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Li Y, Li YJ, Fang X, Chen DQ, Yu WQ, Zhu ZQ. Peripheral inflammation as a potential mechanism and preventive strategy for perioperative neurocognitive disorder under general anesthesia and surgery. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1365448. [PMID: 39022312 PMCID: PMC11252726 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1365448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia, as a commonly used medical intervention, has been widely applied during surgical procedures to ensure rapid loss of consciousness and pain relief for patients. However, recent research suggests that general anesthesia may be associated with the occurrence of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). PND is characterized by a decline in cognitive function after surgery, including impairments in attention, memory, learning, and executive functions. With the increasing trend of population aging, the burden of PND on patients and society's health and economy is becoming more evident. Currently, the clinical consensus tends to believe that peripheral inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of PND, providing strong support for further investigating the mechanisms and prevention of PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Dong-Qin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Early Clinical Research Ward of Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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2
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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3
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Qi B, Li Y, Peng Z, Luo Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Li G, Sun Y. Macrophage-Myofibroblast Transition as a Potential Origin for Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis After Injury via Complement System Activation. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1083-1094. [PMID: 38384372 PMCID: PMC10880461 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s450599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute skeletal muscle injury is common in sports. The injured muscle cannot fully recover due to fibrosis resulting from myofibroblasts. Understanding the origin of fibroblasts is, therefore, important for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies. Accumulating evidence shows that a mechanism called macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) can lead to tissue or organ fibrosis, yet it is still unclear whether MMT exists in skeletal muscle and the exact mechanisms. Methods Single-cell transcriptome of mice skeletal muscle after acute injury was analyzed with a specific attention on the process of MMT. Cell-cell interaction network, pseudotime trajectory analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) were conducted. A series of experiments in vivo and in vitro were launched for verification. Results Single cell transcriptomic analysis indicated that, following acute injury, there were much interactions between macrophages and myofibroblasts. A detailed analysis on macrophages indicated that, CD68+α-SMA+ cells, which represented the status of MMT, mainly appeared at five days post-injury. KEGG/GO analysis underlined the involvement of complement system, within which C3ar1, C1qa, C1qb, and C1qc were up-regulated. Trajectory analysis also confirmed a potential shift from macrophages to myofibroblasts. These findings were verified by histological study in mice skeletal muscle, that there were much MMT cells at five days, declined gradually, and vanished 14 days after trauma, when there was remarkable fibrosis formation within the injured muscle. Moreover, C3a stimulation could directly induce MMT in BMDMs. Conclusion Fibrosis following acute injury is disastrous to skeletal muscle, but the origin of myofibroblasts remains unclear. We proved that, following acute injury, macrophage-myofibroblast transition happened in skeletal muscle, which may contribute to fibrosis formation. This phenomenon mainly occurred at five days post-injury. The complement system can activate MMT. More evidence is needed to directly support the pro-fibrotic role of MMT in skeletal muscle fibrosis after acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijie Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Gong Z, Guo J, Liu B, Guo Y, Cheng C, Jiang Y, Liang N, Hu M, Song T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang H, Zong X, Che Q, Shi N. Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287857. [PMID: 38274789 PMCID: PMC10808662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianzi Che
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Liman TG, Siegerink B, Piper S, Catar R, Moll G, Riemekasten G, Heidecke H, Heuschmann PU, Elkind MSV, Dragun D, Endres M. Vasoregulatory Autoantibodies and Clinical Outcome After Ischemic Stroke-PROSCIS-B. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e032441. [PMID: 38014691 PMCID: PMC10727313 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoregulatory autoantibodies including autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors might play a functional role in vascular diseases. We investigated the impact of vasoregulatory autoantibodies on clinical outcome after ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Data were used from the PROSCIS-B (Prospective Cohort With Incident Stroke-Berlin). Autoantibody-targeting receptors such as angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin-1 type A receptor, complement factor-3 and -5 receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and -2, vascular endothelial growth factor A and factor B were measured. We explored associations of high antibody levels with (1) poor functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale >2 or Barthel Index <60 at 1 year after stroke, (2) Barthel Index scores over time using general estimating equations, and (3) secondary vascular events (recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction) or death up to 3 years using Cox proportional hazard models. We included 491 patients with ischemic stroke with data on autoantibody levels and outcome. In models adjusted for demographics and vascular risk factors, high autoantibody concentrations (quartile 4) targeting complement factor C3a receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor B were associated with poor functional outcome at 1 year: (odds ratio, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.1-3.6]; odds ratio, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-3.2]; and odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.2-3.6], respectively) and with lower Barthel Index scores over 3 years (complement factor C3a receptor: adjusted β=-3.3 [95% CI, -5.7 to -0.5]; VEGF-B: adjusted β=-2.4 [95% CI, -4.8 to -0.06]). Patients with high autoantibody levels were not at higher risk for secondary vascular events or death. CONCLUSIONS High levels of autoantibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor B, and complement factor C3a receptor measured are associated with poor functional outcome after stroke but not with recurrent vascular events or death. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01363856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Liman
