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Haznar-Garbacz D, Hoc D, Garbacz G, Lachman M, Słomińska D, Romański M. Dissolution of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II Free Acid from Immediate Release Tablets Containing a Microenvironmental pH Modulator: Comparison of a Biorelevant Bicarbonate Buffering System with Phosphate Buffers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:203. [PMID: 35882674 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor water dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) limits the rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing the pH of a solid form microenvironment can enhance the dissolution of weakly acidic drugs, but data on this phenomenon in a physiologically relevant bicarbonate media are lacking. In this paper, we examined the effect of a microenvironmental pH modulator (Na2HPO4) on the dissolution of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II free weak acid (ibuprofen) at biorelevant conditions, including an automatic bicarbonate buffering system, as well as in compendial (50 mM) and low-concentration (10 mM) phosphate buffers with no external pH control. The tablets of 200 mg ibuprofen with either Na2HPO4 (phosphate formulation, PF) or NaCl (reference formulation, RF) were manufactured using a compression method. In a pH 2 simulated gastric fluid, only PF produced a transient supersaturation of ibuprofen, dissolving a fourfold higher drug amount than RF. In a bicarbonate-buffered simulated intestinal fluid with a dynamically controlled pH (5.7, 7.2, and 5.8 to 7.7 gradient), PF dissolved more drug within 30 min than RF (p ≤ 0.019). Of note, the use of a 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 provided opposite results-RF dissolved the API much faster than PF. Moreover, 10 mM phosphate buffers of pH 5.6 and 7.2 could neither maintain a constant pH nor mimic the bicarbonate buffer performance. In conclusion, the use of a bicarbonate-buffered intestinal fluid, instead of phosphate buffers, may be essential in dissolution tests of BCS class II drugs combined with pH modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Haznar-Garbacz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska St., 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dagmara Hoc
- Physiolution Polska, 74 Piłsudskiego St., 50-020, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH, 49a Walther-Rathenau-Straße, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Lachman
- Budenheim KG, 27 Rheinstraße, 55257, Budenheim, Germany
| | - Daria Słomińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Romański
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
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2
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Imanidis G, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. On the usefulness of four in vitro methods in assessing the intraluminal performance of poorly soluble, ionisable compounds in the fasted state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106034. [PMID: 34628003 PMCID: PMC8665220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A small-scale two-stage biphasic system, a small-scale two-stage dissolution-permeation system, the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus, and the BioGIT system were evaluated for their usefulness in assessing the intraluminal performance of two low solubility drugs in the fasted state, one with weakly acidic properties (tested in a salt form, diclofenac potassium) and one with weakly alkaline properties [ritonavir, tested as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation]. In all in vitro methods, an immediate-release tablet and a powder formulation of diclofenac potassium were both rapidly dissolved in Level II biorelevant media simulating the conditions in the upper small intestine. Physiologically based biopharmaceutics (PBB) modelling for the tablet formulation resulted in a successful simulation of the average plasma profile in adults, whereas for the powder formulation modelling indicated that gastric emptying and transport through the intestinal epithelium limit the absorption rates. Detailed information on the behaviour of the ritonavir ASD formulation under both simulated gastric and upper small intestinal conditions were crucial for understanding the luminal performance. PBB modelling showed that the dissolution and precipitation parameters, estimated from the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus data and the small-scale two-stage biphasic system data, respectively, were necessary to adequately simulate the average plasma profile after administration of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Simulation of the gastrointestinal transfer process from the stomach to the small intestine was necessary to evaluate the effects of hypochlorhydric conditions on the luminal performance of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Based on this study, the selection of the appropriate in vitro method for evaluating the intraluminal performance of ionisable lipophilic drugs depends on the characteristics of the drug substance. The results suggest that for (salts of) acidic drugs (e.g., diclofenac potassium) it is only an issue of availability and ease of operation of the apparatus. For weakly alkaline substances (e.g., ritonavir), the results indicate that the dynamic dissolution process needs to be simulated, with the type of requested information (e.g., dissolution parameters, precipitation parameters, luminal concentrations) being key for selecting the most appropriate method. Regardless of the ionisation characteristics, early in the drug development process the use of small-scale systems may be inevitable, due to the limited quantities of drug substance available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- University of Applied Sciences Northwest. Switzerland. School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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3
