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Roberts JR, Bernstein JM, Austin CC, Hains T, Mata J, Kieras M, Pirro S, Ruane S. Whole snake genomes from eighteen families of snakes (Serpentes: Caenophidia) and their applications to systematics. J Hered 2024; 115:487-497. [PMID: 38722259 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We present genome assemblies for 18 snake species representing 18 families (Serpentes: Caenophidia): Acrochordus granulatus, Aparallactus werneri, Boaedon fuliginosus, Calamaria suluensis, Cerberus rynchops, Grayia smithii, Imantodes cenchoa, Mimophis mahfalensis, Oxyrhabdium leporinum, Pareas carinatus, Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Pseudoxenodon macrops, Pseudoxyrhopus heterurus, Sibynophis collaris, Stegonotus admiraltiensis, Toxicocalamus goodenoughensis, Trimeresurus albolabris, and Tropidonophis doriae. From these new genome assemblies, we extracted thousands of loci commonly used in systematic and phylogenomic studies on snakes, including target-capture datasets composed of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and anchored hybrid enriched loci (AHEs), as well as traditional Sanger loci. Phylogenies inferred from the two target-capture loci datasets were identical with each other and strongly congruent with previously published snake phylogenies. To show the additional utility of these non-model genomes for investigative evolutionary research, we mined the genome assemblies of two New Guinea island endemics in our dataset (S. admiraltiensis and T. doriae) for the ATP1a3 gene, a thoroughly researched indicator of resistance to toad toxin ingestion by squamates. We find that both these snakes possess the genotype for toad toxin resistance despite their endemism to New Guinea, a region absent of any toads until the human-mediated introduction of Cane Toads in the 1930s. These species possess identical substitutions that suggest the same bufotoxin resistance as their Australian congenerics (Stegonotus australis and Tropidonophis mairii) which forage on invasive Cane Toads. Herein, we show the utility of short-read high-coverage genomes, as well as improving the deficit of available squamate genomes with associated voucher specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson R Roberts
- Division of Zoology, Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS 67601, United States
- Division of Herpetology, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Justin M Bernstein
- Center for Genomics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, United States
| | - Christopher C Austin
- Division of Herpetology, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Taylor Hains
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
- Life Sciences Section, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Joshua Mata
- Amphibian and Reptile Collection, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - Michael Kieras
- Iridian Genomes, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Sara Ruane
- Life Sciences Section, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
- Amphibian and Reptile Collection, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
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Dong Q, Liu L, Yuan Y, Turdu G, Mirzaakhmedov S, Aisa HA, Yili A. Two new polyamine alkaloids from the Bufo viridis toad venom. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3538-3542. [PMID: 35675547 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2086545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new polyamine alkaloids (bufonines A-B), together with four known alkaloids, bufotenidine (3), bufotenine (4), 1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazone (5) and proline (6) were isolated from the Bufo viridis toad venom. Their structures were identified by UV, HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral analyses, and comparison of theoretical and experimental ECD data. All compounds were tested in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (HT-29, A549 and Hela). None of the compounds showed cytotoxicity towards all tested cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of alkaloid components from Bufo viridis toad venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gulmira Turdu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Abulimiti Yili
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
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Asrorov AM, Kayumov M, Mukhamedov N, Yashinov A, Mirakhmetova Z, Huang Y, Yili A, Aisa HA, Tashmukhamedov M, Salikhov S, Mirzaakhmedov S. Toad venom bufadienolides and bufotoxins: An updated review. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:815-838. [PMID: 37154099 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bufadienolides, naturally found in toad venoms having steroid-like structures, reveal antiproliferative effects at low doses. However, their application as anticancer drugs is strongly prevented by their Na+ /K+ -ATPase binding activities. Although several kinds of research were dedicated to moderating their Na+ /K+ -ATPase binding activity, still deeper fundamental knowledge is required to bring these findings into medical practice. In this work, we reviewed data related to anticancer activity of bufadienolides such as bufalin, arenobufagin, bufotalin, gamabufotalin, cinobufotalin, and cinobufagin and their derivatives. Bufotoxins, derivatives of bufadienolides containing polar molecules mainly belonging to argininyl residues, are reviewed as well. The established structures of bufotoxins have been compiled into a one-page figure to review their structures. We also highlighted advances in the structure-modification of the structure of compounds in this class. Drug delivery approaches to target these compounds to tumor cells were discussed in one section. The issues related to extraction, identification, and quantification are separated into another section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akmal M Asrorov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Department of Natural Substances Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Muzaffar Kayumov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nurkhodja Mukhamedov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ansor Yashinov
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ziyoda Mirakhmetova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Abulimiti Yili
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Shavkat Salikhov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Dong Q, Turdu G, Dongmulati N, Maimaitijang A, Aisa HA, Yili A. Bufadienolides from the Bufo viridis toad venom exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105566. [PMID: 36738868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of bufadienolides were isolated from the Bufo viridis toad venom, and their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT-29, MCF7) and a non-cancer cell line (L-O2) were explored using the MTT assay in vitro. All of nine compounds exhibited cytotoxic activities against the three cancer cell lines, with compound D4 exhibiting potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and was better than positive control. Herein, we further evaluated the effect of compound D4 on HeLa cells. The results revealed that compound D4 has excellent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells by inhibiting cell colony formation and migration, promoting cell apoptosis, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and arresting of HeLa cells in S and G2/M phases. These findings encourage further work on the chemistry and bioactivity of the Bufo viridis toad venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gulmira Turdu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Naziermu Dongmulati
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayitila Maimaitijang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Abulimiti Yili
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, and the Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China.
