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Sesarman A, Luput L, Rauca VF, Patras L, Licarete E, Meszaros MS, Dume BR, Negrea G, Toma VA, Muntean D, Porfire A, Banciu M. Targeting of M2 macrophages with IL-13-functionalized liposomal prednisolone inhibits melanoma angiogenesis in vivo. J Liposome Res 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38379249 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2024.2315452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The intricate cooperation between cancer cells and nontumor stromal cells within melanoma microenvironment (MME) enables tumor progression and metastasis. We previously demonstrated that the interplay between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and melanoma cells can be disrupted by using long-circulating liposomes (LCLs) encapsulating prednisolone phosphate (PLP) (LCL-PLP) that inhibited tumor angiogenesis coordinated by TAMs. In this study, our goal was to improve LCL specificity for protumor macrophages (M2-like (i.e., TAMs) macrophages) and to induce a more precise accumulation at tumor site by loading PLP into IL-13-conjugated liposomes (IL-13-LCL-PLP), since IL-13 receptor is overexpressed in this type of macrophages. The IL-13-LCL-PLP liposomal formulation was obtained by covalent attachment of thiolated IL-13 to maleimide-functionalized LCL-PLP. C57BL/6 mice bearing B16.F10 s.c melanoma tumors were used to investigate the antitumor action of LCL-PLP and IL-13-LCL-PLP. Our results showed that IL-13-LCL-PLP formulation remained stable in biological fluids after 24h and it was preferentially taken up by M2 polarized macrophages. IL-13-LCL-PLP induced strong tumor growth inhibition compared to nonfunctionalized LCL-PLP at the same dose, by altering TAMs-mediated angiogenesis and oxidative stress, limiting resistance to apoptosis and invasive features in MME. These findings suggest IL-13-LCL-PLP might become a promising delivery platform for chemotherapeutic agents in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin-Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marta-Szilvia Meszaros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Razvan Dume
- Doctoral School in Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giorgiana Negrea
- Doctoral School in Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Experimental Biology and Biochemistry, nstitute of Biological Research, branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Negrea G, Rauca VF, Meszaros MS, Patras L, Luput L, Licarete E, Toma VA, Porfire A, Muntean D, Sesarman A, Banciu M. Active Tumor-Targeting Nano-formulations Containing Simvastatin and Doxorubicin Inhibit Melanoma Growth and Angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:870347. [PMID: 35450036 PMCID: PMC9016200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.870347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary melanoma aggressiveness is determined by rapid selection and growth of cellular clones resistant to conventional treatments, resulting in metastasis and recurrence. In addition, a reprogrammed tumor-immune microenvironment supports melanoma progression and response to therapy. There is an urgent need to develop selective and specific drug delivery strategies for modulating the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. This study proposes a novel combination therapy consisting of sequential administration of simvastatin incorporated in IL-13-functionalized long-circulating liposomes (IL-13-LCL-SIM) and doxorubicin encapsulated into PEG-coated extracellular vesicles (PEG-EV-DOX) to selectively target both tumor-associated macrophages and melanoma cells. To this end, IL-13 was conjugated to LCL-SIM which was obtained via the lipid film hydration method. EVs enriched from melanoma cells were passively loaded with doxorubicin. The cellular uptake of rhodamine-tagged nano-particles and the antiproliferative potential of the treatments by using the ELISA BrdU-colorimetric immunoassay were investigated in vitro. Subsequently, the therapeutic agents were administered i.v in B16.F10 melanoma-bearing mice, and tumor size was monitored during treatment. The molecular mechanisms of antitumor activity were investigated using angiogenic and inflammatory protein arrays and western blot analysis of invasion (HIF-1) and apoptosis markers (Bcl-xL and Bax). Quantification of oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by HPLC. Immunohistochemical staining of angiogenic markers CD31 and VEGF and of pan-macrophage marker F4/80 was performed to validate our findings. The in vitro data showed that IL-13-functionalized LCL were preferentially taken up by tumor-associated macrophages and indicated that sequential administration of IL-13-LCL-SIM and PEG-EV-DOX had the strongest antiproliferative effect on tumor cells co-cultured with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accordingly, strong inhibition of tumor growth in the group treated with the sequential combination therapy was reported in vivo. Our data suggested that the antitumor action of the combined treatment was exerted through strong inhibition of several pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, bFGF, and CD31) and oxidative stress-induced upregulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. This novel drug delivery strategy based on combined active targeting of both cancer cells and immune cells was able to induce a potent antitumor effect by disruption of the reciprocal interactions between TAMs and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgiana Negrea