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Yoshikawa T, Oki J, Ichikawa N, Yamashita S, Sugano K. Small differences in acidic pH condition significantly affect dissolution equivalence between drug products of acidic drug salt. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Establishment of a clinically relevant specification for dissolution testing using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approaches. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Kato T, Watanabe T, Nakamura K, Ando S. Integration of In Silico Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches Into In Vitro Dissolution Profiles to Predict Bioavailability of a Poorly Soluble Compound. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3723-3728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Wu Q, Peters SA. A Retrospective Evaluation of Allometry, Population Pharmacokinetics, and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics for Pediatric Dosing Using Clearance as a Surrogate. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2019; 8:220-229. [PMID: 30762304 PMCID: PMC6482279 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models are increasingly applied for pediatric dose selection along with traditional methods such as allometry and population pharmacokinetic models. We report a retrospective evaluation of the three methods. Pediatric population pharmacokinetic models sourced from literature for a subset of eight compounds were used to predict clearances for children < 2 years when they were within the modeled age range (interpolation, N = 11) or including those outside the modeled age range (interpolation and extrapolation, N = 18). Pediatric/adult clearance ratios were evaluated with a strict performance criterion of 0.8-1.25 and with twofold criteria. For children > 2 years, 58-75% of the clinical studies (N = 10) met the strict criteria, and > 80% of the clinical studies were predicted within twofold by all three methods. For children < 2 years, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic, allometry with age-dependent exponents, and pediatric population pharmacokinetic models predict 54%, 82%, and 64% within twofold of the observed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qier Wu
- Quantitative PharmacologyMerck KGaADarmstadtGermany
- University of Paris DescartesParisFrance
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7
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Oki J, Watanabe D, Uekusa T, Sugano K. Mechanism of Supersaturation Suppression in Dissolution Process of Acidic Drug Salt. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1669-1677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Oki
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daiju Watanabe
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Taiga Uekusa
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Felicijan T, Pišlar M, Vene K, Bogataj M. The Influence of Simulated Fasted Gastrointestinal pH Profiles on Diclofenac Sodium Dissolution in a Glass-Bead Flow-Through System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2875-2884. [PMID: 30151730 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High inter- and intra-individual variability in the pH of fluids in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of physiological variability in fasted pH profiles of media along the GI tract on diclofenac sodium (DF-Na) dissolution from matrix tablets. Four individual in vivo fasted pH profiles were selected from the literature that differed in pH values and transit times from the stomach to the proximal colon. Using a glass-bead device flow-through dissolution system, these pH profiles were simulated in vitro using a specific media sequence and considering simulated intestinal buffer capacities corresponding to in vivo literature data. Dissolution experiments were then performed in the same system with media sequence following individual pH profiles. In dissolution experiments, where influences of simulated gastric emptying time (GET), gastric pH value, small intestinal transit time, and colonic pH were studied; high influence of gastric pH value and GET on DF-Na dissolution was observed. The effect of variability in pH profiles in the range of individual in vivo data on DF-Na dissolution was also clearly observed in experiments, where dissolution studies were performed following three simulated in vivo individual pH profiles. The differences in DF-Na release between three individual pH profiles were substantial; they also reflected in simulated plasma concentration profiles and can be attributed to pH dependent diclofenac solubility.
