1
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Li X, Sabbatini D, Pegoraro E, Bello L, Clemens P, Guglieri M, van den Anker J, Damsker J, McCall J, Dang UJ, Hoffman EP, Jusko WJ. Assessing Pharmacogenomic loci Associated with the Pharmacokinetics of Vamorolone in Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:1130-1140. [PMID: 38682893 PMCID: PMC11357888 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Human genetic variation (polymorphisms) in genes coding proteins involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of drugs can have a strong effect on drug exposure and downstream efficacy and safety outcomes. Vamorolone, a dissociative steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), primarily undergoes oxidation by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. This work assesses the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of vamorolone and sources of interindividual variability (IIV) in 81 steroid-naïve boys with DMD aged 4 to <7 years old considering the genetic polymorphisms of CYPS3A4 (CYP3A4*22, CYP3A4*1B), CYP3A5 (CYP3A5*3), and UGT1A1 (UGT1A1*60) utilizing population PK modeling. A one-compartment model with zero-order absorption (Tk0, duration of absorption), linear clearance (CL/F), and volume (V/F) describes the plasma PK data for boys with DMD receiving a wide range of vamorolone doses (0.25-6 mg/kg/day). The typical CL/F and V/F values of vamorolone were 35.8 L/h and 119 L, with modest IIV. The population Tk0 was 3.14 h yielding an average zero-order absorption rate (k0) of 1.16 mg/kg/h with similar absorption kinetics across subjects at the same vamorolone dose (i.e., no IIV on Tk0). The covariate analysis showed that none of the genetic covariates had any significant impact on the PKs of vamorolone in boys with DMD. Thus, the PKs of vamorolone is very consistent in these young boys with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Bello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paula Clemens
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michela Guglieri
- John Walton Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - John van den Anker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Utkarsh J. Dang
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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2
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Johnson JS, Palandra J, Psychogios N, Walsh JM, Neubert H. Improving the Sensitivity of Protein Quantification by Immunoaffinity Liquid Chromatography─Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Using an Iterative Transition Summing Technique. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39186623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The desire to reach ever-diminishing lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) to probe changes in low abundance protein targets has led to enormous progress in sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) instrumentation. To maximize signal and reduce noise, many approaches have been employed, including specific immunoaffinity (IA) enrichment and reducing the LC flow to the nanoflow (nLC) level; however, additional sensitivity gains may still be required. Recently, a technique termed "echo summing" has been described for small-molecular-weight analytes on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS where multiple iterations of the same, single selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transition are collected, summed, and integrated, yielding significant analyte dependent signal-to-noise (S/N) improvements. Herein, the direct applicability of echo summing to protein quantification by sequential IA combined with nLC-MS/MS (IA-nLC-MS/MS) is described for a beta nerve growth factor (NGF) and a soluble asialoglycoprotein receptor (sASGPR) assay from human serum. Five iterations of echo summing outperformed traditional collection in relative average accuracy (-1.5 ± 7.7 vs -41.7 ± 10.7% bias) and precision (7.8 vs 18.4% coefficient of variation (CV)) of the low-end quality control (QC) sample (N = 4) for NGF and improved functional sensitivity of serially diluted serum QC samples (N = 5 each population) approximately 2-fold (1.96 and 2.00-fold) for two peptides of sASGPR. Echo summing also extended the minimum quantifiable QC level for sASGPR 4-fold lower. Similar gains are believed to be achievable for most protein IA-nLC-MS/MS assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism (PDM), Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Joe Palandra
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism (PDM), Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Nikolaos Psychogios
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism (PDM), Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Jason M Walsh
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism (PDM), Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism (PDM), Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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3
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Bülow T, Hilgers RD, Heussen N. Confidence interval comparison: Precision of maximum likelihood estimates in LLOQ affected data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293640. [PMID: 37917602 PMCID: PMC10621850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When data is derived under a single or multiple lower limits of quantification (LLOQ), estimation of distribution parameters as well as precision of these estimates appear to be challenging, as the way to account for unquantifiable observations due to LLOQs needs particular attention. The aim of this investigation is to characterize the precision of censored sample maximum likelihood estimates of the mean for normal, exponential and Poisson distribution affected by one or two LLOQs using confidence intervals (CI). In a simulation study, asymptotic and bias-corrected accelerated bootstrap CIs for the location parameter mean are compared with respect to coverage proportion and interval width. To enable this examination, we derived analytical expressions of the maximum likelihood location parameter estimate for the assumption of exponentially and Poisson distributed data, where the censored sample method and simple imputation