- Doctoral School in Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin-Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Szilvia Meszaros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Experimental Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Research, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Patras L, Ionescu AE, Munteanu C, Hajdu R, Kosa A, Porfire A, Licarete E, Rauca VF, Sesarman A, Luput L, Bulzu P, Chiroi P, Tranca RA, Meszaros MS, Negrea G, Barbu-Tudoran L, Potara M, Szedlacsek S, Banciu M. Trojan horse treatment based on PEG-coated extracellular vesicles to deliver doxorubicin to melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 23:1-16. [PMID: 34964693 PMCID: PMC8812761 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.2003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring extracellular vesicles (EVs) as targeted drug delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic efficacy showed superior advantage over liposomal therapies. Herein, we developed a novel nanotool for targeting B16.F10 murine melanoma, based on EVs stabilized with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX). Small EVs were efficiently enriched from melanoma cells cultured under metabolic stress by ultrafiltration coupled with size exclusion chromatography (UF-SEC) and characterized by size, morphology, and proteome. To reduce their clearance in vivo, EVs were PEGylated and passively loaded with DOX (PEG-EV-DOX). Our data suggested that the low PEG coverage of EVs might still favor EV surface protein interactions with target proteins from intratumor cells, ensuring their use as "Trojan horses" to deliver DOX to the tumor tissue. Moreover, our results showed a superior antitumor activity of PEG-EV-DOX in B16.F10 murine melanoma models in vivo compared to that exerted by clinically applied liposomal DOX in the same tumor model. The PEG-EV-DOX administration in vivo reduced NF-κB activation and increased BAX expression, suggesting better prognosis of EV-based therapy than liposomal DOX treatment. Collectively, our results highlight the promising potential of EVs as optimal tools for systemic delivery of DOX to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aura Elena Ionescu
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Renata Hajdu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Kosa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Bulzu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rares Andrei Tranca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marta-Szilvia Meszaros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giorgiana Negrea
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- "C.Craciun" Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Potara
- Nanobiophotonics Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences and Faculty of Physics, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Szedlacsek
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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4
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Crezee T, Rabold K, de Jong L, Jaeger M, Netea-Maier RT. Metabolic programming of tumor associated macrophages in the context of cancer treatment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1028. [PMID: 32953828 PMCID: PMC7475452 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). They are characterized by a remarkable functional plasticity, thereby mostly promoting cancer progression. Changes in immune cell metabolism are paramount for this functional adaptation. Here, we review the functional consequences of the metabolic programming of TAMs and the influence of local and systemic targeted therapies on the metabolic characteristics of the TME that shape the functional phenotype of the TAMs. Understanding these metabolic changes within the context of the cross-talk between the different components of the TME including the TAMs and the tumor cells is an essential step that can pave the way towards identifications of ways to improve responses to different treatments, to overcome resistance to treatments, tumor progression and reduce treatment-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crezee
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Rabold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Licarete E, Rauca VF, Luput L, Drotar D, Stejerean I, Patras L, Dume B, Toma VA, Porfire A, Gherman C, Sesarman A, Banciu M. Overcoming Intrinsic Doxorubicin Resistance in Melanoma by Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Metastatic Effects of Liposomal Prednisolone Phosphate on Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082968. [PMID: 32340166 PMCID: PMC7215436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of recent progress, melanoma is very difficult to treat, mainly due to the drug resistance modulated by tumor cells as well as by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among the immune cells recruited at the tumor site, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant, promoting important tumorigenic processes: angiogenesis, inflammation and invasiveness. Furthermore, it has been shown that TAMs are involved in mediating the drug resistance of melanoma cells. Thus, in the present study, we used liposomal formulation of prednisolone disodium phosphate (LCL-PLP) to inhibit the protumor function of TAMs with the aim to sensitize the melanoma cells to the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DOX) to which human melanoma has intrinsic resistance. Consequently, we evaluated the in vivo effects of the concomitant administration of LCL-PLP and liposomal formulation of DOX (LCL-DOX) on B16.F10 melanoma growth and on the production of key molecular markers for tumor development. Our results demonstrated that the concomitant administration of LCL-PLP and LCL-DOX induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth, primarily by inhibiting TAMs-mediated angiogenesis as well as the tumor production of MMP-2 and AP-1. Moreover, our data suggested that the combined therapy also affected TME as the number of infiltrated macrophages in melanoma microenvironment was reduced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Denise Drotar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Ioana Stejerean
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Dume
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Vlad Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Biological Research, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Claudia Gherman
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-431-691; Fax: +40-264-431-858
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.L.); (V.F.R.); (L.L.); (D.D.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (B.D.); (V.A.T.); (M.B.)