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9
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Cascone S, De Santis F, Lamberti G. Mimicking the contractions of a human stomach and their effect on pharmaceuticals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Van Den Abeele J, Schilderink R, Schneider F, Mols R, Minekus M, Weitschies W, Brouwers J, Tack J, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal and Systemic Disposition of Diclofenac under Fasted and Fed State Conditions Supporting the Evaluation of in Vitro Predictive Tools. Mol Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Van Den Abeele
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald Schilderink
- TNO, P.O. 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Triskelion B.V., P.O. Box 844, 3700
AV Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raf Mols
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mans Minekus
- TNO, P.O. 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Triskelion B.V., P.O. Box 844, 3700
AV Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational
Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Alsenz J, Haenel E, Anedda A, Du Castel P, Cirelli G. Miniaturized INtrinsic DISsolution Screening (MINDISS) assay for preformulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Van Den Abeele J, Brouwers J, Mattheus R, Tack J, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal Behavior of Weakly Acidic BCS Class II Drugs in Man—Case Study of Diclofenac Potassium. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:687-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Hamdan II, El-Sabawi D, Abdel Jalil M. Potential interaction between zinc ions and a cyclodextrin-based diclofenac formulation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:418-28. [PMID: 26288996 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1071834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of diclofenac sodium (DF-Na) with hydroxypropyl betacyclodextrin (HPβCD) were prepared by co-evaporation in a 1:1 ratio and characterized in light of previously reported data. Phase solubility diagrams were obtained for DF-Na with HPβCD in the presence and absence of zinc ions. Dissolution profiles were obtained for DF-Na and its HPβCD complex at acidic (pH 1.2) as well as in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), in the presence and absence of zinc. HPβCD, as expected, was shown to improve the dissolution of DF-Na in acidic medium but not in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The presence of zinc ions decreased the in vitro dissolution of DF-HPβCD complex in acidic medium (pH 1.2) but not in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). It was confirmed that the precipitate that was formed by zinc ions in the presence of HPβCD and DF-Na contained no cyclodextrin and most likely it was a mixture of the complexes: DF2-Zn and DF-Zn with some molecules of water. In vivo experiments on rats have shown that HPβCD has no statistically significant effect on absorption or bioavailability of DF-Na in spite of the observed improvement of its in vitro dissolution by HPβCD. Moreover, zinc ions were shown to decrease the absorption rate of DF-Na in rats model but did neither significantly alter the absorption nor bioavailability of DF-HPβCD complex. The zinc induced precipitates of DF were shown to have significantly different crystalline properties when HPβCD was present. Therefore, the pharmaceutical details of a DF-Na preparation should be considered when designing the formulation and predicting possible interaction between DF-Na (or other potential NSAIDs) and zinc metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad I Hamdan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Dina El-Sabawi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
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González-García I, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Merino-Sanjuán M, Bermejo M. In vitro–in vivocorrelations: general concepts, methodologies and regulatory applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1935-47. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Altman R, Bosch B, Brune K, Patrignani P, Young C. Advances in NSAID development: evolution of diclofenac products using pharmaceutical technology. Drugs 2015; 75:859-77. [PMID: 25963327 PMCID: PMC4445819 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Contrary to the action of many traditional NSAIDs, diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme with greater potency than it does COX-1. Similar to other NSAIDs, diclofenac is associated with serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal adverse effects. Since its introduction in 1973, a number of different diclofenac-containing drug products have been developed with the goal of improving efficacy, tolerability, and patient convenience. Delayed- and extended-release forms of diclofenac sodium were initially developed with the goal of improving the safety profile of diclofenac and providing convenient, once-daily dosing for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. New drug products consisting of diclofenac potassium salt were associated with faster absorption and rapid onset of pain relief. These include diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets, diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gel capsules, and diclofenac potassium powder for oral solution. The advent of topical formulations of diclofenac enabled local treatment of pain and inflammation while minimizing systemic absorption of diclofenac. SoluMatrix diclofenac, consisting of submicron particles of diclofenac free acid and a proprietary combination of excipients, was developed to provide analgesic efficacy at reduced doses associated with lower systemic absorption. This review illustrates how pharmaceutical technology has been used to modify the pharmacokinetic properties of diclofenac, leading to the creation of novel drug products with improved clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Altman
