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Sun W, Wang Z, Liu J, Jiang C, Chen W, Yu B, Wang W, Lu L. On-demand degradable magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:676-684. [PMID: 36654443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Theranostic nanoprobes can potentially integrate imaging and therapeutic capabilities into a single platform, offering a new personalized cancer diagnostic tool. However, there is a growing concern that their clinical application is not safe, particularly due to metal-containing elements, such as the gadolinium used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We demonstrate for the first time that the photothermal melting of the DNA duplex helix was a reliable and versatile strategy that enables the on-demand degradation of the gadolinium-containing MRI reporter gene from polydopamine (PDA)-based theranostic nanoprobes. The combination of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) and photothermal therapy, which leads to the enhanced anti-tumor effect. In vivo MRI tracking reveals that renal filtration was able to rapidly clear the free gadolinium-containing MRI reporter from the mice body. This results in a decrease in the long-term toxic effect of theranostic MRI nanoprobes. Our findings may pave the way to address toxicity issues of the theranostic nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Chunhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lehui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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Wang X, Xu L, Ren Z, Fan M, Zhang J, Qi H, Xu M. A novel manganese chelated macromolecular MRI contrast agent based on O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110452. [PMID: 31473409 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently used Gd-based and Mn-based small molecular MRI contrast agents fail to meet the requirements for the long-term monitoring, and the potential safety risk under high administration dose or repeat dosing needs to be considered. In the present study, a biocompatible macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents based on O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), CMCS-(Mn-DTPA)n was designed and synthesized. The relaxivity of CMCS-(Mn-DTPA)n is approximately 3.5 and 5.5 times higher than that of Gd-DTPA and Mn-DPDP in aqueous solution, respectively. The MRI signal intensity in the kidney and liver of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats is significantly increased at a dose of 0.03 mM Mn/kg b.w. CMCS-(Mn-DTPA)n accompanied by a long effective imaging window. According to in vitro studies, CMCS-(Mn-DTPA)n exhibits good cellular and blood biocompatibility at the dose necessary for MRI imaging. Based on the results from in vivo studies, manganese (Mn) is completely excreted from SD rats within ten days after administration and does not exert a pathological effect on the liver. CMCS-(Mn-DTPA)n represents a potentially novel MRI contrast agent due to its excellent relaxivity, long effective imaging window and good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhanying Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hongxin Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Biophysics Lab, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Zu G, Cao Y, Dong J, Zhou Q, van Rijn P, Liu M, Pei R. Development of an Aptamer-Conjugated Polyrotaxane-Based Biodegradable Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent for Tumor-Targeted Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:406-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Zu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Min Liu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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Azria D, Blanquer S, Verdier JM, Belamie E. Nanoparticles as contrast agents for brain nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7216-7237. [PMID: 32264173 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of amyloid plaques is a powerful non-invasive approach for the early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) along with clinical observations of behavioral changes and cognitive impairment. The present article aims at giving a critical and comprehensive review of recent advances in the development of nanoparticle-based contrast agents for brain MRI. Nanoparticles considered for the MRI of AD must comply with a highly stringent set of requirements including low toxicity and the ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier. In addition, to reach an optimal signal-to-noise ratio, they must exhibit a specific ability to target amyloid plaques, which can be achieved by grafting antibodies, peptides or small molecules. Finally, we propose to consider new directions for the future of MRI in the context of Alzheimer's disease, in particular by enhancing the performances of contrast agents and by including therapeutic functionalities following a theranostic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azria
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Equipe Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Zu G, Liu M, Zhang K, Hong S, Dong J, Cao Y, Jiang B, Luo L, Pei R. Functional Hyperbranched Polylysine as Potential Contrast Agent Probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2302-8. [PMID: 27187578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have never stopped questing contrast agents with high resolution and safety to overcome the drawbacks of small-molecule contrast agents in clinic. Herein, we reported the synthesis of gadolinium-based hyperbranched polylysine (HBPLL-DTPA-Gd), which was prepared by thermal polymerization of l-lysine via one-step polycondensation. After conjugating with folic acid, its potential application as MRI contrast agent was then evaluated. This contrast agent had no obvious cytotoxicity as verified by WST assay and H&E analysis. Compared to Gd(III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) (r1 = 4.3 mM(-1) s(-1)), the FA-HBPLL-DTPA-Gd exhibited much higher longitudinal relaxivity value (r1 = 13.44 mM(-1) s(-1)), up to 3 times higher than Gd-DTPA. The FA-HBPLL-DTPA-Gd showed significant signal intensity enhancement in the tumor region at various time points and provided a long time window for MR examination. The results illustrate that FA-HBPLL-DTPA-Gd will be a potential candidate for tumor-targeted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Zu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China.,Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kunchi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shanni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, China
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Li T, Qian Y, Ye M, Tang J, Hu H, Shen Y. Synthesis and Properties of a Biodegradable Dendritic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ren X, Jing X, Liu L, Guo L, Zhang M, Li Y. Easy preparation of an MRI contrast agent with high longitudinal relaxivity based on gadolinium ions-loaded graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile synthetic strategy, which leads to a high-performance Gd3+-based MRI contrast agent (Gd3+@CGO), is developed using graphene oxide as a nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Ren
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Material
| | - Xinli Jing
