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Zhu B, He H, Hou T. A Comprehensive Review of Corn Protein-derived Bioactive Peptides: Production, Characterization, Bioactivities, and Transport Pathways. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:329-345. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Lab of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural Univ.); Ministry of Education; Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Hui He
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Lab of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural Univ.); Ministry of Education; Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Lab of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural Univ.); Ministry of Education; Wuhan 43000 China
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Ding L, Wang L, Zhang T, Yu Z, Liu J. Hydrolysis and transepithelial transport of two corn gluten derived bioactive peptides in human Caco-2 cell monolayers. Food Res Int 2018; 106:475-480. [PMID: 29579950 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate the transepithelial transport of two novel corn gluten-derived antioxidant peptides, YFCLT and GLLLPH, using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Results showed that both of YFCLT and GLLLPH could transport in intact form across Caco-2 cell monolayers with apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values of (1.10±0.16)×10-7cm/s and (1.98±0.23)×10-7cm/s, respectively. However, it was found that the two peptides were susceptible and easily hydrolyzed by brush border membrane peptidases. In the presence of diprotin A, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), the hydrolysis of YFCLT and GLLLPH decreased and their permeabilities increased significantly compared to control group (P<0.05). The results of transport routes revealed that Gly-Sar, a peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) substrate, had little effects on the transepithelial permeability (P>0.05), suggesting that the transport of YFCLT and GLLLPH across Caco-2 cell monolayers was not mediated by PepT1. However, it was found that cytochalasin d, a tight junctions (TJs) disruptor, increased the permeability significantly (P<0.05). While wortmannin, a transcytosis inhibitor, and sodium azide, an ATP synthesis inhibitor, both decreased the permeability significantly (P<0.05). It indicated that the TJs-mediated paracellular pathway and energy-dependent transcytosis were involved in the transport of YFCLT and GLLLPH across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Liying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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Ding L, Wang L, Yu Z, Ma S, Du Z, Zhang T, Liu J. Importance of Terminal Amino Acid Residues to the Transport of Oligopeptides across the Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7705-7712. [PMID: 28812357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of terminal amino acids on the transport of oligopeptides across the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Ala-based tetra- and pentapeptides were designed, and the N- or C-terminal amino acid residues were replaced by different amino acids. The results showed that the oligopeptides had a wide range of transport permeability across the Caco-2 cell monolayer and could be divided into four categories: non-/poor permeability, low permeability, intermediate permeability, and good permeability. Tetrapeptides with N-terminal Leu, Pro, Ile, Cys, Met, and Val or C-terminal Val showed the highest permeability, with apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values over 10 × 10-6 cm/s (p < 0.05), suggesting that nonpolar hydrophobic aliphatic amino acids or polar sulfur-containing amino acids were the best for the transport of tetrapeptides. Pentapeptides with N- or C-terminal Tyr also showed high permeability levels, with Papp values of about 10 × 10-6 cm/s. The amino acids Glu, Asn, and Thr at the N terminus or Lys, Asp, and Arg at the C terminus were also beneficial for the transport of tetra- and pentapeptides, with Papp values ranging from 1 × 10-6 to 10 × 10-6 cm/s. In addition, peptides with amino acids replaced at the N terminus generally showed higher permeability than those with amino acids replaced at the C terminus (p < 0.05), suggesting that N-terminal amino acids were more important for the transport of oligopeptides across the Caco-2 cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University , Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