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Sesarman A, Muntean D, Abrudan B, Tefas L, Sylvester B, Licarete E, Rauca V, Luput L, Patras L, Banciu M, Vlase L, Porfire A. Improved pharmacokinetics and reduced side effects of doxorubicin therapy by liposomal co-encapsulation with curcumin. J Liposome Res 2019; 31:1-10. [PMID: 31631726 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1682604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile, tissue distribution and adverse effects of long-circulating liposomes (LCL) with curcumin (CURC) and doxorubicin (DOX), in order to provide further evidence for previously demonstrated enhanced antitumor efficacy in colon cancer models. The pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in healthy rats, following the i.v. injection of a single dose of LCL-CURC-DOX (1 mg/kg DOX). For the tissue distribution study, DOX concentration in tumours, heart and liver were measured after the administration of two i.v. doses of LCL-CURC-DOX (2.5 mg/kg DOX and 5 mg/kg CURC) to Balb/c mice bearing C26 colon tumours. Markers of murine cardiac and hepatic oxidative status were determined to provide additional insights into the benefit of co-encapsulating CURC and DOX in LCL over DOX-induced adverse effects in these organs. The current study demonstrated that the liposomal association of CURC and DOX effectively improved the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of DOX, limiting its side effects, via CURC-dependent antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Abrudan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia Tefas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Sylvester
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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7
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Martens B, Drebert Z. Glucocorticoid-mediated effects on angiogenesis in solid tumors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:147-155. [PMID: 30654109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential in tumor development to maintain the oxygen and nutrient supply. Glucocorticoids have shown both direct and indirect angiostatic properties in various types of solid cancers. In most of the reported cases glucocorticoid-mediated actions involved suppression of multiple pro-angiogenic factors expression by cancer cells. The anti-angiogenic properties of glucocorticoids correlated with diminished tumor vasculature and reduced tumor growth in multiple in vivo studies. However, when glucocorticoid treatment is considered, possible adverse events should be taken into account. Additional research is needed to further test the use of these steroidal drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broes Martens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Zuzanna Drebert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Skivka LM, Prylutska SV, Rudyk MP, Khranovska NM, Opeida IV, Hurmach VV, Prylutskyy YI, Sukhodub LF, Ritter U. C 60 fullerene and its nanocomplexes with anticancer drugs modulate circulating phagocyte functions and dramatically increase ROS generation in transformed monocytes. Cancer Nanotechnol 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 30416604 PMCID: PMC6208740 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-017-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C60 fullerene-based nanoformulations are proposed to have a direct toxic effect on tumor cells. Previous investigations demonstrated that C60 fullerene used alone or being conjugated with chemotherapeutic agents possesses a potent anticancer activity. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C60 fullerene and its nanocomplexes with anticancer drugs on human phagocyte metabolic profile in vitro. Methods Analysis of the metabolic profile of phagocytes exposed to C60 fullerene in vitro revealed augmented phagocytic activity and down-regulated reactive nitrogen species generation in these cells. Additionally, cytofluorimetric analysis showed that C60 fullerene can exert direct cytotoxic effect on normal and transformed phagocytes through the vigorous induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Results Cytotoxic action as well as the pro-oxidant effect of C60 fullerene was more pronounced toward malignant phagocytes. At the same time, C60 fullerenes have the ability to down-regulate the pro-oxidant effect of cisplatin on normal cells. These results indicate that C60 fullerenes may influence phagocyte metabolism and have both pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties. Conclusions The antineoplastic effect of C60 fullerene has been observed by direct toxic effect on tumor cells, as well as through the modulation of the functions of effector cells of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa M Skivka
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Svitlana V Prylutska
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Mariia P Rudyk
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | | | - Ievgeniia V Opeida
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Vasyl V Hurmach
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Yuriy I Prylutskyy
- 1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Leonid F Sukhodub
- 3Sumy State University, 2 Rymskogo-Korsakova str., Sumy, 40007 Ukraine
| | - Uwe Ritter
- 4Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ilmenau, Weimarer str. 25, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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9