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
| | - Liping Guo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, China
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Jing L, Liang X, Li X, Yang Y, Dai Z. Covalent attachment of Mn-porphyrin onto doxorubicin-loaded poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for potential magnetic resonance imaging and pH-sensitive drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9434-41. [PMID: 23962645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, theranostic nanoparticles (MnP-DOX NPs) were fabricated by conjugating Mn-porphyrin onto the surface of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (DOX NPs) for potential T1 magnetic resonance imaging and pH-sensitive drug delivery. An in vitro drug release study showed that the release rate of DOX from MnP-DOX NPs was slow at neutral pH but accelerated significantly in acidic conditions. It was found that MnP-DOX NPs could be easily internalized by HeLa cells and effectively suppressed the growth of HeLa cells and HT-29 cells due to the accelerated drug release in acidic lysosomal compartments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning analysis demonstrated that MnP-DOX NPs had much higher longitudinal relaxivity in water (r1 value of 27.8 mM(-1) s(-1) of Mn(3+)) than Mn-porphyrin (Mn(III)TPPS3NH2; r1 value of 6.70 mM(-1) s(-1) of Mn(3+)), behaving as an excellent contrast agent for T1-weighted MRI both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, such a smart and promising nanoplatform integrates multiple capabilities for effective cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Ye Z, Wu X, Tan M, Jesberger J, Grisworld M, Lu ZR. Synthesis and evaluation of a polydisulfide with Gd-DOTA monoamide side chains as a biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent for MR blood pool imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 8:220-8. [PMID: 23606425 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular Gd(III)-based contrast agents are effective for contrast-enhanced blood pool and cancer MRI in preclinical studies. However, their clinical applications are impeded by potential safety concerns associated with slow excretion and prolonged retention of these agents in the body. To minimize the safety concerns of macromolecular Gd contrast agents, we have developed biodegradable macromolecular Gd contrast agents based on polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new generation of the polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes containing a macrocyclic Gd(III) chelate, Gd-DOTA monoamide, to improve the in vivo kinetic inertness of the Gd(III) chelates. (N6-Lysyl)lysine-(Gd-DOTA) monoamide and 3-(2-carboxyethyldisulfanyl)propanoic acid copolymers (GODC) were synthesized by copolymerization of (N6-lysyl)lysine DOTA monoamide and dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), followed by complexation with Gd(OAc)3. The GODC had an apparent molecular weight of 26.4 kDa and T1 relaxivity of 8.25 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd at 1.5 T. The polymer chains of GODC were readily cleaved by L-cysteine and the chelates had high kinetic stability against transmetallation in the presence of an endogenous metal ion Zn(2+). In vivo MRI study showed that GODC produced strong and prolonged contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor periphery of mice with breast tumor xenografts. GODC is a promising biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent with high kinetic stability for MR blood pool imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Tang J, Sheng Y, Hu H, Shen Y. Macromolecular MRI contrast agents: Structures, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ye M, Qian Y, Tang J, Hu H, Sui M, Shen Y. Targeted biodegradable dendritic MRI contrast agent for enhanced tumor imaging. J Control Release 2013; 169:239-45. [PMID: 23403397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and safe contrast agents (CAs) are essential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to achieve accurate tumor detection and imaging. Dendrimer-based macromolecular MRI contrast agents are advantageous owing to their tumor-targeting ability, enhanced imaging contrast and enlarged imaging window. However, most of them have drawbacks of non-degradability and thereby long-term retention in body and toxicity. Herein, a tumor-targeting biodegradable dendritic CA (DCA) (FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd) was prepared from a polyester dendrimer conjugated with gadolinium (Gd) chelates and PEG chains with distal folic acid. The DCA had a high longitudinal relaxivity up to 17.1mM(-1)s(-1), 4 times higher than the clinically used CA Magnevist. The MRI contrasted by FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd outlined the inoculated tumor more clearly, and had much higher contrast enhancement for a much longer time than Magnevist. More importantly, the biodegradable FA-PEG-G2-DTPA-Gd gave much less Gd retentions in all the organs or tissues than non-degradable DCAs. Thus, the high efficiency in MRI contrast enhancement and low Gd retention merit it a promising CA for contrast enhanced tumor MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Bryson J, Reineke JW, Reineke TM. Macromolecular Imaging Agents Containing Lanthanides: Can Conceptual Promise Lead to Clinical Potential? Macromolecules 2012; 45:8939-8952. [PMID: 23467737 DOI: 10.1021/ma301568u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are increasingly being used to improve the resolution of this noninvasive diagnostic technique. All clinically-approved T1 contrast agents are small molecule chelates of gadolinium [Gd(III)] that affect bound water proton relaxivity. Both the small size and monomeric nature of these agents ultimately limits the image resolution enhancement that can be achieved for both contrast enhancement and pharmacokinetic/biodistribution reasons. The multimeric nature of macromolecules, such as polymers, dendrimers, and noncovalent complexes of small molecule agents with proteins, have been shown to significantly increase the image contrast and resolution due to their large size and ability to incorporate multiple Gd(III) chlelation sites. Also, macromolecular agents are advantageous as they have the ability to be designed to be nontoxic, hydrophilic, easily purified, aggregation-resistant, and have controllable three-dimensional macromolecular structure housing the multiple lanthanide chelation sites. For these reasons, large molecule diagnostics have the ability to significantly increase the relaxivity of water protons within the targeted tissues and thus the image resolution for many diagnostic applications. The FDA approval of a contrast agent that consists of a reversible, non-covalent coupling of a small Gd(III) chelate with serum albumin for blood pool imaging (marketed under the trade names of Vasovist and Ablivar) proved to be one of the first diagnostic agent to capitalize on these benefits from macromolecular association in humans. However, much research and development is necessary to optimize the safety of these unique agents for in vivo use and potential clinical development. To this end, recent work in the field of polymer, dendrimer, and noncovalent complex-based imaging agents are reviewed herein and the future outlook of this field is discussed.