- />University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Bill Bosch
- />iCeutica Operations LLC, King of Prussia, PA USA
| | - Kay Brune
- />Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Paola Patrignani
- />Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clarence Young
- />Iroko Pharmaceuticals LLC, One Kew Place, 150 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112 USA
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Desjardins PJ, Olugemo K, Solorio D, Young CL. Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac. Clin Ther 2014; 37:448-61. [PMID: 25499666 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile of low-dose (18- and 35-mg) diclofenac capsules manufactured using SoluMatrix Fine Particle Technology (Trademark of iCeutica Inc. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), and the technology is licensed to Iroko Pharmaceuticals, LLC (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) for exclusive use in NSAIDs), which produces submicron-sized drug particles with enhanced dissolution properties, to those of diclofenac potassium immediate-release (IR) 50-mg tablets. METHODS This Phase 1, single-center, randomized, open-label, single-dose crossover study was conducted in 40 healthy volunteers. Subjects received, in randomized order, SoluMatrix diclofenac 18- or 35-mg capsules in the fasting condition, SoluMatrix diclofenac 35-mg capsules under fed conditions, and diclofenac potassium IR 50-mg tablets under fasting and fed conditions. Pharmacokinetic parameters (T(max), C(max), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞)) were calculated from the concentrations of diclofenac in the plasma. Absorption, food effect, and dose proportionality were determined using a mixed-model ANOVA for C(max), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞). Tolerability was assessed by recording adverse events, physical examination findings, vital sign measurements: clinical laboratory test results. FINDINGS Overall, 35 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 52 years completed the study. The mean age of the subjects was 33.4 years, and approximately half were men (47.5%). Median T(max) values were similar between the low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac 35-mg capsules and the diclofenac potassium IR 50-mg tablets (both, ~1.0 hour). The mean maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) after the administration of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac 35-mg capsules was 26% lower than that with diclofenac potassium IR 50-mg tablets under fasting conditions (868.72 vs 1194.21 ng/mL). The administration of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac 35-mg capsules was associated with a 23% lower overall systemic exposure compared with that of diclofenac potassium IR 50-mg tablets under fasting conditions. Food decreased the rate but not the overall extent of absorption of SoluMatrix diclofenac. No serious AEs and no clinically significant abnormalities in physical examination findings, including vital sign measurements, or clinical laboratory test results, were noted during this study. IMPLICATIONS The pharmacokinetic properties of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac capsules in the healthy volunteers in this study suggest rapid diclofenac absorption as measured by T(max). Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac capsules represent a potential option for the management of acute and osteoarthritis-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kemi Olugemo
- Parexel International Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Kovačič NN, Pišlar M, Ilić I, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Influence of the physiological variability of fasted gastric pH and tablet retention time on the variability of in vitro dissolution and simulated plasma profiles. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:552-9. [PMID: 25064726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Nagelj Kovačič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ilija Ilić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Aleš Mrhar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marija Bogataj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Petrakis O, Vertzoni M, Angelou A, Kesisoglou F, Bentz K, Goumas K, Reppas C. Identification of key factors affecting the oral absorption of salts of lipophilic weak acids: a case example. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:56-67. [PMID: 25252222 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Evaluate the ability of biorelevant media to adequately predict solubility in human gastrointestinal aspirates collected in the fasted state for the sodium salt of a highly dosed, Biopharmaceutics Classification System II (BCS II) compound with weakly acidic properties (L-870,810, pKa 7.3, HA (5-(1,1-dioxothiazinan-2-yl)-N-((4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide)). Identify key luminal processes that dictate the behaviour of sodium salt of HA (NaA), after single-dose administrations of high (relatively to solubility limit) doses corresponding to 400 and 800 mg of HA in the fasted state.
Methods
Aspirates from stomach and upper small intestine were collected from eight healthy fasted adults, after administration of 240 ml of water. Solubilities of NaA and HA were measured in aspirated samples and biorelevant media. Dissolution experiments of NaA granules were performed in biorelevant media. Prediction of oral pharmacokinetics was evaluated in silico using Stella software.