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Gilabert-Oriol R, Ryan GM, Leung AWY, Firmino NS, Bennewith KL, Bally MB. Liposomal Formulations to Modulate the Tumour Microenvironment and Antitumour Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102922. [PMID: 30261606 PMCID: PMC6213379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours are complex systems of genetically diverse malignant cells that proliferate in the presence of a heterogeneous microenvironment consisting of host derived microvasculature, stromal, and immune cells. The components of the tumour microenvironment (TME) communicate with each other and with cancer cells, to regulate cellular processes that can inhibit, as well as enhance, tumour growth. Therapeutic strategies have been developed to modulate the TME and cancer-associated immune response. However, modulating compounds are often insoluble (aqueous solubility of less than 1 mg/mL) and have suboptimal pharmacokinetics that prevent therapeutically relevant drug concentrations from reaching the appropriate sites within the tumour. Nanomedicines and, in particular, liposomal formulations of relevant drug candidates, define clinically meaningful drug delivery systems that have the potential to ensure that the right drug candidate is delivered to the right area within tumours at the right time. Following encapsulation in liposomes, drug candidates often display extended plasma half-lives, higher plasma concentrations and may accumulate directly in the tumour tissue. Liposomes can normalise the tumour blood vessel structure and enhance the immunogenicity of tumour cell death; relatively unrecognised impacts associated with using liposomal formulations. This review describes liposomal formulations that affect components of the TME. A focus is placed on formulations which are approved for use in the clinic. The concept of tumour immunogenicity, and how liposomes may enhance radiation and chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), is discussed. Liposomes are currently an indispensable tool in the treatment of cancer, and their contribution to cancer therapy may gain even further importance by incorporating modulators of the TME and the cancer-associated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gilabert-Oriol
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Gemma M Ryan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Ada W Y Leung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, BC V6N 3P8, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Natalie S Firmino
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Kevin L Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, BC V6N 3P8, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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10
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Stapleton S, Dunne M, Milosevic M, Tran CW, Gold MJ, Vedadi A, Mckee TD, Ohashi PS, Allen C, Jaffray DA. Radiation and Heat Improve the Delivery and Efficacy of Nanotherapeutics by Modulating Intratumoral Fluid Dynamics. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7583-7600. [PMID: 30004666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine drug delivery systems are capable of transporting significant payloads to solid tumors. However, only a modest increase in antitumor efficacy relative to the standard of care has been observed. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of radiation or mild hyperthermia can substantially improve tumor uptake and distribution of nanotherapeutics, resulting in improved treatment efficacy. The delivery of nanomedicine was driven by a reduction in interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and small perturbation of steady-state fluid flow. The transient effects on fluid dynamics in tumors with high IFP was also shown to dominate over immune cell endocytic capacity, another mechanism suspected of improving drug delivery. Furthermore, we demonstrate the specificity of this mechanism by showing that delivery of nanotherapeutics to low IFP tumors with high leukocyte infiltration does not benefit from pretreatment with radiation or heat. These results demonstrate that focusing on small perturbations to steady-state fluid dynamics, rather than large sustained effects or uncertain immune cell recruitment strategies, can impart a vulnerability to tumors with high IFP and enhance nanotherapeutic drug delivery and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Stapleton
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Michael Dunne
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3M2 , Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E2 , Canada
| | - Charles W Tran
- Department of Immunology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A1 , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Department of Immunology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3M2 , Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E2 , Canada
- Techna Institute , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G 1L5 , Canada
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11