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Hsieh WJ, Liang CJ, Chieh JJ, Wang SH, Lai IR, Chen JH, Chang FH, Tseng WK, Yang SY, Wu CC, Chen YL. In vivo tumor targeting and imaging with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody-conjugated dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2833-42. [PMID: 22745546 PMCID: PMC3383312 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active targeting by specific antibodies combined with nanoparticles is a promising technology for cancer imaging and detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the systemic delivery of antivascular endothelial growth factor antibodies conjugating to the surface of functionalized supermagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (anti-VEGF-NPs) led to target-specific accumulation in the tumor. Methods The VEGF expression in human colon cancer and in Balb/c mice bearing colon cancers was examined by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of these anti-VEGF-NPs particles or NPs particles were evaluated by MRI at days 1, 2, or 9 after the injection into the jugular vein of Balb/c mice bearing colon cancers. Tumor and normal tissues (liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) were collected and were examined by Prussian blue staining to determine the presence and distribution of NPs in the tissue sections. Results VEGF is highly expressed in human and mouse colon cancer tissues. MRI showed significant changes in the T*2 signal and T2 relaxation in the anti-VEGF-NP- injected-mice, but not in mice injected with NP alone. Examination of paraffin sections of tumor tissues stained for the iron constituent of the NPs with Prussian blue revealed a strong blue reaction in the tumors of anti-VEGF-NP-treated mice, but only a weak reaction in mice injected with NPs. In both groups, at all time points, Prussian blue-stained liver and spleen sections showed only light staining, while stained cells were rarely detected in kidney and lung sections. Transmission electron microscopy showed that many more electron-dense particles were present in endothelial cells, tumor cells, and extracellular matrix in tumor tissues in mice injected with anti-VEGF-NPs than in NP-injected mice. Conclusion These results demonstrated in vivo tumor targeting and efficient accumulation of anti-VEGF-NPs in tumor tissues after systemic delivery in a colon cancer model, showing that anti-VEGF-NPs have potential for use as a molecular-targeted tumor imaging agent in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Di W, Velu SKP, Lascialfari A, Liu C, Pinna N, Arosio P, Sakka Y, Qin W. Fluorescent and paramagnetic core–shell hybrid nanoparticles for bi-modal magnetic resonance/luminescence imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Ye M, Qian Y, Shen Y, Hu H, Sui M, Tang J. Facile synthesis and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable dendritic MRI contrast agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Frullano L, Caravan P. Strategies for the preparation of bifunctional gadolinium(III) chelators. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:535-565. [PMID: 22375102 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of gadolinium chelators that can be easily and readily linked to various substrates is of primary importance for the development high relaxation efficiency and/or targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Over the last 25 years a large number of bifunctional chelators have been prepared. For the most part, these compounds are based on ligands that are already used in clinically approved contrast agents. More recently, new bifunctional chelators have been reported based on complexes that show a more potent relaxation effect, faster complexation kinetics and in some cases simpler synthetic procedures. This review provides an overview of the synthetic strategies used for the preparation of bifunctional chelators for MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Frullano
- Case Western Reserve University. 11100 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106
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Karfeld-Sulzer LS, Waters EA, Kohlmeir EK, Kissler H, Zhang X, Kaufman DB, Barron AE, Meade TJ. Protein polymer MRI contrast agents: Longitudinal analysis of biomaterials in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2011; 65:220-8. [PMID: 20740653 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in tissue engineering to regenerate biological function by combining cells with material supports, development is hindered by inadequate techniques for characterizing biomaterials in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging is a tomographic technique with high temporal and spatial resolution and represents an excellent imaging modality for longitudinal noninvasive assessment of biomaterials in vivo. To distinguish biomaterials from surrounding tissues for magnetic resonance imaging, protein polymer contrast agents were developed and incorporated into hydrogels. In vitro and in vivo images of protein polymer hydrogels, with and without covalently incorporated protein polymer contrast agents, were acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. T(1) values of the labeled gels were consistently lower when protein polymer contrast agents were included. As a result, the protein polymer contrast agent hydrogels facilitated fate tracking, quantification of degradation, and detection of immune response in vivo. For the duration of the in vivo study, the protein polymer contrast agent-containing hydrogels could be distinguished from adjacent tissues and from the foreign body response surrounding the gels. The hydrogels containing protein polymer contrast agent have a contrast-to-noise ratio 2-fold greater than hydrogels without protein polymer contrast agent. In the absence of the protein polymer contrast agent, hydrogels cannot be distinguished by the end of the gel lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Karfeld-Sulzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Karfeld-Sulzer LS, Waters EA, Davis NE, Meade TJ, Barron AE. Multivalent protein polymer MRI contrast agents: controlling relaxivity via modulation of amino acid sequence. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1429-36. [PMID: 20420441 DOI: 10.1021/bm901378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive imaging modality with high spatial and temporal resolution. Contrast agents (CAs) are frequently used to increase the contrast between tissues of interest. To increase the effectiveness of MR agents, small molecule CAs have been attached to macromolecules. We have created a family of biodegradable, macromolecular CAs based on protein polymers, allowing control over the CA properties. The protein polymers are monodisperse, random coil, and contain evenly spaced lysines that serve as reactive sites for Gd(III) chelates. The exact sequence and length of the protein can be specified, enabling controlled variation in lysine spacing and molecular weight. Relaxivity could be modulated by changing protein polymer length and lysine spacing. Relaxivities of up to approximately 14 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd(III) and approximately 461 mM(-1) s(-1) per conjugate were observed. These CAs are biodegradable by incubation with plasmin, such that they can be easily excreted after use. They do not reduce cell viability, a prerequisite for future in vivo studies. The protein polymer CAs can be customized for different clinical diagnostic applications, including biomaterial tracking, as a balanced agent with high relaxivity and appropriate molar mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Karfeld-Sulzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Stability and biodistribution of a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC) in rats. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1390-7. [PMID: 20393871 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate stability and Gd tissue distribution of a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent, GDCC. METHODS Kinetic stability of GDCC was evaluated based on transmetallation with endogenous metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ in rat plasma in comparison with Omniscan, MultiHance and ProHance. In vivo transmetallation of GDCC was evaluated by determining metal content in the urine samples of Spague-Dawley rats. The biodistribution of the agents was determined in rats at 48 h post-injection. RESULTS A new method of using ultrafiltration was developed for study of kinetic stability against transmetallation of Gd(III)-based MRI contrast agents. Both in vitro and in vivo stability of the contrast agents towards transmetallation with Zn2+ were in the order of ProHance > MultiHance approximately GDCC > Omniscan. No significant transmetallation with Cu2+ was observed for the contrast agents. GDCC had comparable retention to the control agents in most organs and tissues with slightly high retention in the liver and kidneys at 48 h post-injection. CONCLUSION Ultrafiltration is efficient and accurate for characterizing the kinetic stability of Gd(III)-based MRI contrast agents. The novel biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent GDCC is promising for further development for contrast enhanced MRI.
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Bumb A, Brechbiel MW, Choyke P. Macromolecular and dendrimer-based magnetic resonance contrast agents. Acta Radiol 2010; 51:751-67. [PMID: 20590365 DOI: 10.3109/02841851.2010.491091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging modality that can provide an assessment of function or molecular expression in tandem with anatomic detail. Over the last 20-25 years, a number of gadolinium-based MR contrast agents have been developed to enhance signal by altering proton relaxation properties. This review explores a range of these agents from small molecule chelates, such as Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA, to macromolecular structures composed of albumin, polylysine, polysaccharides (dextran, inulin, starch), poly(ethylene glycol), copolymers of cystamine and cystine with GD-DTPA, and various dendritic structures based on polyamidoamine and polylysine (Gadomers). The synthesis, structure, biodistribution, and targeting of dendrimer-based MR contrast agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Bumb
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lu ZR, Wu X. Polydisulfide Based Biodegradable Macromolecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. Isr J Chem 2010; 50:220-232. [PMID: 21331318 PMCID: PMC3038583 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular Gd(III) complexes are advantageous over small molecular Gd(III) complexes in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their prolonged blood circulation and preferential tumor accumulation. However, macromolecular contrast agents have not been approved for clinical applications because of the safety concerns related to their slow body excretion. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been designed and developed as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents to alleviate the concerns by facilitating the clearance of Gd(III) complexes from the body. These agents initially behave as macromolecular agents and result in superior contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor tissues. They can then be readily degraded in vivo into small molecular chelates that can rapidly excrete from the body via renal filtration after the MRI examinations. Various polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been prepared as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents. These agents have resulted in strong contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor tissue in animal models with minimal long-term tissue accumulation comparable to small molecular contrast agents. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes are promising for further clinical development as safe and effective biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for cardiovascular and cancer imaging. The review summarizes the chemistry and properties of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xueming Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Wu X, Jeong EK, Emerson L, Hoffman J, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Noninvasive evaluation of antiangiogenic effect in a mouse tumor model by DCE-MRI with Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:41-8. [PMID: 19958031 DOI: 10.1021/mp900153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes, Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC), for assessing tumor microvascular characteristics and monitoring antiangiogenesis therapy was investigated in a mouse model using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). The mice bearing human colon tumor xenografts were intraperitoneally injected with an antiangiogenesis agent Avastin three times in a week at a dose of 200 mug/mouse. DCE-MRI with GDCC of 40 kDa (GDCC-40) was performed before and at 36 h after the first treatment with Avastin and at the end of treatment (7 days). Gd(DTPA-BMA) was used as a low molecular weight control. The tumor vascular parameters, endothelial transfer coefficient K(trans) and factional plasma volume f(PV), were calculated from the DCE-MRI data with a two-compartment model. The K(trans) and f(PV) in tumor periphery estimated by DCE-MRI with GDCC-40 before and after the antiangiogenesis treatment correlated well to tumor growth before and after the treatment in the tumor model. In contrast, the parameters estimated by Gd(DTPA-BMA) did not show significant correlation to the therapeutic efficacy. This study demonstrates that DCE-MRI with the biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent can provide effective assessment of the antiangiogenic efficacy of Avastin in the animal tumor model based on measured vascular parameters in tumor periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Department of Pathology, and Molecular Imaging Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Setua S, Menon D, Asok A, Nair S, Koyakutty M. Folate receptor targeted, rare-earth oxide nanocrystals for