Key findings
Equilibrium solubility of NaA in fluids aspirated from the upper gastrointestinal tract is more transient than of HA. Solubility in upper gastrointestinal lumen was adequately estimated by data in biorelevant media. Supersaturation, followed by precipitation, which did not fully revert to the equilibrium solubility of HA, was observed during the dissolution of NaA granules in biorelevant media. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling indicated that while intragastric processes had no significant impact on absorption kinetics, dissolution kinetics, kinetic solubility, radial transport rates and, for the 800-mg dose, precipitation kinetics in the small intestine had the greatest impact on absorption profiles.
Conclusions
Adequate prediction of the average plasma profile, after administration of NaA, required consideration of region-dependent dissolution rates and/or solubilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Petrakis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Angelou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kimberly Bentz
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Lefebvre DE, Venema K, Gombau L, Valerio LG, Raju J, Bondy GS, Bouwmeester H, Singh RP, Clippinger AJ, Collnot EM, Mehta R, Stone V. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:523-42. [PMID: 25119418 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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20
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Guhmann M, Preis M, Gerber F, Pöllinger N, Breitkreutz J, Weitschies W. Design, development and in-vitro evaluation of diclofenac taste-masked orodispersible tablet formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:540-51. [PMID: 24495274 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.884122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fast onset of action is prerequisite for acute pain medication. A palatable orodispersible medicine of diclofenac providing rapid analgesic effect should improve patient compliance and treatment. OBJECTIVE In the present study, diclofenac taste-masked orodispersible tablets (ODTs) with fast release characteristics were developed. Different taste-masking approaches and formulation concepts were screened in vitro for candidate selection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diclofenac was used as free acid. Five taste-masked microgranule formulations were prepared by wet granulation and/or coating processes, and compressed to ODTs. Citric acid (pH-modifying agent) and Eudragit® E PO (amino methacrylate copolymer) were used as taste-masking agents. Evaluation criteria were (i) disintegration time, (ii) processability and (iii) in-vitro dissolution profiles in simulated saliva (pH 7.4, 5 mL, 3 min) and compendial pH-change media (paddle, 50 rpm). The prototypes were compared to reference ODTs (without taste-masking). Most suitable ODT prototypes were selected and further evaluated for taste-masking efficiency using an electronic tongue. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In simulated saliva, the drug was slower released from the prototypes (between 1.1% and 15.5%) than from reference ODTs (23.7%). Less dissolved particles are thus expected in vivo for taste perception. Two ODT prototypes showed fast and complete drug release in phosphate buffer. The formulation providing the most efficient taste-masking was selected guided by electronic tongue data. CONCLUSION A novel palatable and fast acting diclofenac ODT formulation was successfully developed. Formulation design, development and in-vitro evaluation used in this study may serve as rational approach for manufacturing taste-masked orodispersible dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Guhmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
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21
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Kambayashi A, Blume H, Dressman JB. Predicting the oral pharmacokinetic profiles of multiple-unit (pellet) dosage forms using a modeling and simulation approach coupled with biorelevant dissolution testing: case example diclofenac sodium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:236-43. [PMID: 24462791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to characterize the dissolution profile of a poorly soluble drug, diclofenac, from a commercially available multiple-unit enteric coated dosage form, Diclo-Puren® capsules, and to develop a predictive model for its oral pharmacokinetic profile. The paddle method was used to obtain the dissolution profiles of this dosage form in biorelevant media, with the exposure to simulated gastric conditions being varied in order to simulate the gastric emptying behavior of pellets. A modified Noyes-Whitney theory was subsequently fitted to the dissolution data. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for multiple-unit dosage forms was designed using STELLA® software and coupled with the biorelevant dissolution profiles in order to simulate the plasma concentration profiles of diclofenac from Diclo-Puren® capsule in both the fasted and fed state in humans. Gastric emptying kinetics relevant to multiple-units pellets were incorporated into the PBPK model by setting up a virtual patient population to account for physiological variations in emptying kinetics. Using in vitro biorelevant dissolution coupled with in silico PBPK modeling and simulation it was possible to predict the plasma profile of this multiple-unit formulation of diclofenac after oral administration in both the fasted and fed state. This approach might be useful to predict variability in the plasma profiles for other drugs housed in multiple-unit dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kambayashi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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