1
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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2
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Elsayed A, Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Abu-Salah K. From cell factories to patients: Stability challenges in biopharmaceuticals manufacturing and administration with mitigation strategies. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123360. [PMID: 37657507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Active ingredients of biopharmaceuticals consist of a wide array of biomolecular structures, including those of enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. Recently, these molecules have dominated the pharmaceutical industry owing to their safety and efficacy. However, their manufacturing is hindered by high cost, inadequate batch-to-batch equivalence, inherent instability, and other quality issues. This article is an up-to-date review of the challenges encountered during different stages of biopharmaceutical production and mitigation of problems arising during their development, formulation, manufacturing, and administration. It is a broad overview discussion of stability issues encountered during product life cycle i.e., upstream processing (aggregation, solubility, host cell proteins, color change), downstream bioprocessing (aggregation, fragmentation), formulation, manufacturing, and delivery to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 1196, Jordan.
| | - Khalid Abu-Salah
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Nanomedicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Morales AM, Sreedhara A, Buecheler J, Brosig S, Chou D, Christian T, Das T, de Jong I, Fast J, Jagannathan B, Moussa EM, Nejadnik MR, Prajapati I, Radwick A, Rahman Y, Singh S. End-to-End Approach to Surfactant Selection, Risk Mitigation, and Control Strategies for Protein-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2022; 25:6. [PMID: 36471030 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey performed by the AAPS Drug Product Handling community revealed a general, mostly consensus, approach to the strategy for the selection of surfactant type and level for biopharmaceutical products. Discussing and building on the survey results, this article describes the common approach for surfactant selection and control strategy for protein-based therapeutics and focuses on key studies, common issues, mitigations, and rationale. Where relevant, each section is prefaced by survey responses from the 22 anonymized respondents. The article format consists of an overview of surfactant stabilization, followed by a strategy for the selection of surfactant level, and then discussions regarding risk identification, mitigation, and control strategy. Since surfactants that are commonly used in biologic formulations are known to undergo various forms of degradation, an effective control strategy for the chosen surfactant focuses on understanding and controlling the design space of the surfactant material attributes to ensure that the desired material quality is used consistently in DS/DP manufacturing. The material attributes of a surfactant added in the final DP formulation can influence DP performance (e.g., protein stability). Mitigation strategies are described that encompass risks from host cell proteins (HCP), DS/DP manufacturing processes, long-term storage, as well as during in-use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Medina Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brosig
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, California, 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ehab M Moussa
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinios, 60064, USA
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Indira Prajapati
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | | | - Yusra Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
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4
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Senga Y, Doi M, Onitsuka M, Honda S. Live-cell imaging to analyze intracellular aggregation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:120-132.e4. [PMID: 34739851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates are formed during their production. However, the process underlying intracellular/extracellular aggregation in cell culture conditions is not well understood, and no effective method exists to assess IgG aggregates. Here, we establish an approach to detect intracellular aggregates using AF.2A1, a small artificial protein that binds to non-native IgG conformers and aggregates. Fluorescent-labeled AF.2A1 is prepared via conjugation and transfected into antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Micrographic images show intracellular IgG aggregates in CHO cells. The relative amount of intracellular aggregates (versus total intracellular IgG) differed depending on the type of additives used during cell culture. Interestingly, the relative amount of intracellular aggregates moderately correlates with that of in vitro extracellular IgG aggregates, suggesting they are secreted. This method will allow the investigation of antibody aggregation in cells, and may guide the production of therapeutic antibodies with high yield/quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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5
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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6
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Matsuoka T, Miyauchi R, Nagaoka N, Hasegawa J. Mitigation of liquid-liquid phase separation of a monoclonal antibody by mutations of negative charges on the Fab surface. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240673. [PMID: 33125371 PMCID: PMC7598502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Some monoclonal antibodies undergo liquid-liquid phase separation owing to self-attractive associations involving electrostatic and other soft interactions, thereby rendering monoclonal antibodies unsuitable as therapeutics. To mitigate the phase separation, formulation optimization is often performed. However, this is sometimes unsuccessful because of the limited time for the development of therapeutic antibodies. Thus, protein mutations with appropriate design are required. In this report, we describe a case study involving the design of mutants of negatively charged surface residues to reduce liquid-liquid phase separation propensity. Physicochemical analysis of the resulting mutants demonstrated the mutual correlation between the sign of second virial coefficient B2, the Fab dipole moment, and the reduction of liquid-liquid phase separation propensity. Moreover, both the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment appeared to be essential for liquid-liquid phase separation propensity, where electrostatic interaction was the dominant mechanism. These findings could contribute to a better design of mutants with reduced liquid-liquid phase separation propensity and improved drug-like biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Matsuoka