bi-modal fluorescence and magnetic imaging of cancer cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:714-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Feng Y, Emerson L, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Application of a biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for assessing the efficacy of indocyanine green-enhanced photothermal cancer therapy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30:401-6. [PMID: 19629979 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of a polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent, (Gd-DTPA)-cystamine copolymers (GDCC), in assessing the efficacy of indocyanine green-enhanced photothermal cancer therapy using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast cancer xenografts in mice were injected with indocyanine green and irradiated with a laser. The efficacy was assessed using DCE-MRI with GDCC of 40 kDa (GDCC-40) at 4 hours and 7 days after the treatment. The uptake of GDCC-40 by the tumors was fit to a two-compartment model to obtain tumor vascular parameters, including fractional plasma volume (f(PV)), endothelium transfer coefficient (K(PS)), and permeability surface area product (PS). RESULTS GDCC-40 resulted in similar tumor vascular parameters at three doses, with larger standard deviations at lower doses. The values of f(PV), K(PS), and PS of the treated tumors were smaller (P < 0.05) than those of untreated tumors at 4 hours after the treatment and recovered to pretreatment values (P > 0.05) at 7 days after the treatment. CONCLUSION DCE-MRI with GDCC-40 is effective for assessing tumor early response to dye-enhanced photothermal therapy and detecting tumor relapse after the treatment. GDCC-40 has a potential to noninvasively monitor anticancer therapies with DCE-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Wu X, Feng Y, Jeong EK, Emerson L, Lu ZR. Tumor characterization with dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents in mice. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2202-8. [PMID: 19597972 PMCID: PMC2805017 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents of different degradability and molecular weight for tumor characterization based on angiogenesis using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). METHODS Biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents, Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC) and Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers (GDCP), with molecular weight of 20 and 70 KDa were evaluated for tumor characterization. Gd(DTPA-BMA) and a prototype of macromolecular contrast agent, albumin-(Gd-DTPA), were used as controls. The DCE-MRI studies were performed in nude mice bearing MDA PCa 2b and PC-3 human prostate tumor xenografts. Tumor angiogenic kinetic parameters including endothelium transfer coefficient (K(trans)) and fractional tumor plasma volume (f(PV)) were calculated from the DCE-MRI data using a two-compartment model and compared between the two different tumor models for each contrast agent. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the f(PV) values between two tumor models estimated with the same agent except for GDCC-70. The K(trans) values in both tumor models decreased with the increase of molecular weight of contrast agents. With the same high molecular weight (70 KDa), GDCC-70 showed a higher K(trans) values than GDCP-70 due to high degradability of the former in both tumor models (p < 0.05). The K(trans) values of MDA PCa 2b tumors were significantly higher than those of PC-3 tumors estimated by Gd(DTPA-BMA), GDCC-20, GDCC-70, GDCP-70, and albumin-(Gd-DTPA) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents are promising in tumor characterization and differentiation with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lyska Emerson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Feng Y, Jeong EK, Mohs AM, Emerson L, Lu ZR. Characterization of tumor angiogenesis with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents in mice. Magn Reson Med 2009; 60:1347-52. [PMID: 19025902 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents for characterizing tumor angiogenesis was investigated in a mouse model using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents, gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) cystamine copolymers (GDCC), and Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers (GDCP), with molecular weights of 20 and 70 kDa were used in the study. Gadodiamide (Gd [DTPA-BMA]) and albumin labeled with Gd-DTPA [albumin-(Gd-DTPA)] were used as the controls. The DCE-MRI studies were performed in nude mice bearing prostate tumor xenografts from the MDA-PCa-2b cell line. Tumor angiogenic kinetic parameters, including endothelial transfer coefficient (K(PS)), fractional tumor plasma volume (f(PV)), and permeability surface area product (PS), were estimated from the DCE-MRI data using a two-compartment model. The K(PS) and f(PV) values estimated by the biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents were between those estimated by Gd(DTPA-BMA) and albumin-(Gd-DTPA). The parameters estimated by the agent with a slow degradation rate and high molecular weight, GDCP-70 (K(PS) = 2.09 +/- 0.50 ml/min/100 cc and f(PV) = 0.075 +/- 0.021), were closer to those by albumin-(Gd-DTPA) (K(PS) = 1.43 +/- 0.64 ml/min/100 cc and f(PV) = 0.044 +/- 0.007) than by other agents with relatively low molecular weight or rapid degradation rate. The polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents are promising for characterizing tumor vascularity and angiogenesis with DCE-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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27
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Zong Y, Wang X, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Structural effect on degradability and in vivo contrast enhancement of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:503-11. [PMID: 18814987 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural effect of biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, polydisulfide gadolinium (Gd)(III) chelates, on their in vitro degradability, and cardiovascular and tumor imaging were evaluated in mice. Polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates, Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC), Gd-DTPA l-cystine copolymers (GDCP), Gd-DTPA d-cystine copolymers (dGDCP) and Gd-DTPA glutathione (oxidized) copolymers (GDGP), with different sizes and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts. GDGP with large steric hindrance around the disulfide bonds had greater T(1) and T(2) relaxivities than GDCC, GDCP and dGDCP. The degradability of the polydisulfide by the endogenous thiols decreased with increasing steric effects around the disulfide bonds in the order of GDCC>GDCP, dGDCP>GDGP. The size and degradability of the contrast agents had a significant impact on vascular contrast enhancement kinetics. The agents with a large size and low degradability resulted in more prolonged vascular enhancement than the agents with a small size and high degradability. It seems that the size and degradability of the agents did not significantly affect tumor enhancement. All agents resulted in significant contrast enhancement in tumor tissue. This study has demonstrated that the vascular enhancement kinetics of the polydisulfide MRI contrast agents can be controlled by their sizes and structures. The polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates are promising biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for magnetic resonance angiography and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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28