method are used to account for LLOQs. Additionally, we vary the proportion of observations below the LLOQs. When based on the censored sample estimate, the bootstrap CI led to higher coverage proportions and narrower interval width than the asymptotic CI. The results differed by underlying distribution. Under the assumption of normality, the CI's coverage proportion and width suffered most from high proportions of unquantifiable observations. For exponentially and Poisson distributed data, both CI approaches delivered similar results. To derive the CIs, the point estimates from the censored sample method are preferable, because the point estimate of the simple imputation method leads to higher bias for all investigated distributions. This biased simple imputation estimate impairs the coverage proportion of the respective CI. The bootstrap CI surpassed the asymptotic CIs with respect to coverage proportion for the investigated choice of distributional assumptions. The variety of distributions for which the methods are suitable gives the applicant a widely usable tool to handle LLOQ affected data with appropriate approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bülow
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Heussen
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Kingsbury MV, Hamoutene D, Kraska P, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Page F, Coyle T, Sutherland T, Gibb O, Mckindsey CW, Hartog F, Neil S, Chernoff K, Wong D, Law BA, Brager L, Baillie SM, Black M, Bungay T, Gaspard D, Hua K, Parsons GJ. Relationship between in feed drugs, antibiotics and organic enrichment in marine sediments at Canadian Atlantic salmon aquaculture sites. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114654. [PMID: 36736258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of in-feed anti-sea lice drugs and their relationship with organic enrichment is poorly understood in sediment surrounding salmon farms. Using data from an aquaculture monitoring program (2018-2020), we describe this relationship at ten sites in four Canadian provinces. Three anti-sea lice pesticides (lufenuron, teflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate and metabolite desmethyl emamectin benzoate), and one antibiotic (oxytetracycline) were detected. Concentrations were often below limits of quantification. Values are also lower than those reported in other aquaculture salmon-producing countries. Highest concentrations, along with organic enrichment, were observed ~200 m of cages with lower concentrations detected up to 1.5 km away. Most samples had at least two drugs present: 75.2 % (British Columbia), 91.4 % (Newfoundland), and 54.8 % (New Brunswick/Nova Scotia) highlighting the potential for cumulative effects. Emamectin benzoate and oxytetracycline were detected four and three years respectively after last known treatments, demonstrating the need for research on overall persistence of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - P Kraska
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - A Lacoursière-Roussel
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - F Page
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - T Coyle
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - T Sutherland
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - O Gibb
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - C W Mckindsey
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - F Hartog
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - S Neil
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - K Chernoff
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - D Wong
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - B A Law
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - L Brager
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - S M Baillie
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - M Black
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - T Bungay
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - D Gaspard
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - K Hua
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - G J Parsons
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
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5
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Fritz B, Kleinhenz M, Montgomery S, Magnin G, Martin M, Weeder M, Curtis A, Coetzee J. Determination of milk concentrations and pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid following acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) administration in postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9869-9881. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Lunar N, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Macaire P, Thomas F, Dalenc F, Ferrero JM, Pivot X, Milano G, Royer B, Schmitt A. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of capecitabine and its metabolites in breast cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 87:229-239. [PMID: 33386926 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was performed to examine relationships between systemic exposure of capecitabine metabolites (5-FU, 5'-DFCR and 5'-DFUR) and toxicity or clinical response in patients with metastatic breast cancer. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic model for capecitabine and its three metabolites was built. Typical parameter values, characteristics of random distributions, associated with parameters, and covariates impact were estimated. Area under the curve (AUC) were computed for 5-FU and compared with grades of toxicity. Pharmacokinetic modeling was based on data collected on the first treatment cycle. Toxicity was assessed on the two first treatment cycles. RESULTS The study was conducted in 43 patients. The population pharmacokinetic model (a one-compartment model per compound) was able to capture the very complex absorption process of capecitabine. Statistically significant covariates were cytidine deaminase, alkaline phosphatase and dihydrouracilemia (UH2)/uracilemia (U) ratio. UH2/U ratio was the most significant covariate on 5-FU elimination and CDA on the transformation of 5'-DFCR in 5'-DFUR. A trend was observed between 5-FU AUC and thrombopenia toxicity grades, but not with other toxicities. Best clinical response was not linked to systemic exposure of capecitabine metabolites. CONCLUSION In our study, we propose a model able to describe, meanwhile, and its main metabolites, with a complex absorption process and inclusion of enzyme activity covariates such as CDA and UH2/U ratio. Trial registration Eudract 2008-004136-20, 2008/11/26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastja Lunar