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB)Charité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Neurology at Evangelical Hospital OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site BerlinGermany
| | - Bob Siegerink
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden UniversityDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sophie Piper
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology; Charité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care MedicineCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care MedicineCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig‐HolsteinLübeckGermany
| | | | - Peter U. Heuschmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure CenterUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Mitchell S. V. Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Duska Dragun
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care MedicineCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB)Charité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Neurology with Experimental NeurologyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site BerlinGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)BerlinGermany
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Schartz ND, Aroor A, Li Y, Pinzón-Hoyos N, Brewster AL. Mice deficient in complement C3 are protected against recognition memory deficits and astrogliosis induced by status epilepticus. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1265944. [PMID: 38035266 PMCID: PMC10682718 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1265944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Status epilepticus (SE) can significantly increase the risk of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and cognitive comorbidities. A potential candidate mechanism underlying memory defects in epilepsy may be the immune complement system. The complement cascade, part of the innate immune system, modulates inflammatory and phagocytosis signaling, and has been shown to contribute to learning and memory dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders. We previously reported that complement C3 is elevated in brain biopsies from human drug-resistant epilepsy and in experimental rodent models. We also found that SE-induced increases in hippocampal C3 levels paralleled the development of hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits in rats. Thus, we hypothesized that SE-induced C3 activation contributes to this pathophysiology in a mouse model of SE and acquired TLE. Methods In this study C3 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to one hour of pilocarpine-induced SE or sham conditions (control; C). Following a latent period of two weeks, recognition memory was assessed utilizing the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Western blotting was utilized to determine the protein levels of C3 in hippocampal lysates. In addition, we assessed the protein levels and distribution of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results In the NOR test, control WT + C or C3 KO + C mice spent significantly more time exploring the novel object compared to the familiar object. In contrast, WT+SE mice did not show preference for either object, indicating a memory defect. This deficit was prevented in C3 KO + SE mice, which performed similarly to controls. In addition, we found that SE triggered significant increases in the protein levels of GFAP in hippocampi of WT mice but not in C3 KO mice. Discussion These findings suggest that ablation of C3 prevents SE-induced recognition memory deficits and that a C3-astrocyte interplay may play a role. Therefore, it is possible that enhanced C3 signaling contributes to SE-associated cognitive decline during epileptogenesis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating cognitive comorbidities in acquired TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Alisha Aroor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nicole Pinzón-Hoyos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
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Kareem S, Jacob A, Mathew J, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Complement: Functions, location and implications. Immunology 2023; 170:180-192. [PMID: 37222083 PMCID: PMC10524990 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an arm of the innate immune system plays a critical role in both health and disease. The complement system is highly complex with dual possibilities, helping or hurting the host, depending on the location and local microenvironment. The traditionally known functions of complement include surveillance, pathogen recognition, immune complex trafficking, processing and pathogen elimination. The noncanonical functions of the complement system include their roles in development, differentiation, local homeostasis and other cellular functions. Complement proteins are present in both, the plasma and on the membranes. Complement activation occurs both extra- and intracellularly, which leads to considerable pleiotropy in their activity. In order to design more desirable and effective therapies, it is important to understand the different functions of complement, and its location-based and tissue-specific responses. This manuscript will provide a brief overview into the complex nature of the complement cascade, outlining some of their complement-independent functions, their effects at different locale, and their implication in disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Kareem
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - John Mathew