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Bygd HC, Ma L, Bratlie KM. Physicochemical properties of liposomal modifiers that shift macrophage phenotype. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Singh Y, Pawar VK, Meher JG, Raval K, Kumar A, Shrivastava R, Bhadauria S, Chourasia MK. Targeting tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) via nanocarriers. J Control Release 2017; 254:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Stapleton S, Jaffray D, Milosevic M. Radiation effects on the tumor microenvironment: Implications for nanomedicine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:119-130. [PMID: 27262923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has an important influence on cancer biological and clinical behavior and radiation treatment (RT) response. However, RT also influences the tumor microenvironment in a complex and dynamic manner that can either reinforce or inhibit this response and the likelihood of long-term disease control in patients. It is increasingly evident that the interplay between RT and the tumor microenvironment can be exploited to enhance the accumulation and intra-tumoral distribution of nanoparticles, mediated by changes to the vasculature and stroma with secondary effects on hypoxia, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), solid tissue pressure (STP), and the recruitment and activation of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells (BMDCs). The use of RT to modulate nanoparticle drug delivery offers an exciting opportunity to improve antitumor efficacy. This review explores the interplay between RT and the tumor microenvironment, and the integrated effects on nanoparticle drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Stapleton
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Piaggio F, Kondylis V, Pastorino F, Di Paolo D, Perri P, Cossu I, Schorn F, Marinaccio C, Murgia D, Daga A, Raggi F, Loi M, Emionite L, Ognio E, Pasparakis M, Ribatti D, Ponzoni M, Brignole C. A novel liposomal Clodronate depletes tumor-associated macrophages in primary and metastatic melanoma: Anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects. J Control Release 2015; 223:165-177. [PMID: 26742942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Piaggio
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - V Kondylis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F Pastorino
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - D Di Paolo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - P Perri
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - I Cossu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - F Schorn
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - C Marinaccio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - D Murgia
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - A Daga
- Laboratorio di Trasferimento Genico, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - F Raggi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - M Loi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - L Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - E Ognio
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - M Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - D Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - M Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
| | - C Brignole
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
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15
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Song G, Tarrant TK, White TF, Barrow DA, Santos CM, Timoshchenko RG, Hanna SK, Ramanathan RK, Lee CR, Bae-Jump VL, Gehrig PA, Zamboni WC. Roles of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 in the pharmacokinetics of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in vivo and in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1797-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Short-chain glycoceramides promote intracellular mitoxantrone delivery from novel nanoliposomes into breast cancer cells. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1354-67. [PMID: 25319103 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve therapeutic activity of mitoxantrone (MTO)-based chemotherapy by reducing toxicity through encapsulation in nanoliposomes and enhancing intracellular drug delivery using short-chain sphingolipid (SCS) mediated tumor cell membrane permeabilization. METHODS Standard (MTOL) and nanoliposomes enriched with the SCS, C8-Glucosylceramide or C8-Galactosylceramide (SCS-MTOL) were loaded by a transmembrane ammonium sulphate gradient and characterized by DLS and cryo-TEM. Intracellular MTO delivery was measured by flow cytometry and imaged by fluorescence microscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity was studied in breast carcinoma cell lines. Additionally, live cell confocal microscopy addressed the drug delivery mechanism by following the intracellular fate of the nanoliposomes, the SCS and MTO. Intratumoral MTO localization in relation to CD31-positive tumor vessels and CD11b positive cells was studied in an orthotopic MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft. RESULTS Stable SCS-MTOL were developed increasing MTO delivery and cytotoxicity to tumor cells compared to standard MTOL. This effect was much less pronounced in normal cells. The drug delivery mechanism involved a transfer of SCS to the cell membrane, independently of drug transfer and not involving nanoliposome internalization. MTO was detected intratumorally upon MTOL and SCS-MTOL treatment, but not after free MTO, suggesting an important improvement in tumor drug delivery by nanoliposomal formulation. Nanoliposomal MTO delivery and cellular uptake was heterogeneous throughout the tumor and clearly correlated with CD31-positive tumor vessels. Yet, MTO uptake by CD11b positive cells in tumor stroma was minor. CONCLUSIONS Nanoliposomal encapsulation improves intratumoral MTO delivery over free drug. Liposome bilayer-incorporated SCS preferentially permeabilize tumor cell membranes enhancing intracellular MTO delivery.