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 rue Pr Marion, 21079, Dijon Cedex, France
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Christine Etienne-Grimaldi
- Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, 33, avenue de Valombrose, 06189, Nice cedex 2, France
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique & Oncologique (GPCO)-Unicancer, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Macaire
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 rue Pr Marion, 21079, Dijon Cedex, France
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Thomas
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique & Oncologique (GPCO)-Unicancer, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
- ICR, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, CRCT, Inserm UMR1037, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Dalenc
- ICR, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, CRCT, Inserm UMR1037, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ferrero
- Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, 33, avenue de Valombrose, 06189, Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Xavier Pivot
- Service Oncologie Médicale, CHU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Alexandre-Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Gérard Milano
- Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, 33, avenue de Valombrose, 06189, Nice cedex 2, France
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique & Oncologique (GPCO)-Unicancer, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Royer
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique & Oncologique (GPCO)-Unicancer, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Jean-Minjoz, 3, boulevard Alexandre-Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire Et Génique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Antonin Schmitt
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 rue Pr Marion, 21079, Dijon Cedex, France.
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique & Oncologique (GPCO)-Unicancer, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013, Paris, France.
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7
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Ippolito MM, Pringle JC, Siame M, Katowa B, Aydemir O, Oluoch PO, Huang L, Aweeka FT, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR, Shapiro TA, Moss WJ, Thuma PE. Therapeutic Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Northern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2224-2232. [PMID: 33078701 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is a first-line agent for uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The WHO recommends periodic therapeutic efficacy studies of antimalarial drugs for the detection of malaria parasite drug resistance and to inform national malaria treatment policies. We conducted a therapeutic efficacy study of AL in a high malaria transmission region of northern Zambia from December 2014 to July 2015. One hundred children of ages 6 to 59 months presenting to a rural health clinic with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were admitted for treatment with AL (standard 6-dose regimen) and followed weekly for 5 weeks. Parasite counts were taken every 6 hours during treatment to assess parasite clearance. Recurrent episodes during follow-up (n = 14) were genotyped to distinguish recrudescence from reinfection and to identify drug resistance single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (mdr1) copy number variation. Day 7 lumefantrine concentrations were measured for correspondence with posttreatment reinfection. All children who completed the parasite clearance portion of the study (n = 94) were microscopy-negative by 72 hours. The median parasite elimination half-life was 2.7 hours (interquartile range: 2.1-3.3). Genotype-corrected therapeutic efficacy was 98.8% (95% CI: 97.6-100). Purported artemisinin and lumefantrine drug resistance SNPs in atp6, 3D7_1451200, and mdr1 were detected but did not correlate with parasite recurrence, nor did day 7 lumefantrine concentrations. In summary, AL was highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northern Zambia during the study period. The high incidence of recurrent parasitemia was consistent with reinfection due to high, perennial malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Ippolito
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julia C Pringle
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mwiche Siame
- Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter O Oluoch
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California
| | - Francesca T Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Theresa A Shapiro
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia.,The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Jun Y, Xu J, Kim H, Park JE, Jeong YS, Min JS, Yoon N, Choi JY, Yoo J, Bae SK, Chung SJ, Yeo Y, Lee W. Carfilzomib Delivery by Quinic Acid-Conjugated Nanoparticles: Discrepancy Between Tumoral Drug Accumulation and Anticancer Efficacy in a Murine 4T1 Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1615-1622. [PMID: 31945310 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite being a major breakthrough in multiple myeloma therapy, carfilzomib (CFZ, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor drug) has been largely ineffective against solid cancer, possibly due to its pharmacokinetic drawbacks including metabolic instability. Recently, quinic acid (QA, a low-affinity ligand of selectins upregulated in peritumoral vasculature) was successfully utilized as a surface modifier for nanoparticles containing paclitaxel. Here, we designed QA-conjugated nanoparticles containing CFZ (CFZ@QANP; the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles modified by conjugation with a QA derivative). Compared to the clinically