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuki Miyauchi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumi Nagaoka
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Handl A, López-Lorente ÁI, Handrick R, Mizaikoff B, Hesse F. Infrared attenuated total reflection and 2D fluorescence spectroscopy for the discrimination of differently aggregated monoclonal antibodies. Analyst 2019; 144:6334-6341. [PMID: 31553337 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibody aggregates may occur as undesirable by-products during the manufacturing process of biopharmaceutical proteins since parameters such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, protein concentration, oxygen, and shear forces can lead to aggregate formation. These aggregates have to be detected, quantified and removed cost extensively, since they may reduce the safety and efficacy of the product. Protein aggregates can range from small soluble dimers up to large visible agglomerates. Differently aggregated antibody samples were characterized for their soluble and insoluble aggregate concentration by size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. The samples exhibited a high diversity of protein aggregates, which varied in amount, size and shape. For secondary structure characterization, infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and two-dimensional fluorescence (2D-FL) spectroscopy were applied. Using direct spectroscopy, only marginal differences of various antibody aggregates were evident. However, using appropriate chemometric strategies, the evaluation of IR-ATR and 2D-FL spectra yielded the discrimination of differently aggregated antibody samples with yet unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Handl
- Biberach University, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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8
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Alam ME, Barnett GV, Slaney TR, Starr CG, Das TK, Tessier PM. Deamidation Can Compromise Antibody Colloidal Stability and Enhance Aggregation in a pH-Dependent Manner. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1939-1949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magfur E. Alam
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Gregory V. Barnett
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Thomas R. Slaney
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Charles G. Starr
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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A parallel demonstration of different resins' antibody aggregate removing capability by a case study. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 153:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Onitsuka M, Kadoya Y, Omasa T. Secretory leakage of IgG1 aggregates from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:752-757. [PMID: 30580968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of therapeutic antibodies is one of the most important issues to be resolved in manufacturing processes because of reduced efficacy and immunogenicity. Despite aggregation studies in vitro, little is known about the aggregation mechanism in cell culture processes. In this study, we investigated the process of aggregate formation of IgG1 antibodies during the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to determine how aggregation occurs. A recombinant CHO cell line was cultivated in a bioreactor, and purified IgG1 from daily culture supernatants was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. We found a linear correlation between the peak plots of IgG1 by-products, dimeric and aggregated IgG1, and integrated viable cell density, indicating that these by-products were secreted from CHO cells at a constant secretion rate. In addition, aggregate formation was not reproduced in pseudo-culture experiments, and the solution structures of intracellular and extracellular IgG1 aggregates were similar. These results support the concept of secretory leakage of IgG1 by-products. Secreted aggregates appeared to be in an alternatively folded state, which can pass through the protein quality control system in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yukinori Kadoya
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, U1E-801, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT, Dumontet C, Brinkmann U, Bacac M, Umaña P. Engineering therapeutic bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology. Methods 2018; 154:21-31. [PMID: 30453028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently gained major interest as they allow novel mechanisms-of-action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. A major issue in engineering IgG-based bispecific antibodies has been to enable the correct association of heavy and light chains resulting in correct assembly of the desired bispecific antibody in sufficient yield. Various approaches have been described during recent years to tackle this challenge. We have developed the so-called CrossMab technology that enforces correct light chain association based on the domain crossover of immunoglobulin domains in the Fab region of the bispecific antibody. This versatile technology allows the generation of different bispecific antibody formats including asymmetric heterodimeric monovalent 1 + 1 bispecific antibodies and asymmetric heterodimeric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 1 valency in combination with approaches enabling Fc-hetermodimerization like knob-into-hole technology as well as the generation of tetravalent symmetric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 2 valency, also known as Tandem-Fab based IgG antibodies, using processes suitable for the large scale production of therapeutic bispecific antibodies. Notably, as of now, at least eight different bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology entered clinical development, and additional CrossMabs are in late preclinical development. This review provides a summary of the status and progress with the engineering and generation of CrossMab technology based bispecific antibodies as well as their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg T Regula
