1
|
Oe Y, Kobayashi M, Yoshida T, Kojima H, Terukina T, Kondo H. Injectable testosterone PLGA microsphere with different characteristics: effect of preparation method (paddle mixing versus microfluidic device). Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:482-491. [PMID: 38682665 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2348580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of testosterone polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) microspheres prepared by a paddle mixer or microfluidics device. The comparison was conducted by not only in vitro evaluation but also in vivo evaluation which has not been reported up to date. We discovered that, among the steps in microsphere preparation, the solvent removal process strongly impacted drug content, particle size and surface morphology. Spectroscopic measurements suggested that molecular interactions and crystallinity of the drug incorporated in the microspheres differed. For the drug release profile, although both mixer- and microfluidics-prepared samples showed similar sustained release of the incorporated drug for approximately one month in vitro, they exhibited different plasma concentration profiles in vivo. Together, our findings show that the preparation process, especially the solvent removal process, may affect the physicochemical characteristics of testosterone PLGA microspheres, leading to different in vivo performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oe
- Pharmaceutical Research & Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research & Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research & Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research & Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka-shi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Terukina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nitika N, Keerthiveena B, Thakur G, Rathore AS. Convolutional Neural Networks Guided Raman Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Tool for Monitoring and Simultaneous Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Pharm Res 2024; 41:463-479. [PMID: 38366234 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charge related heterogeneities of monoclonal antibody (mAb) based therapeutic products are increasingly being considered as a critical quality attribute (CQA). They are typically estimated using analytical cation exchange chromatography (CEX), which is time consuming and not suitable for real time control. Raman spectroscopy coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) tools offers an opportunity for real time monitoring and control of charge variants. OBJECTIVE We present a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line and real-time charge variant determination during process scale CEX based on Raman spectroscopy employing machine learning techniques. METHOD Raman spectra are collected from a reference library of samples with distribution of acidic, main, and basic species from 0-100% in a mAb concentration range of 0-20 g/L generated from process-scale CEX. The performance of different machine learning techniques for spectral processing is compared for predicting different charge variant species. RESULT A convolutional neural network (CNN) based model was successfully calibrated for quantification of acidic species, main species, basic species, and total protein concentration with R2 values of 0.94, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively, and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.1846, 0.1627, and 0.1029 g/L, respectively, and 0.2483 g/L for the total protein concentration. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with AI-ML frameworks can deliver rapid and accurate determination of product related impurities. This approach can be used for real time CEX pooling decisions in mAb production processes, thus enabling consistent charge variant profiles to be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Nitika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - B Keerthiveena
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Essential oil characterization of Ocimum basilicum and Syzygium aromaticum free and complexed with β-cyclodextrin. Determination of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumoral activities. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Design space approach in the development of esculetin nanocrystals by a small-scale wet-bead milling process. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Mandpe P, Prabhakar B, Shende P. 23 Full factorial design for optimization of stable amorphous host–guest-based mirabegron complex for extended-release action. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-019-00955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Characterization of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Using In Situ Raman Spectroscopy to Study the Precipitation Inhibition Mechanism of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Rocha MDS, de Lima SG, Viana BC, Costa JGM, Santos FEP. Characterization of the inclusion complex of the essential oil of Lantana camara L. and β-cyclodextrin by vibrational spectroscopy, GC–MS, and X-ray diffraction. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
de Melo PN, Barbosa EG, Garnero C, de Caland LB, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF, Longhi MR, da Silva-Júnior AA. Interaction pathways of specific co-solvents with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with benznidazole in liquid and solid phase. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Romero AI, Bermudez JM, Villegas M, Dib Ashur MF, Parentis ML, Gonzo EE. Modeling of Progesterone Release from Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Membranes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:898-906. [PMID: 26729524 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biodegradable polymeric membranes were evaluated as platform for progesterone (Prg)-controlled release. In the design of new drug delivery systems, it is important to understand the mass transport mechanism involved, as well as predict the process kinetics. Drug release experiments were conducted and the experimental results were evaluated using engineering approaches that were extrapolated to the pharmaceutical field by our research group. Membranes were loaded with different Prg concentrations and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM images showed that membranes have a dense structure before and after the progesterone addition. DSC and FTIR allowed determining the influence of the therapeutic agent in the membrane properties. The in vitro experiments were performed using two different techniques: (A) returning the sample to the receptor solution (constant volume of the delivery medium) and (B) extracting total volume of the receptor solution. In this work, we present a simple and accurate "lumped" second-order kinetic model. This lumped model considers the different mass transport steps involved in drug release systems. The model fits very well the experimental data using any of the two experimental procedures, in the range 0 ≤ t ≤ ∞ or 0 ≤ M t ≤ M ∞. The drug release analysis using our proposed approaches is relevant for establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations in future tests in animals.
Collapse
|
10
|
Alonso ECP, Riccomini K, Silva LAD, Galter D, Lima EM, Durig T, Taveira SF, Martins FT, Cunha-Filho MSS, Marreto RN. Development of carvedilol-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes using fluid-bed granulation: a novel solid-state complexation alternative with technological advantages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1299-309. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study sought to evaluate the achievement of carvedilol (CARV) inclusion complexes with modified cyclodextrins (HPβCD and HPγCD) using fluid-bed granulation (FB).
Methods
The solid complexes were produced using FB and spray drying (SD) and were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, flowability and particle size analyses and in vitro dissolution.
Key findings
The DSC, FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction findings suggested successful CARV inclusion in the modified β- and γ-cyclodextrins, which was more evident in acidic media. The CARV dissolution rate was ~7-fold higher for complexes with both cyclodextrins prepared using SD than for raw CARV. Complexes prepared with HPβCD using FB also resulted in a significant improvement in dissolution rate (~5-fold) and presented superior flowability and larger particle size.