used cyclodextrin-based formulation (CFZ-CD), CFZ@QANP enhanced the metabolic stability and in vivo exposure of CFZ in mice. CFZ@QANP, however, showed little improvement in suppressing tumor growth over CFZ-CD against the murine 4T1 orthotopic breast cancer model. CFZ@QANP yielded no enhancement in proteasomal inhibition in excised tumors despite having a higher level of remaining CFZ than CFZ-CD. These results likely arise from delayed, incomplete CFZ release from CFZ@QANP as observed using biorelevant media in vitro. These results suggest that the applicability of QANP may not be predicted by physicochemical parameters commonly used for formulation design. Our current results highlight the importance of considering drug release kinetics in designing effective CFZ formulations for solid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yearin Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ji Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Naeun Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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9
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Woodward A, Whittem T. The lower limit of quantification in pharmacokinetic analyses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:585-587. [PMID: 31271454 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ted Whittem
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Quantification below the LLOQ in regulated LC–MS/MS assays: a review of bioanalytical considerations and cautions. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:797-814. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an earlier workshop covering the pros and cons of quantification below the LLOQ (BLQ) the author reviews the topics discussed from the bioanalytical standpoint. Important considerations for estimating concentrations below the LLOQ include: method signal-to-noise, baseline shape and condition, close lying interference peaks (especially for protein methods), matrix effect, adsorption and stability of the analyte at low concentrations and carryover. These methodological issues are discussed as possible contributors to inaccuracy in BLQ estimations, and appropriate cautions are provided via examples. A proposed method for the evaluation of BLQ estimations utilizes extended incurred sample reanalysis analysis where BLQ samples or spiked simulated samples are analyzed with quality controls and standards in addition to those in the original study. Generally, BLQ estimations are discouraged, with the recommendation that any extrapolations should be done in close collaboration between the pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioanalytical scientists in consultation with the regulatory agency.
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11
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Rautiola D, Maglalang PD, Cheryala N, Nelson KM, Georg GI, Fine JM, Svitak AL, Faltesek KA, Hanson LR, Mishra U, Coles LD, Cloyd JC, Siegel RA. Intranasal Coadministration of a Diazepam Prodrug with a Converting Enzyme Results in Rapid Absorption of Diazepam in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:796-805. [PMID: 30837282 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal administration is an attractive route for systemic delivery of small, lipophilic drugs because they are rapidly absorbed through the nasal mucosa into systemic circulation. However, the low solubility of lipophilic drugs often precludes aqueous nasal spray formulations. A unique approach to circumvent solubility issues involves coadministration of a hydrophilic prodrug with an exogenous converting enzyme. This strategy not only addresses poor solubility but also leads to an increase in the chemical activity gradient driving drug absorption. Herein, we report plasma and brain concentrations in rats following coadministration of a hydrophilic diazepam prodrug, avizafone, with the converting enzyme human aminopeptidase B Single doses of avizafone equivalent to diazepam at 0.500, 1.00, and 1.50 mg/kg were administered intranasally, resulting in 77.8% ± 6.0%, 112% ± 10%, and 114% ± 7% bioavailability; maximum plasma concentrations 71.5 ± 9.3, 388 ± 31, and 355 ± 187 ng/ml; and times to peak plasma concentration 5, 8, and 5 minutes for each dose level, respectively. Both diazepam and a transient intermediate were absorbed. Enzyme kinetics incorporated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model enabled estimation of the first-order absorption rate constants: 0.0689 ± 0.0080 minutes-1 for diazepam and 0.122 ± 0.022 minutes-1 for the intermediate. Our results demonstrate that diazepam, which is practically insoluble, can be delivered intranasally with rapid and complete absorption by coadministering avizafone with aminopeptidase B. Furthermore, even faster rates of absorption might be attained simply by increasing the enzyme concentration, potentially supplanting intravenous diazepam or lorazepam or intramuscular midazolam in the treatment of seizure emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Rautiola
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Patricia D Maglalang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Narsihmulu Cheryala
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Kathryn M Nelson
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Jared M Fine
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Aleta L Svitak
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Katherine A Faltesek
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Leah R Hanson
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Usha Mishra
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Lisa D Coles
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - James C Cloyd
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.R., R.A.S.), Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (J.C.C.), Medicinal Chemistry (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), and Biomedical Engineering (R.A.S.), Center for Orphan Drug Research (P.D.M., U.M., L.D.C., J.C.C.), and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development (N.C., K.M.N., G.I.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Neuroscience Research, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.M.F., A.L.S., K.A.F., L.R.H.)