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Nanotemplate-Engineered Nanoparticles Containing Gadolinium for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:129-40. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31815878dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Xu R, Wang Y, Wang X, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. In Vivo evaluation of a PAMAM-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) conjugate as a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007; 232:1081-9. [PMID: 17720954 DOI: 10.3181/0702-rm-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular Gd(III) chelates are superior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for blood pool and tumor imaging. However, their clinical development is limited by the safety concerns related to the slow excretion and long-term gadolinium tissue accumulation. A generation 6 PAMAM Gd(III) chelate conjugate with a cleavable disulfide spacer, PAMAM-G6-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A), was prepared as a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent with rapid excretion from the body. T(1) and T(2) relaxivities of the contrast agent were 11.6 and 13.3 mM(-1)sec(-1) at 3T, respectively. Blood pool and tumor contrast enhancement of the agent were evaluated in female nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts with a nondegradable conjugate PAMAM-G6-(Gd-DO3A) as a control. PAMAM-G6-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) resulted in significant contrast enhancement in the blood for about 5 mins, and Gd-DO3A was released from the conjugate and rapidly excreted via renal filtration after the disulfide spacer was cleaved. The nondegradable control had much longer blood circulation and excreted more slowly from the body. PAMAM-G6-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) also resulted in more prominent tumor contrast enhancement than the control. However, PAMAM-G6-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) demonstrated high toxicity due to the intrinsic toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers. In conclusion, although PAMAM-G6-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) showed some advantages compared with the nondegradable control, PAMAM dendrimers are not suitable carriers for biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents, due to their high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzuo Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Mohs AM, Nguyen T, Jeong EK, Feng Y, Emerson L, Zong Y, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Modification of Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers with PEG-1000 optimizes pharmacokinetics and tissue retention for magnetic resonance angiography. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:110-118. [PMID: 17659618 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PEGylation of novel biodegradable macromolecular polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes, gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (GdDTPA) cystine copolymers (GDCP), on their pharmacokinetics and long-term Gd(III) tissue retention, and to demonstrate the potential application of PEGylated GDCP (PEG-GDCP) for MR angiography (MRA). The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and metabolic excretion of PEG(1000)-GDCP (42.1-52.1 kDa; PEG: MW = 1000 Da) with three different PEG grafting degrees and GDCP (43.3 kDa) were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by means of an open two-compartment model. Initially all three PEG(1000)-GDCP contrast agents (CAs) had a higher plasma concentration than GDCP, but after 30 min the Gd(III) concentration from the PEGylated agents rapidly decreased, resulting in significantly lower elimination half-life values. All of the biodegradable macromolecular CAs demonstrated low long-term Gd(III) tissue accumulation, while PEG(1000)-GDCP had significantly lower accumulation in the liver than GDCP. In the rats, all CAs showed excellent vascular contrast enhancement in an MRA protocol with a long image acquisition time. Because PEG(1000)-GDCP remained intravascular for an acceptable period for effective contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRA, and then excreted rapidly from the vasculature with minimal tissue retention, PEG(1000)-GDCP shows a great promise as a blood-pool CA for MRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lyska Emerson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yuda Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dennis L Parker
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lu ZR, Mohs AM, Zong Y, Feng Y. Polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates as biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 1:31-40. [PMID: 17722260 PMCID: PMC2426761 DOI: 10.2147/nano.2006.1.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular gadolinium (Gd)(III) complexes have a prolonged blood circulation time and can preferentially accumulate in solid tumors, depending on the tumor blood vessel hyperpermeability, resulting in superior contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance (MR) cardiovascular imaging and cancer imaging as shown in animal models. Unfortunately, safety concerns related to these agents’ slow elimination from the body impede their clinical development. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been designed and developed as biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to facilitate the clearance of Gd(III) complexes from the body after MRI examinations. These novel agents can act as macromolecular contrast agents for in vivo imaging and excrete rapidly as low-molecular-weight agents. The rationale and recent development of the novel biodegradable contrast agents are reviewed here. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have relatively long blood circulation time and gradually degrade into small Gd(III) complexes, which are rapidly excreted via renal filtration. These agents result in effective and prolonged in vivo contrast enhancement in the blood pool and tumor tissue in animal models, yet demonstrate minimal Gd(III) tissue retention as the clinically used low-molecular-weight agents. Structural modification of the agents can readily alter the contrast-enhancement kinetics. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes are promising for further clinical development as safe, effective, biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for cardiovascular and cancer imaging, and for evaluation of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Mohs AM, Lu ZR. Gadolinium(III)-based blood-pool contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: status and clinical potential. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 4:149-64. [PMID: 17335412 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blood-pool MRI contrast agents have enormous potential to aid sensitive magnetic resonance detection and yield definitive diagnostic data of cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Many attempts have been initiated to design macromolecular gadolinium (Gd[III]) complexes as magnetic resonance imaging blood-pool contrast agents, as macromolecules do not readily diffuse across healthy vascular endothelium, and remain intravascular. Although extremely efficacious in detecting and characterizing pathologic tissue, clinical development of these agents has been limited by potential toxicity concerns from incomplete Gd(III) clearance. Recent innovative technologies, such as reversible protein-binding contrast agents and biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents, may be valuable alternatives that combine the effective imaging characteristics of an intravascular contrast agent and the safety of clinically approved low-molecular-weight Gd(III) chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Mohs
- Georgia Tech and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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Chen J, Huang SW, Lin WH, Zhuo RX. Tunable film degradation and sustained release of plasmid DNA from cleavable polycation/plasmid DNA multilayers under reductive conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:636-43. [PMID: 17351989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The controllable and sustained release of DNA from the surfaces of biomaterials or biomedical devices represents a new method for localized gene delivery. We report the synthesis of a novel polycation containing disulfide bonds in its backbone and the fabrication of polycation/plasmid DNA multilayered thin films by layer-by-layer assembly. The films are very stable during preparation and in storage, however, they gradually degrade and release the incorporated DNA when incubated in PBS buffer containing dithiothreitol (DTT), which results from the degradation of a disulfide-contained polymer under reductive conditions. The film degradation rate and DNA release rate can be tuned by the concentration of reducing agent. This approach will be useful in gene therapy and tissue engineering by controlled administration of therapeutic DNA deposited on the surface of implantable biomedical devices or tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Wang Y, Ye F, Jeong EK, Sun Y, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Noninvasive Visualization of Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Tumor Targeting of Poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] in Mice Using Contrast Enhanced MRI. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1208-16. [PMID: 17387601 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study a non-invasive method of using contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the real-time pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of paramagnetically labeled poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA) copolymer conjugates with different molecular weights and spacers in tumor-bearing mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paramagnetically labeled HPMA copolymer conjugates were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of HPMA with monomers containing a chelating ligand, followed by complexation with Gd(OAc)(3). A stable paramagnetic chelate, Gd-DO3A, was conjugated to the copolymers via a degradable spacer GlyPheLeuGly and a non-degradable spacer GlyGly, respectively. The conjugates with molecular weights of 28, 60 and 121 kDa and narrow molecular weight distributions were prepared by fractionation with size exclusion chromatography. The conjugates were injected into athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts via a tail vein. MR images were acquired before and at various time points after the injection with a 3D FLASH sequence and a 2D spin-echo sequence at 3T. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates were visualized based on the contrast enhancement in the blood, major organs and tumor tissue at various time points. The size effect of the conjugates was analyzed among the conjugates. RESULTS Contrast enhanced MRI resulted in a real-time, three-dimensional visualization of blood circulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates, and the size effect on these pharmaceutical properties. HPMA copolymer conjugates with high molecular weight had a prolonged blood circulation time and high passive tumor targeting efficiency. Non-biodegradable HPMA copolymers with molecular weights higher than the threshold of renal filtration demonstrated higher efficiency for tumor drug delivery than biodegradable poly(L-glutamic acid). CONCLUSIONS Contrast enhanced MRI is an effective method for non-invasive visualization of in vivo properties of the paramagnetically labeled polymer conjugates in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Feng Y, Zong Y, Ke T, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and contrast enhanced MR blood pool imaging of Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers and Gd-DTPA cystine diethyl ester copolymers in a rat model. Pharm Res 2007; 23:1736-42. [PMID: 16850267 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate plasma pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of biodegradable polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes, Gd-DTPA cystine copolymers (GDCP) and Gd-DTPA cystine diethyl ester copolymers (GDCEP) and their efficacy as blood pool MRI contrast agents in comparison with a nondegradable macromolecular agent, Gd-DTPA 1,6-hexanediamine copolymers (GDHC). METHODS The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of GDCP and GDCEP with molecular weight of 35 KDa were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration at a dose of 0.1 mmol Gd/kg. GDHC with the same molecular weight was used as a control. The Gd content in the plasma and various tissues and organs were determined by the ICP-OES. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using a two-compartment model. The contrast enhanced blood pool MR imaging of the agents was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats on a Siemens Trio 3T MR scanner. RESULTS The biodegradable macromolecular agents, GDCP and GDCEP, had faster blood pool clearance than the nondegradable GDHC. The long-term Gd(III) tissue retention of the biodegradable polydisulfide agents was substantially lower than the nondegradable macromolecular agent. Both GDCP and GDCEP resulted in significant blood pool enhancement for the first 2 min post-injection and more rapid disappearance of the enhancement over time than GDHC. The negatively charged GDCP had prolonged enhancement duration as compared to GDCEP. The structure and biodegradability of the macromolecular contrast agents significantly affected their pharmacokinetics and blood pool contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION Both GDCP and GDCEP provided effective contrast enhancement for MR imaging of the blood pool. The accumulation of toxic Gd(III) ions in the body was greatly reduced with GDCP and GDCEP as compared to the nondegradable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Kaneshiro TL, Ke T, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Gd-DTPA L-cystine bisamide copolymers as novel biodegradable macromolecular contrast agents for MR blood pool imaging. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1285-94. [PMID: 16729223 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to synthesize biodegradable Gd-DTPA L-cystine bisamide copolymers (GCAC) as safe and effective, macromolecular contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate their biodegradability and efficacy in MR blood pool imaging in an animal model. METHODS Three new biodegradable GCAC with different substituents at the cystine bisamide [R = H (GCAC), CH2CH2CH3 (Gd-DTPA L-cystine bispropyl amide copolymers, GCPC), and CH(CH3)2 (Gd-DTPA cystine bisisopropyl copolymers, GCIC)] were prepared by the condensation copolymerization of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) dianhydride with cystine bisamide or bisalkyl amides, followed by complexation with gadolinium triacetate. The degradability of the agents was studied in vitro by incubation in 15 microM cysteine and in vivo with Sprague-Dawley rats. The kinetics of in vivo contrast enhancement was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats on a Siemens Trio 3 T scanner. RESULTS The apparent molecular weight of the polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates ranged from 22 to 25 kDa. The longitudinal (T1) relaxivities of GCAC, GCPC, and GCIC were 4.37, 5.28, and 5.56 mM(-1) s(-1) at 3 T, respectively. The polymeric ligands and polymeric Gd(III) chelates readily degraded into smaller molecules in incubation with 15 microM cysteine via disulfide-thiol exchange reactions. The in vitro degradation rates of both the polymeric ligands and macromolecular Gd(III) chelates decreased as the steric effect around the disulfide bonds increased. The agents readily degraded in vivo, and the catabolic degradation products were detected in rat urine samples collected after intravenous injection. The agents showed strong contrast enhancement in the blood pool, major organs, and tissues at a dose of 0.1 mmol Gd/kg. The difference of their in vitro degradability did not significantly alter the kinetics of in vivo contrast enhancement of the agents. CONCLUSION These novel GCAC are promising contrast agents for cardiovascular and tumor MRI, which are later cleaved into low molecular weight Gd(III) chelates and rapidly cleared from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Kaneshiro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 318, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Ke T, Feng Y, Guo J, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Biodegradable cystamine spacer facilitates the clearance of Gd(III) chelates in poly(glutamic acid) Gd-DO3A conjugates for contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:931-40. [PMID: 16916710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA)-cystamine-[gadolinium (Gd)-DO3A] was prepared in high yield with a high Gd-DO3A conjugation efficiency. Approximately 55% of the carboxylic groups in PGA were loaded with Gd-DO3A via cystamine as the spacer. Cystamine can be readily cleaved by endogenous thiols to release the Gd(III) chelates from the conjugate facilitating Gd(III) excretion after the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The contrast-enhanced MRI with PGA-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) was investigated in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma xenografts. PGA-1,6-hexanediamine-(Gd-DO3A), a paramagnetic polymer conjugate of a nondegradable spacer, was used as a control. Both conjugates resulted in similar contrast enhancement in the heart, vasculature, liver and kidneys in the first hour post injection. More substantial signal intensity reduction was observed for PGA-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) in these organs than PGA-1,6-hexanediamine-(Gd-DO3A) due to release of the Gd chelates from PGA-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) after the cleavage of the disulfide spacer by the endogenous thiols. Both conjugates resulted in similar tumor enhancement with approximately 70% increased signal intensity in the tumor periphery and 10-40% increased signal intensity in tumor interstitium. No cross-reaction was observed between PGA-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) and human serum albumin, a plasma protein containing a cysteine residue. PGA-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) resulted in significantly lower Gd(III) tissue retention than PGA-1,6-hexanediamine-(Gd-DO3A) 10 days after the injection in the mice (P<.05). The conjugation of Gd(III) chelates to biomedical copolymers via the degradable disulfide spacer resulted in significant contrast enhancement in the blood pool and tumor tissue but minimal long-term Gd(III) tissue retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ke
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Zong Y, Guo J, Ke T, Mohs AM, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Effect of size and charge on pharmacokinetics and in vivo MRI contrast enhancement of biodegradable polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes. J Control Release 2006; 112:350-6. [PMID: 16631270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate how the structures of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes affect their pharmacokinetics and in vivo contrast enhancement as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents. A negatively charged polydisulfide Gd(III) complex, (Gd-DTPA)-cystine copolymers (GDCP), and a neutral agent, (Gd-DTPA)-cystine diethyl ester copolymers (GDCEP), with different molecular weights were prepared and characterized. The MRI contrast enhancement of the agents was studied in mice. Neutral GDCEP showed more rapid degradation than negatively charged GDCP in the blood plasma. Consequently, GDCP resulted in more significant and prolonged contrast enhancement in the blood pool and liver than GDCEP. The size of GDCEP did not significantly affect its in vivo contrast enhancement due to rapid degradation and clearance from the blood circulation. The increase in the molecular weight of GDCP resulted in prolonged in vivo contrast enhancement in the blood pool. The structural modification of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes resulted in biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents with different degradability and in vivo contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of UT, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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