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17
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Song G, Darr DB, Santos CM, Ross M, Valdivia A, Jordan JL, Midkiff BR, Cohen S, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Miller CR, Tarrant TK, Rogers AB, Dudley AC, Perou CM, Zamboni WC. Effects of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity on nanoparticle disposition and efficacy in breast cancer tumor models. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6083-95. [PMID: 25231403 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cells are surrounded by a complex microenvironment. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment in the variability of nanoparticle (NP) delivery and efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS C3(1)-T-Antigen genetically engineered mouse model (C3-TAg) and T11/TP53(Null) orthotopic syngeneic murine transplant model (T11) representing human breast tumor subtypes basal-like and claudin-low, respectively, were evaluated. For the pharmacokinetic studies, non-liposomal doxorubicin (NL-doxo) or polyethylene glycol tagged (PEGylated) liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) was administered at 6 mg/kg i.v. x1. Area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) of doxorubicin was calculated. Macrophages, collagen, and the amount of vasculature were assessed by IHC. Chemokines and cytokines were measured by multiplex immunochemistry. NL-doxo or PLD was administered at 6 mg/kg i.v. weekly x6 in efficacy studies. Analyses of intermediary tumor response and overall survival were performed. RESULTS Plasma AUC of NL-doxo and PLD encapsulated and released doxorubicin was similar between two models. However, tumor sum total AUC of PLD was 2-fold greater in C3-TAg compared with T11 (P < 0.05). T11 tumors showed significantly higher expression of CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 and VEGF-a, greater vascular quantity, and decreased expression of VEGF-c compared with C3-TAg (P < 0.05). PLD was more efficacious compared with NL-doxo in both models. CONCLUSION The tumor microenvironment and/or tumor cell features of breast cancer affected NP tumor delivery and efficacy, but not the small-molecule drug. Our findings reveal the role of the tumor microenvironment in variability of NP delivery and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Song
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charlene M Santos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The Animal Studies Core, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Ross
- The Animal Studies Core, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alain Valdivia
- The Animal Studies Core, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Jordan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bentley R Midkiff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Translational Pathology Lab, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Cohen
- Translational Pathology Lab, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili-Feinberg
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Translational Pathology Lab, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and Thurston Arthritis Research Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Arlin B Rogers
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Genetics, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William C Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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18
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Intact Doxil is taken up intracellularly and released doxorubicin sequesters in the lysosome: Evaluated by in vitro / in vivo live cell imaging. J Control Release 2013; 172:330-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Falciani C, Brunetti J, Lelli B, Accardo A, Tesauro D, Morelli G, Bracci L. Nanoparticles exposing neurotensin tumor-specific drivers. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:198-204. [PMID: 23436714 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have attracted much attention for their potential application as in vivo carriers of drugs. Labeling of nanoparticles with bioactive markers that are able to direct them toward specific biological target receptors has led to a new generation of drug delivery systems. In particular, low molecular weight peptides that remain stable in vivo could be promising tools to selectively drive nanoparticles loaded with active components to tumor cells. We reported, recently, that tetrabranched neurotensin peptides (NT4) may be used to selectively target tumor cells with liposomes. Liposomes functionalized with tetrabranched neurotensin peptide, NT4, and loaded with doxorubicin showed clear advantages in cell binding, anthracyclin internalization, and cytotoxicity in respect of not functionalized liposomes. In this study, we compare branched (NT4) versus linear (NT) peptides in the ability to drive liposomes to target cells and deliver their toxic cargo. We showed here that the more densely decorated liposomes had a better activity profile in terms of drug delivery. Presentation of peptides to the cell membranes in the grouped shape provided by branched structure facilitates liposome cell binding and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Falciani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Shibata H, Saito H, Yomota C, Kawanishi T, Okuda H. Alterations