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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12
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Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Oshinbolu S, Shah R, Finka G, Molloy M, Uden M, Bracewell DG. Evaluation of fluorescent dyes to measure protein aggregation within mammalian cell culture supernatants. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:909-917. [PMID: 29540956 PMCID: PMC5838538 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A current challenge in bioprocessing is the ability to analyse critical quality attributes such as aggregation without prior purification. This study evaluated the use of fluorescent dyes (Bis-ANS, SYPRO Orange, Thioflavin T and ProteoStat) to characterise mAb aggregates in Chinese hamster ovary clarified cultures. RESULTS The null and mAb culture supernatants showed an increase in fluorescence intensity over the duration of the culture. The null cultures on day 14 saw a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity; day 10 to day 14, Bis-ANS and Thioflavin T had average increases of 21% and 48%, respectively, whereas ProteoStat and SYPRO Orange showed an average increase of 60%. Higher fluorescence intensity on day 14 with the null cultures, also correlated with loss of viability. CONCLUSION Fluorescent dyes are not a specific indicator of mAb aggregation, but rather an indicator of overall protein aggregation or high molecular weight species. SYPRO Orange was more sensitive at detecting very large molecular weight species and ProteoStat seemed better suited to smaller aggregates. Although the assay cannot be used to measure mAb aggregates in cell culture, it could be used to aid cell line selection in maximising viabilities and minimising the amount of aggregates. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheun Oshinbolu
- Dept of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageHertsUK
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14
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Paul AJ, Handrick R, Ebert S, Hesse F. Identification of process conditions influencing protein aggregation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1173-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Paul
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
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15
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Senga Y, Imamura H, Miyafusa T, Watanabe H, Honda S. AlphaScreen-based homogeneous assay using a pair of 25-residue artificial proteins for high-throughput analysis of non-native IgG. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12466. [PMID: 28963557 PMCID: PMC5622108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic IgG becomes unstable under various stresses in the manufacturing process. The resulting non-native IgG molecules tend to associate with each other and form aggregates. Because such aggregates not only decrease the pharmacological effect but also become a potential risk factor for immunogenicity, rapid analysis of aggregation is required for quality control of therapeutic IgG. In this study, we developed a homogeneous assay using AlphaScreen and AF.2A1. AF.2A1 is a 25-residue artificial protein that binds specifically to non-native IgG generated under chemical and physical stresses. This assay is performed in a short period of time. Our results show that AF.2A1-AlphaScreen may be used to evaluate the various types of IgG, as AF.2A1 recognizes the non-native structure in the constant region (Fc region) of IgG. The assay was effective for detection of non-native IgG, with particle size up to ca. 500 nm, generated under acid, heat, and stirring conditions. In addition, this technique is suitable for analyzing non-native IgG in CHO cell culture supernatant and mixed with large amounts of native IgG. These results indicate the potential of AF.2A1-AlphaScreen to be used as a high-throughput evaluation method for process monitoring as well as quality testing in the manufacturing of therapeutic IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
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16
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Tomita S, Matsuda A, Nishinami S, Kurita R, Shiraki K. One-Step Identification of Antibody Degradation Pathways Using Fluorescence Signatures Generated by Cross-Reactive DNA-Based Arrays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7818-7822. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tomita
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, and DAILAB, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuda
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kurita
- Biomedical
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, and DAILAB, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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17
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Torkashvand F, Vaziri B. Main Quality Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies and Effect of Cell Culture Components. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:131-41. [PMID: 28176518 PMCID: PMC5392216 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species, could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affects the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for a rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Brühlmann D, Sokolov M, Butté A, Sauer M, Hemberger J, Souquet J, Broly H, Jordan M. Parallel experimental design and multivariate analysis provides efficient screening of cell culture media supplements to improve biosimilar product quality. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1448-1458. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Biopharma; Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Biopharma; Route de Fenil 25; 1804; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Biozentrum; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Germany
| | - Michael Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Butté
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Biozentrum; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Germany
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Germany