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Vij R, Reddi S, Kapila S, Kapila R. Transepithelial transport of milk derived bioactive peptide VLPVPQK. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sreekumar PG, Chothe P, Sharma KK, Baid R, Kompella U, Spee C, Kannan N, Manh C, Ryan SJ, Ganapathy V, Kannan R, Hinton DR. Antiapoptotic properties of α-crystallin-derived peptide chaperones and characterization of their uptake transporters in human RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2787-98. [PMID: 23532520 PMCID: PMC3632268 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The chaperone proteins, α-crystallins, also possess antiapoptotic properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether 19 to 20-mer α-crystallin-derived mini-chaperone peptides (α-crystallin mini-chaperone) are antiapoptotic, and to identify their putative transporters in human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells. METHODS Cell death and caspase-3 activation induced by oxidative stress were quantified in early passage hfRPE cells in the presence of 19 to 20-mer αA- or αB-crystallin-derived or scrambled peptides. Cellular uptake of fluorescein-labeled, α-crystallin-derived mini-peptides and recombinant full-length αB-crystallin was determined in confluent hfRPE. The entry mechanism in hfRPE cells for α-crystallin mini-peptides was investigated. The protective role of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticle encapsulated αB-crystallin mini-chaperone peptides from H2O2-induced cell death was studied. RESULTS Primary hfRPE cells exposed to oxidative stress and either αA- or αB-crystallin mini-chaperones remained viable and showed marked inhibition of both cell death and activation of caspase-3. Uptake of full-length αB-crystallin was minimal while a time-dependent uptake of αB-crystallin-derived peptide was observed. The mini-peptides entered the hfRPE cells via the sodium-coupled oligopeptide transporters 1 and 2 (SOPT1, SOPT2). PCL nanoparticles containing αB-crystallin mini-chaperone were also taken up and protected hfRPE from H2O2-induced cell death at significantly lower concentrations than free αB-crystallin mini-chaperone peptide. CONCLUSIONS αA- and αB-crystallin mini-chaperones offer protection to hfRPE cells and inhibit caspase-3 activation. The oligopeptide transporters SOPT1 and SOPT2 mediate the uptake of these peptides in RPE cells. Nanodelivery of αB-crystallin-derived mini-chaperone peptide offers an alternative approach for protection of hfRPE cells from oxidant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paresh Chothe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Krishna K. Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rinku Baid
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uday Kompella
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christine Spee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nandini Kannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christina Manh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J. Ryan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David R. Hinton
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Ananth S, Thakkar SV, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Martin PM, Ganapathy PS, Smith SB, Ganapathy V. Transport of the synthetic opioid peptide DADLE ([D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin) in neuronal cells. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:154-63. [PMID: 21905028 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-coupled oligopeptide transporters 1 and 2 (SOPT1 and SOPT2) transport peptides consisting of at least five amino acids and show potential for the delivery of therapeutically relevant peptides/peptidomimetics. Here, we examined the expression of these two transporters in the retinal neuronal cell line RGC-5. These cells showed robust uptake activity for the synthetic pentapeptide DADLE ([D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]-Enkephalin). The uptake was Na(+) dependent and saturable (K(t), 6.2 ± 0.6 μM). A variety of oligopeptides inhibited DADLE uptake. The uptake of the competing oligopeptides was directly demonstrated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys in RGC-5 cells and primary mouse retinal ganglion cells. The characteristics of DADLE uptake matched those of SOPT2. We then examined the expression of SOPT1 in these cells with deltorphin II (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Glu-Val-Val-Gly-NH(2)) as the substrate and found that RGC-5 cells also expressed SOPT1. As it is already known that SOPT1 is expressed in the neuronal cell line SK-N-SH, we investigated SOPT2 expression in these cells to determine whether the presence of both oligopeptide transporters is a common feature of neuronal cells. These studies showed that SK-N-SH cells also expressed SOPT2. This constitutes the first report on the functional characterization of SOPT1 and SOPT2 in retinal neuronal cells and on the expression of SOPT2 in nonretinal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Ananth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Chothe P, Singh N, Ganapathy V. Evidence for two different broad-specificity oligopeptide transporters in intestinal cell line Caco-2 and colonic cell line CCD841. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C1260-9. [PMID: 21307350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00299.