in the detergent-induced membrane permeability and solubilization of saturated phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes: effects of poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated lipid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013; 60:1105-11. [PMID: 22976317 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of two bile salts, chenodeoxycholate (CDC) and ursodeoxycholate (UDC), and a widely used detergent, Triton X-100 (T(X-100)), on normal and poly(ethylene glycol)-modified liposomes (PEGylated liposomes). We tested various lipid compositions, including hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG-conjugated lipid (HSPC/PEG-lipid). Alterations in permeability were determined by the rate of drug release from the liposomes and solubilization was assessed by measuring the particle size of liposomes. In addition, we attempted to observe interactions between the detergents and lipid bilayers by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). CDC induced drug release from liposomes in a dose-dependent manner, and the PEGylated liposomes tended to be susceptible to CDC. While UDC did not strongly induce drug release from liposomes, UDC exhibited a similar tendency with CDC. In case of T(X-100), there were significant differences in the percentage of released drug between normal and PEGylated liposomes, and the percentage of T(X-100)-induced drug release further increased with an increased ratio of PEG-lipid. SPR analysis revealed that the lipid bilayer including PEG-lipid was selectively solubilized by T(X-100), correlating with the drug release data. These results suggest that the effect of detergents on the lipid bilayer of liposomes depends on both the kind of detergent and the lipid composition, including the presence or absence of PEG-lipid. Moreover, the effects of T(X-100) on the lipid bilayers of the PEGylated liposomes significantly differed from those on the lipid bilayers of the normal liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Zhao G, Rodriguez BL. Molecular targeting of liposomal nanoparticles to tumor microenvironment. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 8:61-71. [PMID: 23293520 PMCID: PMC3534304 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are biodegradable and can be used to deliver drugs at a much higher concentration in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Both passive and active drug delivery by liposomal nanoparticles can significantly reduce the toxic side effects of anticancer drugs and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs delivered. Active liposomal targeting to tumors is achieved by recognizing specific tumor receptors through tumor-specific ligands or antibodies coupled onto the surface of the liposomes, or by stimulus-sensitive drug carriers such as acid-triggered release or enzyme-triggered drug release. Tumors are often composed of tumor cells and nontumor cells, which include endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, stromal, mesenchymal cells, innate, and adaptive immune cells. These nontumor cells thus form the tumor microenvironment, which could be targeted and modified so that it is unfavorable for tumor cells to grow. In this review, we briefly summarized articles that had taken advantage of liposomal nanoparticles as a carrier to deliver anticancer drugs to the tumor microenvironment, and how they overcame obstacles such as nonspecific uptake, interaction with components in blood, and toxicity. Special attention is devoted to the liposomal targeting of anticancer drugs to the endothelium of tumor neovasculature, tumor associated macrophages, fibroblasts, and pericytes within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong, China
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Liu C, Zhang N. Emerging biotechnological strategies for non-viral antiangiogenic gene therapy. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:521-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Grenader T. Pharmacological basis of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: Impact on cancer therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:388-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Etzerodt A, Maniecki MB, Graversen JH, Møller HJ, Torchilin VP, Moestrup SK. Efficient intracellular drug-targeting of macrophages using stealth liposomes directed to the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163. J Control Release 2012; 160:72-80. [PMID: 22306335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 is exclusively expressed in the monocytic lineage and preferentially in tissue resident macrophages of the M2 phenotype and in macrophages in sites of inflammation and tumor growth. In the present study we have designed liposomes specifically targeting CD163 by hydrophobic linkage of CD163-binding monoclonal antibodies to polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes ('stealth liposomes'). Targeting to the endocytic CD163 protein greatly increased the uptake of liposomes in CD163 transfected cells and macrophages as visualized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry of cells exposed to CD163 targeting liposomes loaded with calcein. Strong cytotoxic effects were seen in CD163-expressing human monocytes by using the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin as cargo of the liposomes. In conclusion, the use of stealth liposomes modified to