- Department of Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Richard J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Mussen F, Broeckhoven JV, Hellings N, Schepers M, Vanmierlo T. Unleashing Spinal Cord Repair: The Role of cAMP-Specific PDE Inhibition in Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Boosting Regeneration after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098135. [PMID: 37175842 PMCID: PMC10179671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by severe neuroinflammation and hampered neuroregeneration, which often leads to permanent neurological deficits. Current therapies include decompression surgery, rehabilitation, and in some instances, the use of corticosteroids. However, the golden standard of corticosteroids still achieves minimal improvements in functional outcomes. Therefore, new strategies tackling the initial inflammatory reactions and stimulating endogenous repair in later stages are crucial to achieving functional repair in SCI patients. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulates these processes. A sustained drop in cAMP levels is observed during SCI, and elevating cAMP is associated with improved functional outcomes in experimental models. cAMP is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by its hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). Growing evidence suggests that inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs (PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8) is an important strategy to orchestrate neuroinflammation and regeneration in the CNS. Therefore, this review focuses on the current evidence related to the immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative role of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition in the SCI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mussen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pekna M, Siqin S, de Pablo Y, Stokowska A, Torinsson Naluai Å, Pekny M. Astrocyte Responses to Complement Peptide C3a are Highly Context-Dependent. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1233-1241. [PMID: 36097103 PMCID: PMC10030406 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform a range of homeostatic and regulatory tasks that are critical for normal functioning of the central nervous system. In response to an injury or disease, astrocytes undergo a pronounced transformation into a reactive state that involves changes in the expression of many genes and dramatically changes astrocyte morphology and functions. This astrocyte reactivity is highly dependent on the initiating insult and pathological context. C3a is a peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the third complement component. C3a has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects, stimulate neural plasticity and promote astrocyte survival but can also contribute to synapse loss, Alzheimer's disease type neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. To test the hypothesis that C3a elicits differential effects on astrocytes depending on their reactivity state, we measured the expression of Gfap, Nes, C3ar1, C3, Ngf, Tnf and Il1b in primary mouse cortical astrocytes after chemical ischemia, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as in control naïve astrocytes. We found that C3a down-regulated the expression of Gfap, C3 and Nes in astrocytes after ischemia. Further, C3a increased the expression of Tnf and Il1b in naive astrocytes and the expression of Nes in astrocytes exposed to LPS but did not affect the expression of C3ar1 or Ngf. Jointly, these results provide the first evidence that the complement peptide C3a modulates the responses of astrocytes in a highly context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sumen Siqin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Episomal Persistent DNA in Cancer and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Yang X, Wu X, Huang S, Yao Q, Chen X, Song J, Fan Y, Zhao G. C3a/C3aR Affects the Propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Ileum Tissues of Mice by Regulating the Gut Barrier, Cell Proliferation, and CD4 + T Cell Main Effectors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050837. [PMID: 36899694 PMCID: PMC10000055 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic protozoon that threatens the health of humans and animals, but the interaction mechanisms between C. parvum and hosts are poorly understood. Our previous study indicated that the expression levels of C3a and C3aR were up-regulated in mice during C. parvum infection, but the mechanisms of C3a/C3aR signaling during C. parvum infection have not been elucidated. In the present study, an optimized BALB/c suckling mouse model infected with C. parvum was used to explore the function of C3a/C3aR signaling during C. parvum infection. The expression levels of C3aR in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum were analyzed using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene, tight junction proteins (zo-1, claudin 3, and occludin), intestinal stem cell marker lgr5, cell proliferation marker ki67, Th1 cell-related cytokine ifn-γ, and Treg cell-related cytokine tgf-β in mouse ileum tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR. The pathological injury of ileal mucosa was examined by histopathology analysis. The mRNA expression levels of Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene were significantly up-regulated in the ileum tissues of C3aR-inhibited mice during C. parvum infection. Meanwhile, histopathology analysis of ileal mucosa in mice showed that inhibition of C3aR significantly aggravated the changes in villus length, villus diameter, mucosal thickness and the ratio of villus length to crypt depth during C. parvum infection. Further studies found inhibition of C3aR aggravated the down-regulation of occludin at most time points during C. parvum infection. The mRNA levels of ki67 and lgr5 in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum were significantly down-regulated. Inhibition of C3aR significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of lgr5 at most time points, but significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of ki67 at most time points. The mRNA expression levels of ifn-γ and tgf-β were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum, respectively. However, inhibition of C3aR significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of ifn-γ and tgf-β in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum. Taken together, C3a/C3aR signaling could possibly affect the propagation of C. parvum in mouse ileum tissues by regulating the gut barrier, cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell main effectors, which would contribute to our understanding of the interaction between Cryptosporidium and hosts.