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12
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Pfitzer S, Woodward AP, Laubscher L, Warren K, Vaughan-Higgins R, Raath JP, Laurence M. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after intramuscular injection of the 5-HT 1A serotonin agonist R-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:251-257. [PMID: 30656714 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist R-8-OH-DPAT in goats, and 0.1 mg kg-1 R-8-OH-DPAT hydrobromide was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) and intravenously (i.v.) to six goats in a two-phase cross-over design experiment. Venous blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min following treatment and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a one-compartment analysis. Mean bioavailability of R-8-OH-DPAT when injected i.m. was 66%. The mean volume of distribution in the central compartment was 1.47 L kg-1 . The mean plasma body clearance was 0.056 L kg-1 min-1 . All goats injected i.v. and two of six goats injected i.m. showed signs of serotonin toxicity. In conclusion, R-8-OH-DPAT is well absorbed following i.m. injection and the observed pharmacokinetics suggest that administration via dart is feasible. Administration of R-8-OH-DPAT hydrobromide, at a dosage of 0.1 mg kg-1 , resulted in the observation of clinical signs of serotonin toxicity in the goats. It is suggested that dosages for the clinical use of the compound should be lower in order to achieve the desired clinical effect without causing serotonin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pfitzer
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew P Woodward
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liesel Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals South Africa (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa.,Department of Animal Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Kristin Warren
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacobus P Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals South Africa (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa
| | - Michael Laurence
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Beaudoin JJ, Bezençon J, Cao Y, Mizuno K, Roth SE, Brock WJ, Brouwer KLR. Altered Hepatobiliary Disposition of Tolvaptan and Selected Tolvaptan Metabolites in a Rodent Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:155-163. [PMID: 30504136 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy in slowing kidney function decline in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In the pivotal clinical trial, the incidence of elevated liver enzymes was higher in patients receiving tolvaptan compared with placebo. Adjudication by a panel of expert hepatologists concluded a causal link of tolvaptan to liver injury in patients with ADPKD. An ex situ isolated perfused liver (IPL) study of tolvaptan disposition was undertaken in a rodent model of ADPKD, the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat (n = 5), and compared with wild-type (WT) Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6). Livers were perfused with tolvaptan, followed by a tolvaptan-free washout phase. Total recovery (mean ± S.D. percentage of dose; PCK vs. WT) of tolvaptan and two metabolites, DM-4103 and DM-4107, quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, was 58.14% ± 24.72% vs. 43.40% ± 18.11% in liver, 20.10% ± 9.15% vs. 21.17% ± 12.51% in outflow perfusate, and 0.08% ± 0.01% vs. 0.39% ± 0.32% in bile. DM-4103 recovery (mean ± S.D. percentage of dose) was decreased in PCK vs. WT bile (<0.01% ± <0.01% vs. 0.02% ± 0.01%; P = 0.0037), and DM-4107 recovery was increased in PCK vs. WT outflow perfusate (1.60% ± 0.57% vs. 0.43% ± 0.29%; P = 0.0017). A pharmacokinetic compartmental model assuming first-order processes was developed to describe the rate vs. time profiles of tolvaptan and DM-4103 + DM-4107 in rat IPLs. The model-derived estimate of tolvaptan's biliary clearance was significantly decreased in PCK compared with WT IPLs. The model predicted greater hepatocellular concentrations of tolvaptan and DM-4103 + DM-4107 in PCK compared with WT IPLs. Increased hepatocellular exposure to tolvaptan and metabolites may contribute to the hepatotoxicity in patients with ADPKD treated with tolvaptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline Bezençon
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - Katsuhiko Mizuno
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - Sharin E Roth
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - William J Brock
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.J.B., J.B., Y.C., K.L.R.B.); Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan (K.M.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland (S.E.R.); and Brock Scientific Consulting, LLC, Montgomery Village, Maryland (W.J.B.)