Conclusions
The findings suggested that FB is the best alternative for large-scale production of solid dosage forms containing CARV. Additionally, the results suggest that HPγCD could be considered as another option for CARV complexation because of its excellent performance in inclusion complex formation in the solid state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C P Alonso
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina Riccomini
- Pharmaceutical Application Laboratory, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Antônio D Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Daniela Galter
- Pharmaceutical Application Laboratory, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thomas Durig
- Pharmaceutical and Nutrition Specialties R&D, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Stephania F Taveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Marcílio S S Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Marreto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pippa N, Dokoumetzidis A, Demetzos C, Macheras P. On the ubiquitous presence of fractals and fractal concepts in pharmaceutical sciences: A review. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:340-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Yin X, Li H, Liu R, Chen J, Ji J, Chen J, Shao Q, Xiao T, York P, He Y, Zhang J. Fractal structure determines controlled release kinetics of monolithic osmotic pump tablets. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:953-9. [PMID: 23738722 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To calculate the fractal dimension values of felodipine osmotic pump tablets during drug dissolution and to characterize the mechanism of the controlled drug release kinetics through three-dimensional fractal data.
Methods
Three-dimensional fractal values of volume (Df,volume) and surface (Df,surface) of the tablet core were calculated based on the box counting method.
Key findings
During the process of release of felodipine, both Df,volume and Df,surface were within the range of 2–3 and then changed markedly after a period of 3.0 h release, corresponding to extensive changes in entire shape, interior porous channels and surface structure of the tablet core. The curve of Df,volume mirrored that for tablet volume, however the curve of Df,surface was quite different from that of the surface area. Results showed that values of Df,surface correlated well with the drug release rate. Df,surface was found to be an efficient fractal parameter that could be used to characterize the complex changes to the tablet core that take place during drug release.
Conclusions
The fractal dimension can be used as a quantitative indicator reflecting the drug release performance and be regarded as a key indicator for the quality control of oral controlled drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihao Liu
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqiu Ji
- Hefei Lifeon Medication Group, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Hefei Lifeon Medication Group, Hefei, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter York
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - You He
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
WITHDRAWN: Towards an on-line characterization of liquid bovine milk molecular content using Raman spectroscopy methods. Anal Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
Suzuki T, Uchino T, Miyazaki Y, Kagawa Y. Release profiles of dexamethasone dipropionate from admixtures of steroid and heparinoid ointments prepared by different mixing methods. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:260-6. [PMID: 22293488 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Characterization and release profiles of commercial dexamethasone dipropionate (DDP) from an innovator and 2 generic ointments (Methaderm (IM), Promethasone (GP), and Mainvate (GM)) and their admixtures with heparinoid ointment (Hirudoid Soft) were investigated. The admixtures were prepared using 2 mixing methods (slab or rotation/revolution mixer). Microscopic and FT-Raman spectrometric analyses revealed that the ointments, except for IM, contained DDP crystals. A silicone membrane was used for the evaluation of the DDP permeation. The permeated DDP amounts from GP and GM were lower than that from IM, indicating that DDP solubility in the ointment vehicle affected the release of DDP from the ointment. No significant differences were observed in DDP release between IM alone and its admixture prepared using a slab; however, DDP release from the admixture prepared using a rotation/revolution mixer was significantly lower than those from IM alone and its admixture by slab. In the GP system, DDP release from the admixtures by the 2 mixing methods was higher than that from GP alone, whereas no significant difference in DDP release between the 2 mixing methods was observed. No significant differences were observed between the GM and admixtures. The apparent solubility of DDP in the admixtures as determined by the ultracentrifugal separation method indicated that the DDP amount in the liquid phase of admixtures with GP was 6 times higher than that of admixtures with IM or GM. Therefore, the apparent solubility of DDP in the liquid phase in the GP system might influence the DDP release in admixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52–1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Diversity in the supramolecular interactions of 5,6-dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole with modified cyclodextrins: Implications for physicochemical properties and antiparasitic activity. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:471-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
16
|
Chieng N, Rades T, Aaltonen J. An overview of recent studies on the analysis of pharmaceutical polymorphs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:618-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Rojas-Aguirre Y, Yépez-Mulia L, Castillo I, López-Vallejo F, Soria-Arteche O, Hernández-Campos A, Castillo R, Hernández-Luis F. Studies on 6-chloro-5-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin association: Characterization, molecular modeling studies, and in vivo anthelminthic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:789-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Day JPR, Rago G, Domke KF, Velikov KP, Bonn M. Label-Free Imaging of Lipophilic Bioactive Molecules during Lipid Digestion by Multiplex Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microspectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8433-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. R. Day
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Rago
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin F. Domke
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Krassimir P. Velikov
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Bonn
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Six mixtures, containing 10, 20 and 30% w/w ibuprofen and isomalt, were compacted by a traditional or ultrasound-assisted machine and analysed by means of thermal (DSC and TGA) and micro-spectrometry (Raman and FT-IR) techniques. Ultrasound discharge causes melting of ibuprofen powder, transforming into a paste that could not assume the shape of a tablet; when in mixture with isomalt, thermal events, occurring during ultrasound compaction, change the appearance of the particles formed by milling the tablets obtained this way and SEM photos reveal a dramatic reduction of the particle size and changes due to a possible ibuprofen re-crystallization. Raman and FT-IR spectra of small portions of the surface and of the bulk, using characteristic peaks for identification, reveal that in ultrasound-compacted tablets ibuprofen partially disappears from the top face of the tablet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Fini
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato, 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel. +39 051 2095655; Fax +39 051 2095652
| | - Cristina Cavallari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ospitali
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|