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently the existence of two different Na(+)-coupled oligopeptide transport systems has been described in mammalian cells. These transport systems are distinct from the previously known H(+)/peptide cotransporters PEPT1 and PEPT2, which transport only dipeptides and tripeptides. To date, the only peptide transport system known to exist in the intestine is PEPT1. Here we investigated the expression of the Na(+)-coupled oligopeptide transporters in intestinal cell lines, using the hydrolysis-resistant synthetic oligopeptides deltorphin II and [d-Ala(2),d-Leu(5)]enkephalin (DADLE) as model substrates. Caco-2 cells and CCD841 cells, both representing epithelial cells from human intestinal tract, were able to take up these oligopeptides. Uptake of deltorphin II was mostly Na(+) dependent, with more than 2 Na(+) involved in the uptake process. In contrast, DADLE uptake was only partially Na(+) dependent. The uptake of both peptides was also influenced by H(+) and Cl(-), although to a varying degree. The processes responsible for the uptake of deltorphin II and DADLE could be differentiated not only by their Na(+) dependence but also by their modulation by small peptides. Several dipeptides and tripeptides stimulated deltorphin II uptake but inhibited DADLE uptake. These modulating small peptides were, however, not transportable substrates for the transport systems that mediate deltorphin II or DADLE uptake. These two oligopeptide transport systems were also able to take up several nonopioid oligopeptides, consisting of 9-17 amino acids. This represents the first report on the existence of transport systems in intestinal cells that are distinct from PEPT1 and capable of transporting oligopeptides consisting of five or more amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Chothe
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2100, USA
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Chothe PP, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Ananth S, Martin PM, Kannan R, Hinton DR, Smith SB, Ganapathy V. Transport of hepcidin, an iron-regulatory peptide hormone, into retinal pigment epithelial cells via oligopeptide transporters and its relevance to iron homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:244-9. [PMID: 21219868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) express two transport systems (SOPT1 and SOPT2) for oligopeptides. Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory peptide hormone consisting of 25 amino acids. This hormone binds to ferroportin, an iron exporter expressed on the cell surface, and facilitates its degradation. Here we investigated if hepcidin is a substrate for SOPT1 and SOPT2 and if the hormone has any intracellular function in RPE. Hepcidin inhibited competitively the uptake of deltorphin II (a synthetic oligopeptide substrate for SOPT1) and DADLE (a synthetic oligopeptide substrate for SOPT2) with IC50 values in the range of 0.4-1.7 μM. FITC-hepcidin was taken up into RPE, and this uptake was inhibited by deltorphin II and DADLE. The entry of FITC-hepcidin into cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. Incubation of RPE with hepcidin decreased the levels of ferroportin mRNA. This effect was not a consequence of hepcidin-induced ferroportin degradation because excessive iron accumulation in RPE, which is expected to occur in these cells as a result of ferroportin degradation, did not decrease but instead increased the levels of ferroportin mRNA. This study reveals for the first time a novel intracellular function for hepcidin other than its established cell surface action on ferroportin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Chothe PP, Thakkar SV, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Ananth S, Hinton DR, Kannan R, Smith SB, Martin PM, Ganapathy V. Identification of a novel sodium-coupled oligopeptide transporter (SOPT2) in mouse and human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:413-20. [PMID: 19643969 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A sodium-coupled oligopeptide transporter (SOPT1) was described originally in ARPE-19 cells. The transporter is inducible by HIV-1 Tat. Recent studies of conjunctival epithelial cells have identified a second oligopeptide transporter (SOPT2). This study was conducted to determine whether the newly discovered SOPT2 is expressed in ARPE-19 cells, to examine whether the new transporter is also inducible by HIV-1 Tat, and to find out whether this transporter is expressed in primary RPE cells. METHODS The transport activity of SOPT2 was monitored in control and Tat-expressing ARPE-19 cells and in primary mouse and human fetal RPE cells by the uptake of the synthetic opioid peptide DADLE ((H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH) and by its susceptibility to inhibition by small peptides. Substrate selectivity was examined by competition studies and kinetic parameters were determined by saturation analysis. RESULTS ARPE-19 cells express DADLE uptake activity that is inhibited by small peptides, indicating expression of SOPT2 in these cells. The activity of SOPT2 is induced by HIV-1 Tat. SOPT2 accepts endogenous and synthetic opioid peptides as substrates, but nonpeptide opiate antagonists are excluded. An 11-amino-acid HIV-1 Tat peptide also serves as a high-affinity substrate for the transporter. Primary cultures of mouse and human fetal RPE cells express SOPT2. The transporter is partially Na(+)-dependent with comparable substrate selectivity and inhibitor specificity in the presence and absence of Na(+). CONCLUSIONS ARPE-19 cells as well as primary mouse and human fetal RPE cells express the newly discovered oligopeptide transporter SOPT2, and the transporter is induced by HIV-1 Tat in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Mitra AK. Role of transporters in ocular drug delivery system. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1192-6. [PMID: 19291373 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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