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14
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Hecht M, Veigure R, Couchman L, S Barker CI, Standing JF, Takkis K, Evard H, Johnston A, Herodes K, Leito I, Kipper K. Utilization of data below the analytical limit of quantitation in pharmacokinetic analysis and modeling: promoting interdisciplinary debate. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1229-1248. [PMID: 30033744 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, bioanalytical laboratories do not report actual concentrations for samples with results below the LOQ (BLQ) in pharmacokinetic studies. BLQ values are outside the method calibration range established during validation and no data are available to support the reliability of these values. However, ignoring BLQ data can contribute to bias and imprecision in model-based pharmacokinetic analyses. From this perspective, routine use of BLQ data would be advantageous. We would like to initiate an interdisciplinary debate on this important topic by summarizing the current concepts and use of BLQ data by regulators, pharmacometricians and bioanalysts. Through introducing the limit of detection and evaluating its variability, BLQ data could be released and utilized appropriately for pharmacokinetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hecht
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rūta Veigure
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Charlotte I S Barker
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Inflammation, Infection & Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Inflammation, Infection & Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kalev Takkis
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hanno Evard
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Atholl Johnston
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Koit Herodes
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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15
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Lohy Das JP, Kyaw MP, Nyunt MH, Chit K, Aye KH, Aye MM, Karlsson MO, Bergstrand M, Tarning J. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate in patients with artemisinin sensitive and resistant infections in Southern Myanmar. Malar J 2018; 17:126. [PMID: 29566683 PMCID: PMC5865368 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinins are the most effective anti-malarial drugs for uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, widespread artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong Region of Southeast Asia is threatening the possibility to control and eliminate malaria. This work aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, in patients with sensitive and resistant falciparum infections in Southern Myanmar. In addition, a simple nomogram previously developed to identify artemisinin resistant malaria infections was evaluated. Methods Fifty-three (n = 53) patients were recruited and received daily oral artesunate monotherapy (4 mg/kg) for 7 days. Frequent artesunate and dihydroartemisinin plasma concentration measurements and parasite microscopy counts were obtained and evaluated using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Results The absorption of artesunate was best characterized by a transit-compartment (n = 3) model, followed by one-compartment disposition models for artesunate and dihydroartemisinin. The drug-dependent parasite killing effect of dihydroartemisinin was described using an Emax function, with a mixture model discriminating between artemisinin sensitive and resistant parasites. Overall, 56% of the studied population was predicted to have resistant malaria infections. Application of the proposed nomogram to identify artemisinin-resistant malaria infections demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 90% compared to 55% with the traditional day-3 positivity test. Conclusion The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin were well-characterized with a mixture model to differentiate between drug sensitive and resistant infections in these patients. More than half of all patients recruited in this study had artemisinin-resistant infections. The relatively high sensitivity of the proposed nomogram highlights its potential clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myat P Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Myat H Nyunt
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khin Chit
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kyin H Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Moe M Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Bergstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Lohy Das J, Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Phyo AP, Hanpithakpong W, Ringwald P, Lim P, White NJ, Karlsson MO, Bergstrand M, Tarning J. Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Artemisinin Resistance in Southeast Asia. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1842-1854. [PMID: 28895080 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered artemisinin-based combination therapy is the first-line treatment against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria worldwide. However, the increasing prevalence of artemisinin resistance is threatening efforts to treat and eliminate malaria in Southeast Asia. This study aimed to characterize the exposure-response relationship of artesunate in patients with artemisinin sensitive and resistant malaria infections. Patients were recruited in Pailin, Cambodia (n = 39), and Wang Pha, Thailand (n = 40), and received either 2 mg/kg/day of artesunate mono-therapy for 7 consecutive days or 4 mg/kg/day of artesunate monotherapy for 3 consecutive days followed by mefloquine 15 and 10 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days. Plasma concentrations of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, and microscopy-based parasite densities were measured and evaluated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. All treatments were well tolerated with minor and transient adverse reactions. Patients in Cambodia had substantially slower parasite clearance compared to patients in Thailand. The pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin were well described by transit-compartment absorption followed by one-compartment disposition models. Parasite density was a significant covariate, and higher parasite densities were associated with increased absorption. Dihydroartemisinin-dependent parasite killing was described by a delayed sigmoidal Emax model, and a mixture function was implemented to differentiate between sensitive and resistant infections. This predicted that 84% and 16% of infections in Cambodia and Thailand, respectively, were artemisinin resistant. The final model was used to develop a simple diagnostic nomogram to identify patients with artemisinin-resistant infections. The nomogram showed > 80% specificity and sensitivity, and outperformed the current practice of day 3 positivity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Lohy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sod, Thailand
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sod, Thailand