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Chen YL, Bian XL, Guo FJ, Wu YC, Li YM. Two new 19-norbufadienolides with cardiotonic activity isolated from the venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rodríguez C, Rollins-Smith L, Ibáñez R, Durant-Archibold AA, Gutiérrez M. Toxins and pharmacologically active compounds from species of the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:235-254. [PMID: 28034659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Among amphibians, 15 of the 47 species reported to be used in traditional medicines belong to the family Bufonidae, which demonstrates their potential in pharmacological and natural products research. For example, Asian and American tribes use the skin and the parotoid gland secretions of some common toads in the treatment of hemorrhages, bites and stings from venomous animals, skin and stomach disorders, as well as several types of cancers. OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE In addition to reviewing the occurrence of chemical constituents present in the family Bufonidae, the cytotoxic and biomedical potential of the active compounds produced by different taxa are presented. METHODOLOGY Available information on bioactive compounds isolated from species of the family Bufonidae was obtained from ACS Publications, Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciendirect and Springer. Papers written in Chinese, English, German and Spanish were considered. RESULTS Recent reports show more than 30% of amphibians are in decline and some of bufonid species are considered to be extinct. For centuries, bufonids have been used as traditional folk remedies to treat allergies, inflammation, cancer, infections and other ailments, highlighting their importance as a prolific source for novel drugs and therapies. Toxins and bioactive chemical constituents from skin and parotid gland secretions of bufonid species can be grouped in five families, the guanidine alkaloids isolated and characterized from Atelopus, the lipophilic alkaloids isolated from Melanophryniscus, the indole alkaloids and bufadienolides known to be synthesized by species of bufonids, and peptides and proteins isolated from the skin and gastrointestinal extracts of some common toads. Overall, the bioactive secretions of this family of anurans may have antimicrobial, protease inhibitor and anticancer properties, as well as being active at the neuromuscular level. CONCLUSION In this article, the traditional uses, toxicity and pharmacological potential of chemical compounds from bufonids have been summarized. In spite of being reported to be used to treat several diseases, neither extracts nor metabolites from bufonids have been tested in such illness like acne, osteoporosis, arthritis and other illnesses. However, the cytotoxicity of these metabolites needs to be evaluated on adequate animal models due to the limited conditions of in vitro assays. Novel qualitative and quantitative tools based on MS spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is now available to study the complex secretions of bufonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelario Rodríguez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Louise Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama; Department of Zoology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Armando A Durant-Archibold
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Republic of Panama.
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.
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Zhang X, Ye M, Dong YH, Hu HB, Tao SJ, Yin J, Guo DA. Biotransformation of bufadienolides by cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1779-1785. [PMID: 21636103 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of three bioactive bufadienolides, namely, bufotalin (1), telocinobufagin (2), and gamabufotalin (3) by cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata yielded 11 products. Bufotalin yielded 3-epi-bufotalin (1a), 3-epi-desacetylbufotalin (1b), 3-epi-bufotalin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (1c), 1β-hydroxybufotalin (1d), and 5β-hydroxybufotalin (1e); telocinobufagin yielded 3-dehydroscillarenin (2a), 3-dehydrobufalin (2b), and 3-epi-telocinobufagin (2c); and gamabufotalin yielded 3-epi-gamabufotalin (3a), 3-dehydrogamabufotalin (3b), and 3-dehydro-Δ¹-gamabufotalin (3c), respectively. Among these 11 products, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 3a and 3c are previously unreported. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic analyses and mass spectrometry. Most metabolites showed significant cytotoxic activities against human hepatoma (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. In addition, the time course for the biotransformation of 3 was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Gao H, Popescu R, Kopp B, Wang Z. Bufadienolides and their antitumor activity. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:953-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gao H, Zehl M, Leitner A, Wu X, Wang Z, Kopp B. Comparison of toad venoms from different Bufo species by HPLC and LC-DAD-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:368-76. [PMID: 20637273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toad venom, called Chansu in China, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study is to investigate the chemical differences among a variety of toad venoms from different geographic locations and related Bufo species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten batches of commercial toad venom collected from different regions in China, one batch of fresh toad venom obtained from Bufo bufo gargarizans, and six batches of related Bufo species were analyzed by HPLC and LC-DAD-MS/MS. Individual components were identified by comparison of retention times, UV spectra, and mass spectra with authentic compounds, standard addition, as well as summarized MS fragmentation rules. Based on the profile of identified constituents and the content of cinobufagin and resibufogenin, the chemical differences observed among different samples are discussed. RESULTS Overall, 43 compounds were identified in the methanolic extracts of the different samples of toad venom. Besides of suberoyl arginine, several free bufadienolides, bufadienolide sulfates, and suberoyl esters of bufadienolides were found. The total amounts of cinobufagin and resibufogenin, which are the only two control markers according to the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia, varied widely from 0.7% to 10.9% in the commercial Chansu samples collected in the different locations in China. Low levels of resibufogenin, but no cinobufagin was observed in the samples from Bufo melanosticus and Bufo marinus, and even neither of both compounds was found in the sample from Bufo viridis. CONCLUSIONS The chemical profiles of the different commercial and collected toad venoms from related Bufo species differed significantly, not only in the absolute and relative contents, but also in the number and type of the constituents. The main reason for this variation are species-specific differences, but additional factors, such as the harvest and post-harvest processing, and adaption to environmental factors in different geographic locations, also seem to contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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