-inflammatory effects of rh-CSF1 partially acted through activating the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKCε/CREB signaling pathway after HI. These results suggest that rh-CSF1 may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate injury in HIE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Bvrrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Taicang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Taicang, Suzhou, 215400, Jiangsu, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Wu L, Xiong X, Wu X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Zhi Z, Gu L. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation to Prevent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:28. [PMID: 32194375 PMCID: PMC7066113 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral ischemia injury can result in neuronal death and/or functional impairment, which leads to further damage and dysfunction after recovery of blood supply. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) often causes irreversible brain damage and neuronal injury and death, which involves many complex pathological processes including oxidative stress, amino acid toxicity, the release of endogenous substances, inflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are interactive and play critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain. Oxidative stress is important in the pathological process of ischemic stroke and is critical for the cascade development of ischemic injury. Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cerebral ischemia and is more likely to lead to cell death and ultimately brain death after reperfusion. During reperfusion especially, superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) are produced, which can cause lipid peroxidation, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Inflammation alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in cerebral ischemic injury. Inflammatory factors can therefore stimulate or exacerbate inflammation and aggravate ischemic injury. Neuroprotective therapies for various stages of the cerebral ischemia cascade response have received widespread attention. At present, neuroprotective drugs mainly include free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation, and their interplay with different types of programmed cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. The development of a suitable method for combination therapy has become a hot topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeng Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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