| | - Warunee Hanpithakpong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- Global Malaria Programme World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pharath Lim
- Medical Care Development International (MCDI), Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Bergstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Anupama S, Laha P, Sharma M, Pathak K, Bane S, Ingle AD, Gota V, Kalraiya RD, Yu LG, Rhodes JM, Swamy BM, Inamdar SR. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumour effects of Sclerotium rolfsii lectin in mice. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2803-2810. [PMID: 28394001 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotium rolfsii lectin (SRL) is a lectin isolated from the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii and has exquisite binding specificity towards the oncofetal Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF-Ag; Galβ1-3GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr) and its derivatives. Previous studies have shown that SRL inhibits the proliferation of human colon, breast and ovarian cancer cells in vitro and suppresses tumour growth in mice when introduced intratumourally. The present study assessed the effect of SRL on tumour growth when introduced intraperitoneally in BALB/c nude mice and investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of SRL in Swiss albino mice. When 9 doses of SRL (30 mg/kg body weight/mice) was administered to BALB/c nude mice bearing human colon cancer HT-29 xenografts, a substantial reduction in tumour size was observed. A 35.8% reduction in tumour size was noted in the treated animals after 17 days. SRL treatment also inhibited angiogenesis, and the tumours from the treated animals were observed to carry fewer blood vessels and express less angiogenesis marker protein CD31, than that from the control animals. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution analysis revealed that SRL was detected in the serum after 1 h and its level peaked after 24 h. SRL was not detected in any of the organs apart from the kidney where a trace amount was detected after 24 h of SRL injection. No significant changes were observed in any of the biochemical parameters tested including SGOT, SGPT, LDH, CREAT and BUN in the SRL-treated mice compared to these levels in the controls. This suggests that SRL has good potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment and warrant further investigations in vivo and subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anupama
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
| | - Preeti Laha
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Mamta Sharma
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
| | - Kamal Pathak
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Sanjay Bane
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Arvind D Ingle
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Rajiv D Kalraiya
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Lu-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Jonathan M Rhodes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Bale M Swamy
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
| | - Shashikala R Inamdar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
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18
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De Thaye E, Vervaeck A, Marostica E, Remon JP, Van Bocxlaer J, Vervaet C, Vermeulen A. Pharmacokinetic analysis of modified-release metoprolol formulations: An interspecies comparison. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 97:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Henri J, Jacques AM, Sanders P, Chevance A, Laurentie M. The present and future of withdrawal period calculations for milk in the European Union: dealing with data below the limit of quantification. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:116-122. [PMID: 27478010 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of withdrawal periods for milk is affected by the occurrence of data below the lower analytical quantification limit (BLQ data) and the resulting uncertainty. The current regulatory approach for dealing with BLQ residues is simple and easy: BLQ data (and missing data) are arbitrarily reassigned a value of one-half the LOQ before any calculation on the data with one of the three currently applicable methods. Here, we reconsider the determination of the withdrawal period of milk with data below the limit of quantification. Theoretical background on analytical limits and pharmacometric considerations will be established. Then, we analyze the uncertainty problems caused by the current approach and propose a calculation solution (maximum-likelihood estimation handling left-censored data) included in nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Finally, we illustrate this issue using a case example.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henri
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Fougères, France
| | - A-M Jacques
- ANSES-ANMV, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - P Sanders
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Fougères, France
| | - A Chevance
- ANSES-ANMV, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - M Laurentie
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Fougères, France
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20
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Describing Assay Precision-Reciprocal of Variance Is Correct, Not CV Percent: Its Use Should Significantly Improve Laboratory Performance. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 37:389-94. [PMID: 25970509 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing assay error as percent coefficient of variation (CV%) fails as measurements approach zero. Results are censored if below some arbitrarily chosen lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). CV% gives incorrect weighting to data obtained by therapeutic drug monitoring, with incorrect parameter values in the resulting pharmacokinetic models, and incorrect dosage regimens for patient care. METHODS CV% was compared with the reciprocal of the variance (1/var) of each assay measurement. This method has not been considered by the laboratory community. A simple description of assay standard deviation (SD) as a polynomial function of the assay measurement over its working range was developed, the reciprocal of the assay variance determined, and its results compared with CV%. RESULTS CV% does not provide correct weighting of measured serum concentrations as required for optimal therapeutic drug monitoring. It does not permit optimally individualized models of the behavior of a drug in a patient, resulting in incorrect dosage regimens. The assay error polynomial described here, using 1/var, provides correct weighting of such data, all the way down to and including zero. There is no need to censor low results, and no need to set any arbitrary LLOQ. CONCLUSIONS Reciprocal of variance is the correct measure of assay precision and should replace CV%. The information is easily stored as an assay error polynomial. The laboratory can serve the medical community better. There is no longer any need for LLOQ, a significant improvement. Regulatory agencies should implement this more informed policy.