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11
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Acquisition of Immune Privilege in GBM Tumors: Role of Prostaglandins and Bile Salts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043198. [PMID: 36834607 PMCID: PMC9958596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the postulate that glioblastoma (GBM) tumors generate anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and bile salts to gain immune privilege, we analyzed 712 tumors in-silico from three GBM transcriptome databases for prostaglandin and bile synthesis/signaling enzyme-transcript markers. A pan-database correlation analysis was performed to identify cell-specific signal generation and downstream effects. The tumors were stratified by their ability to generate prostaglandins, their competency in bile salt synthesis, and the presence of bile acid receptors nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). The survival analysis indicates that tumors capable of prostaglandin and/or bile salt synthesis are linked to poor outcomes. Tumor prostaglandin D2 and F2 syntheses are derived from infiltrating microglia, whereas prostaglandin E2 synthesis is derived from neutrophils. GBMs drive the microglial synthesis of PGD2/F2 by releasing/activating complement system component C3a. GBM expression of sperm-associated heat-shock proteins appears to stimulate neutrophilic PGE2 synthesis. The tumors that generate bile and express high levels of bile receptor NR1H4 have a fetal liver phenotype and a RORC-Treg infiltration signature. The bile-generating tumors that express high levels of GPBAR1 are infiltrated with immunosuppressive microglia/macrophage/myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These findings provide insight into how GBMs generate immune privilege and may explain the failure of checkpoint inhibitor therapy and provide novel targets for treatment.
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Ali A, Yu L, Kousar S, Khalid W, Maqbool Z, Aziz A, Arshad MS, Aadil RM, Trif M, Riaz S, Shaukat H, Manzoor MF, Qin H. Crocin: Functional characteristics, extraction, food applications and efficacy against brain related disorders. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1009807. [PMID: 36583211 PMCID: PMC9792498 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocin is a bioactive compound that naturally occurs in some medicinal plants, especially saffron and gardenia fruit. Different conventional and novel methods are used for its extraction. Due to some control conditions, recent methods such as ultrasonic extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-associated extraction, microwave extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction are widely used because these methods give more yield and efficiency. Crocin is incorporated into different food products to make functional foods. However, it can also aid in the stability of food products. Due to its ability to protect against brain diseases, the demand for crocin has been rising in the pharmaceutical industry. It also contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidepressant qualities. This review aims to describe crocin and its role in developing functional food, extraction, and bioavailability in various brain-related diseases. The results of the literature strongly support the importance of crocin against various diseases and its use in making different functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ali
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Research and Development Office, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Liang Yu
| | - Safura Kousar
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Maqbool
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Monica Trif
- Food Research Department, Centre for Innovative Process Engineering, Syke, Germany
| | - Sakhawat Riaz
- Department of Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,Food and Nutrition Society, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Horia Shaukat
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hong Qin
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Lai M, Zhang X, Zhou D, Zhang X, Zhu M, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang D. Integrating serum proteomics and metabolomics to compare the common and distinct features between acute aggressive ischemic stroke (APIS) and acute non-aggressive ischemic stroke (ANPIS). J Proteomics 2022; 261:104581. [PMID: 35421619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding common and distinct pathophysiological features between acute progressive ischemic stroke (APIS) and acute non-progressive ischemic stroke (ANPIS) is a prerequisite to making clear the mechanism to determine the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Here, we recruited three independent sets of subjects, all of which included the APIS, ANPIS, and control groups. They were used for serum proteomic and metabolomic analyses, and validation of the critical pathophysiological processes and potential biomarkers of APIS, respectively. Results showed that there were both common and distinct metabolome and proteome between APIS and ANPIS. APIS and ANPIS shared basic processes of AIS in inflammation and oxidative stress response. Coagulation and lipid metabolism disorder, activation of the complement system, and inflammation may enhance with each other in the symptom worsening of APIS. The contents of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100-A9) in the validation set confirmed the key pathophysiological processes indicated by omics data; they also jointly conferred a moderate value to distinguish APIS from ANPIS. Collectively, disturbance in coagulation and lipid metabolism, complement activation, and inflammation may be synergistically involved in symptom deterioration in APIS. SAA1 and S100-A9 serve as a potential biomarker panel to distinguish APIS from ANPIS. THE SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we integrated serum proteomics and metabolomics to explore the similarities and differences in pathophysiological processes between APIS and ANPIS. The global metabolic networks have been constructed, and the crucial common pathophysiological processes and the key distinct pathophysiological features between APIS and ANPIS were investigated based on the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites (DEPs/DEMs). Furthermore, pivotal serum proteins (SAA1 and S100A9) were detected in a dependent set to validate the key pathophysiological characteristics, as well as to assess the possibility of them being used as a biomarker panel. Taken together, the multi-omics integration strategy used in this clinical study shows potential to comprehensively interpret and compare the pathophysiological processes of AIS in various conditions, as well as to screen a reliable new biomarker panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Lai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Danya Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou, China; School of Basic Medicine, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | | | | | - Qingxian Liu
- Department of Nursing, Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou, China.