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biopharma; Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Biopharma; Route de Fenil 25; 1804; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Biopharma; Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Biopharma; Route de Fenil 25; 1804; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Biopharma; Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Biopharma; Route de Fenil 25; 1804; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT. The use of CrossMAb technology for the generation of bi- and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1010-20. [PMID: 27285945 PMCID: PMC4968094 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1197457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the generation of bispecific IgG antibodies is enforcement of the correct heavy and light chain association. The correct association of generic light chains can be enabled using immunoglobulin domain crossover, known as CrossMAb technology, which can be combined with approaches enabling correct heavy chain association such as knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology or electrostatic steering. Since its development, this technology has proven to be very versatile, allowing the generation of various bispecific antibody formats, not only heterodimeric/asymmetric bivalent 1+1 CrossMAbs, but also tri- (2+1), tetravalent (2+2) bispecific and multispecific antibodies. Numerous CrossMAbs have been evaluated in preclinical studies, and, so far, 4 different tailor-made bispecific antibodies based on the CrossMAb technology have entered clinical studies. Here, we review the properties and activities of bispecific CrossMAbs and give an overview of the variety of CrossMAb-enabled antibody formats that differ from heterodimeric 1+1 bispecific IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- a Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Wagistrasse , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jörg T Regula
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
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21
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Popp O, Larraillet V, Kettenberger H, Gorr IH, Hilger M, Lipsmeier F, Zeck A, Beaucamp N. Molecular polygamy: The promiscuity of l-phenylalanyl-tRNA-synthetase triggers misincorporation of meta- and ortho-tyrosine in monoclonal antibodies expressed by Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1187-99. [PMID: 25545851 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In-depth analytical characterization of biotherapeutics originating from different production batches is mandatory to ensure product safety and consistent molecule efficacy. Previously, we have shown unintended incorporation of tyrosine (Tyr) and leucine/isoleucine (Leu/Ile) at phenylalanine (Phe) positions in a recombinant produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) using an orthogonal MASCOT/SIEVE based approach for mass spectrometry data analysis. The misincorporation could be avoided by sufficient supply of phenylalanine throughout the process. Several non-annotated signals in the primarily chromatographic peptide separation step for apparently single Phe→Tyr sequence variants (SVs) suggest a role for isobar tyrosine isoforms. Meta- and ortho-Tyr are spontaneously generated during aerobic fed-batch production processes using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Process induced meta- and ortho-Tyr but not proteinogenic para-Tyr are incorporated at Phe locations in Phe-starved CHO cultures expressing a recombinant mAb. Furthermore, meta- and ortho-Tyr are preferably misincorporated over Leu. Structural modeling of the l-phenylalanyl-tRNA-synthetase (PheRS) substrate activation site indicates a possible fit of non-cognate ortho-Tyr and meta-Tyr substrates. Dose-dependent misincorporations of Tyr isoforms support the hypothesis that meta- and ortho-Tyr are competing, alternative substrates for PheRS in CHO processes. Finally, easily accessible at-line surrogate markers for Phe→Tyr SV formation in biotherapeutic production were defined by the calculation of critical ratios for meta-Tyr/Phe and ortho-Tyr/Phe to support early prediction of SV probability, and finally, to allow for immediate process controlled Phe→Tyr SV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Popp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
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Paul AJ, Schwab K, Hesse F. Direct analysis of mAb aggregates in mammalian cell culture supernatant. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:99. [PMID: 25431119 PMCID: PMC4256052 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein aggregation during monoclonal antibody (mAb) production can occur in upstream and downstream processing (DSP). Current methods to determine aggregate formation during cell culture include size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a previous affinity chromatography step in order to remove disturbing cell culture components. The pre-purification step itself can already influence protein aggregation and therefore does not necessarily reflect the real aggregate content present in cell culture. To analyze mAb aggregate formation directly in the supernatant of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, we established a protocol, which allows aggregate quantification using SEC, without a falsifying pre-purification step. Results The use of a 3 μm silica SEC column or a SEC column tailored for mAb aggregate analysis allows the separation of mAb monomer and aggregates from disturbing cell culture components, which enables aggregate determination directly in the supernatant. Antibody aggregate analysis of a mAb-producing CHO DG44 cell line demonstrated the feasibility of the method. Astonishingly, the supernatant of the CHO cells consisted of over 75% mAb dimer and larger oligomers, representing a substantially higher aggregate content than reported in literature so far. Conclusion This study highlights that aggregate quantification directly in the cell culture supernatant using appropriate SEC columns with suitable mAb aggregate standards is feasible without falsification by previous affinity chromatography. Moreover, our results indicate that aggregate formation should be addressed directly in the cell culture and is not only a problem in DSP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-014-0099-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Paul
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology (IAB), Biberach University of Applied Sciences, 88400, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Karen Schwab
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology (IAB), Biberach University of Applied Sciences, 88400, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology (IAB), Biberach University of Applied Sciences, 88400, Biberach, Germany.
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