recognize CD163 is a potential way to target drugs to macrophages that support inflammatory and malignant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 2, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Gutman D, Epstein-Barash H, Tsuriel M, Golomb G. Alendronate liposomes for antitumor therapy: activation of γδ T cells and inhibition of tumor growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 733:165-79. [PMID: 22101722 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2555-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that are unique to primates. Recent -studies have shown that amino-bisphosphonates (nBP) activate γδ T cells to kill tumor cells in an indirect mechanism, which requires antigen presenting cells (APC). We hypothesized that selective targeting of nBP to monocytes would result in a more potent γδ T cells activation in circulation, and in tissue associated macrophages (TAM) following monocytes-laden drug extravasation and liposomes accumulation at the tumor site. In addition, inhibition of TAM by alendronate liposomes (ALN-L) is expected. ALN was targeted exclusively to monocytes, but not to lymphocytes, by encapsulating it in negatively-charged liposomes. The proportion of human γd-T cells in the CD3(+) population following treatment with ALN-L or the free drug was increased, from 5.6 ± 0.4% to 50.9 ;± 12.2% and 49.5 ± 12.9%, respectively. ALN solution and liposomes treatments resulted in an increased, and in a dose dependent manner, TNFα secretion from h-PBMC. Preliminary results showed that ALN-L inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse breast tumor model. It is suggested that enhanced activation of γδ T cells could be obtained due to interaction with circulating monocytes as well as by TAM endocytosing liposomal nBP leading to a potentiated anti-tumor effect of nBP. It should be noted that this could be validated only in primates/humans since γδ T cells are unique in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Gutman
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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26
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Weigert A, Sekar D, Brüne B. Tumor-associated macrophages as targets for tumor immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:83-95. [PMID: 20635976 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of one of the major physiological functions of the body's immune response, the rejection of malignant cells, is a promising yet challenging task for cancer therapy. Prinicipally, immunotherapeutic approaches make use of cells of the adaptive immune system, since antigen-based tumor rejection might be the most specific approach. However, other immune cell populations, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), contribute significantly to protumor mechanisms elicited by a distorted immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the pathology of TAMs and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to overcome TAM-mediated tumor promotion. Hereby, we focus on TAM phenotypes that were observed in the clinically relevant stages of cancer progression. The function of macrophages and other inflammatory cells in the onset of cancer has been discussed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute of Biochemistry I - Pathobiochemistry, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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27
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Abstract
One challenge in developing a nanoparticle drug-delivery system is understanding the critical physicochemical properties that may impact its in vivo performance and establishing analytical techniques that can adequately characterize in vitro and in vivo properties. Doxil®/Caelyx®, a PEGylated liposomal doxorubincin (PLD), is one of the leading approved nanoparticle product used in cancer therapy. In this review, we use PLD as an example to illustrate identification of key in vitro and in vivo characteristics. The following characteristics, including liposome composition, state of encapsulated drug, internal environment of liposome, liposome size distribution, lamellarity, grafted polyethylene glycol at the liposome surface, electrical surface potential or charge, and in vitro leakage, are considered critical to demonstrate the supramolecular structure of PLD and ensure consistent drug delivery to cancer tissues. Corresponding analytical techniques are discussed to determine these liposome characteristics. Furthermore, in vivo stability of the PLD can be determined by plasma pharmacokinetics of both free and liposome-encapsulated drug. A better understanding of the critical in vitro and in vivo liposome characteristics together with improvements in analytical technology will enable generic liposome product development and ensure liposome product quality.
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Morisco A, Accardo A, Tesauro D, Palumbo R, Benedetti E, Morelli G. Peptide-labeled supramolecular aggregates as selective doxorubicin carriers for delivery to tumor cells. Biopolymers 2011; 96:88-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Experimental Anticancer Therapy with Vascular-disruptive Peptide and Liposome-entrapped Chemotherapeutic Agent. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:235-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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