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Zhang MM, Huo GM, Cheng J, Zhang QP, Li NZ, Guo MX, Liu Q, Xu GH, Zhu JX, Li CF, Zhou F, Yi LT. Gypenoside XVII, an Active Ingredient from Gynostemma Pentaphyllum, Inhibits C3aR-Associated Synaptic Pruning in Stressed Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122418. [PMID: 35745148 PMCID: PMC9228113 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries, and its saponin extracts have been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory effects. Gypenoside XVII, an active ingredient isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has been found to alleviate the inflammation induced by LPS in the BV2 microglia, according to our preliminary study. This study aims to evaluate whether Gypenoside XVII could attenuate depression-like symptoms in vivo and tries to demonstrate the involvement of the complement regulation in its antidepressant-like effect. The results showed that Gypenoside XVII significantly attenuated depression-like behaviors in the forced swimming test, tail suspension test and sucrose preference test. It also alleviated the acute stress-induced hyperactivity of serum corticosterone levels. Additionally, Gypenoside XVII significantly inhibited the activation of microglia and the expression of C3 in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Meanwhile, the activation of C3aR/STAT3 signaling and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was reversed by Gypenoside XVII. Moreover, CUMS induced excessive synaptic pruning by activating microglia, while Gypenoside XVII restored it in the prefrontal cortex. Our data demonstrated that Gypenoside XVII, the active ingredient of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, produced the antidepressant-like effects in mice, which was mediated by the inhibition of complement C3/C3aR/STAT3/cytokine signaling in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.-M.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Guo-Ming Huo
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China;
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.-M.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, China; (Q.-P.Z.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Na-Zhi Li
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (N.-Z.L.); (M.-X.G.); (J.-X.Z.)
| | - Min-Xia Guo
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (N.-Z.L.); (M.-X.G.); (J.-X.Z.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.-M.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, China;
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (N.-Z.L.); (M.-X.G.); (J.-X.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, China; (Q.-P.Z.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (L.-T.Y.)
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.-M.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (L.-T.Y.)
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Reactive Astrocytes Prevent Maladaptive Plasticity after Ischemic Stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 209:102199. [PMID: 34921928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of functional connectivity is a major contributor to functional recovery after stroke. We investigated the role of reactive astrocytes in functional connectivity and recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice with attenuated reactive gliosis (GFAP-/-Vim-/-). Infarct volume and longitudinal functional connectivity changes were determined by in vivo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Sensorimotor function was assessed with behavioral tests, and glial and neural plasticity responses were quantified in the peri-infarct region. Four weeks after stroke, GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice showed impaired recovery of sensorimotor function and aberrant restoration of global neuronal connectivity. These mice also exhibited maladaptive plasticity responses, shown by higher number of lost and newly formed functional connections between primary and secondary targets of cortical stroke regions and increased peri-infarct expression of the axonal plasticity marker Gap43. We conclude that reactive astrocytes modulate recovery-promoting plasticity responses after ischemic stroke.
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Chen YJ, Chen C, Li MY, Li QQ, Zhang XJ, Huang R, Zhu XW, Bai CY, Zhang LY, Peng PH, Yang WM. Scutellarin Reduces Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Involving in Vascular Endothelium Protection and PKG Signal. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:659-670. [PMID: 34750765 PMCID: PMC8599605 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-021-00322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycoside scutellarin (SCU) has been widely applied in the treatment of cerebral ischemic diseases in China. In this article, we conducted research on the working mechanisms of SCU in hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) injury of isolated cerebral basilar artery (BA) and erebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) injury in rat models. In isolated rat BA rings, HR causes endothelial dysfunction (ED) and acetylcholine (ACh) induces endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The myography result showed that SCU (100 µM) was able to significantly improve the endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by Ach. However, SCU did not affect the ACh-induced relaxation in normal BA. Further studies suggested that SCU (10-1000 µM) dose-dependently induced relaxation in isolated BA rings which were significantly blocked by the cGMP dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cGMPs (PKGI-rp, 4 µM). Pre-incubation with SCU (500 µM) reversed the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by HR, but the reversing effect was blocked if PKGI-rp (4 µM) was added. The brain slice staining test in rats' model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced CIR proved that the administration of SCU (45, 90 mg/kg, iv) significantly reduced the area of cerebral infarction. The Western blot assay result showed that SCU (45 mg/kg, iv) increased brain PKG activity and PKG protein level after CIR surgery. In conclusion, our findings suggested that SCU possesses the ability of protecting brain cells against CIR injury through vascular endothelium protection and PKG signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xing-Wei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chun-Yun Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Liu-Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Pei-Hua Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Wei-Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Western Chunrong Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong New City, Kunming, 650500, China.
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