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21
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Knych HK, Stanley SD, Seminoff KN, McKemie DS, Kass PH. Pharmacokinetics of methocarbamol and phenylbutazone in exercised Thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:469-77. [PMID: 26924025 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methocarbamol (MCBL) is commonly used in performance horses for the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders. Current regulatory recommendations for show horses and racehorses are based on a single oral dose of 5 g, although doses in excess of this are often administered. The goal of the current study was to characterize the disposition of MCBL following higher dose administration and administration in combination with another commonly used drug in performance horses, phenylbutazone (PBZ). Exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered various doses of MCBL as a sole agent and MCBL in combination with PBZ. Blood samples were collected at various times, concentrations of MCBL and PBZ measured using LC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using compartmental analysis. Following administration of 15 g of MCBL, either as part of a single- or multiple-dose regimen, a number of horses exceeded the Association of Racing Commissioners International and the United States Equestrian Federation's recommended regulatory threshold at the recommended withdrawal time. There was not a significant difference between horses that received only MCBL and those that received MCBL and PBZ. Results of the current study support an extended withdrawal guideline when doses in excess of 5 g are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S D Stanley
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K N Seminoff
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D S McKemie
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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22
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Nag S, Qin JJ, Patil S, Deokar H, Buolamwini JK, Wang W, Zhang R. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and its application to a mouse PK study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:235-240. [PMID: 25195025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent. After a liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane-2-propanol (20:10:1, v/v/v) mixture, the analyte was separated on a Kinetex C18 column (50×2.1mm, 2.6μm) with mobile phases comprising of water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The test compound (SP-141) and the internal standard (SP-157) were analyzed in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using the mass transitions m/z 325.1 → 282.0. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.648-162ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R(2)) of 0.999 in mouse plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.648ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions (coefficient of variation, %CV) were less than 4.2% and accuracies (relative error, %RE) ranged from -6.1% to 2.1%. The extraction recoveries were between 97.1 and 103.1% and the relative matrix effect was minimal. In addition, SP-141 was found to be stable in the plasma after three freeze-thaw cycles, at 37°C and 4°C for 24h, and at -80°C for 4 weeks. It was also stable in the stock solution at room temperature for 24h and after preparation in the autosampler for 36h. The validated method was successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study of SP-141 in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal and intravenous administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hemantkumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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23
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Rumpler MJ, Colahan P, Sams RA. The pharmacokinetics of methocarbamol and guaifenesin after single intravenous and multiple-dose oral administration of methocarbamol in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:25-34. [PMID: 23859819 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple LC/MSMS method has been developed and fully validated to determine concentrations and characterize the concentration vs. time course of methocarbamol (MCBL) and guaifenesin (GGE) in plasma after a single intravenous dose and multiple oral dose administrations of MCBL to conditioned Thoroughbred horses. The plasma concentration-time profiles for MCBL after a single intravenous dose of 15 mg/kg of MCBL were best described by a three-compartment model. Mean extrapolated peak (C0 ) plasma concentrations were 23.2 (± 5.93) μg/mL. Terminal half-life, volume of distribution at steady-state, mean residence time, and systemic clearance were characterized by a median (range) of 2.96 (2.46-4.71) h, 1.05 (0.943-1.21) L/kg, 1.98 (1.45-2.51) h, and 8.99 (6.68-10.8) mL/min/kg, respectively. Oral dose of MCBL was characterized by a median (range) terminal half-life, mean transit time, mean absorption time, and apparent oral clearance of 2.89 (2.21-4.88) h, 2.67 (1.80-2.87) h, 0.410 (0.350-0.770) h, and 16.5 (13.0-20) mL/min/kg. Bioavailability of orally administered MCBL was characterized by a median (range) of 54.4 (43.2-72.8)%. Guaifenesin plasma concentrations were below the limit of detection in all samples collected after the single intravenous dose of MCBL whereas they were detected for up to 24 h after the last dose of the multiple-dose oral regimen. This difference may be attributed to first-pass metabolism of MCBL to GGE after oral administration and may provide a means of differentiating the two routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rumpler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Florida Racing Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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