Investigation of the Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose on the Phase Transformation and Release Profiles of Carbamazepine-Nicotinamide Cocrystal

Lessons to Learn for 3D Printing of Drug Products by Semisolid Extrusion (SSE)

Semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing (3DP) technology is emerging due to its simplicity and potential for on-site manufacturing of personalized drug products with tailored functionality (dose, release profile), as well as recognizability (size, shape, color). However, even a minor change in the composition of the ink (the feedstock material) and the printing process parameters can largely influence the outcome of printing. This paper summarizes the recent SSE 3DP studies, where the important factors affecting the quality of the printed drug products are discussed. Further challenges are showcased by introducing a case study focusing on the design of oral theophylline immediate-release drug products. The identified crucial factors, such as the printing hardware and connected software, printing parameters, and composition of the ink are discussed. Especially, the rheological properties of the ink during the printing process, together with solidification, mechanical properties, and morphology studies of already printed products are deliberated to gain more understanding of the printability of drug products by SSE. This work aims to provide an overview of design aspects related to SSE-based fabrication of personalized drug products.

Optimisation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystal Dissolution Performance through a Synergistic Precipitation Inhibition

OBJECTIVES

Polymeric excipients play an important role in a cocrystal formulation to act as precipitation inhibitors to maximize the potential. Otherwise, a stable form of the parent drug will be recrystallized on the dissolving cocrystal surface and/or in the bulk solution during the cocrystal dissolution process, negating the solubility advantage. The objectives of this work were to investigate the potential of using combined polymers to maximise the dissolution performance of surface precipitation pharmaceutical cocrystals.

METHODS

The dissolution performance of a highly soluble flufenamic acid and nicotinamide (FFA-NIC) cocrystal has been systematically studied with predissolved or powder mixed with a single polymer, including a surface precipitation inhibitor [i.e., copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone (60%) /vinyl acetate (40%) (PVP-VA)] and two bulk precipitation inhibitors [i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Soluplus (SLP)], or binary polymers combinations.

RESULTS

A single polymer of PVP-VA prevented the FFA surface precipitation for an enhanced dissolution performance of FFA-NIC cocrystal. Unfortunately, it cannot sustain the supersaturated FFA concentration in the bulk solution. A combination of two polymers of PVP-VA and SLP has shown a synergistic inhibition effect to enhance the dissolution advantage of FFA-NIC cocrystal.

CONCLUSIONS

The dissolution of a cocrystal with surface precipitation of the parent drug can be described as: i) the cocrystal surface contacting the dissolution medium; ii) the cocrystal surface dissolving; iii) the parent drug precipitation on the dissolving surface; and iv) the parent drug particles redissolving. A combination of two types of polymers can be used to maximise the cocrystal performance in solution.

Updates on applications of low-viscosity grade Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in coprocessing for improvement of physical properties of pharmaceutical powders

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is an important polymeric excipient. Its versatility in terms of molecular weights and viscosity grades is the basis for its wide and successful application in the pharmaceutical industry. Low viscosity grades of HPMC (like E3 and E5) have been used as physical modifiers for pharmaceutical powders in recent years due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties (e.g., low surface tension, high T_g, strong hydrogen bonding ability, etc.). Such modification is the co-processing of HPMC with a drug/excipient to create composite particles (CPs) for the purpose of providing synergistic effects of functional improvement as well as of masking undesirable properties of the powder (e.g., flowability, compressibility, compactibility, solubility, stability, etc.). Therefore, given its irreplaceability and tremendous opportunities for future developments, this review summarized and updated studies on improving the functional properties of drugs and/or excipients by forming CPs with low-viscosity HPMC, analyzed and exploited the improvement mechanisms (e.g., improved surface properties, increased polarity, hydrogen bonding, etc.) for the further development of novel co-processed pharmaceutical powders containing HPMC. It also provides an outlook on the future applications of HPMC, aiming to provide a reference on the crucial role of HPMC in various areas for interested readers.

Considerations on the Kinetic Processes in the Preparation of Ternary Co-Amorphous Systems by Milling

In non-strongly interacting co-amorphous systems, addition of a polymer, to further stabilize the co-amorphous systems, may influence the phase behavior between the components. In this study, the evolution of the composition of the amorphous phase in the ternary system carvedilol (CAR)-tryptophan (TRP)-hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) was investigated, based upon previously formed and characterized binary systems to which the third component was added (CAR - TRP + HPMC, CAR - HPMC + TRP and TRP - HPMC + CAR). Ball milling was used as the preparation method for all binary and ternary systems. The influence of the milling time on the co-amorphous systems was monitored by DSC and XRPD. Addition of HPMC reduced the miscibility of CAR with TRP due to hydrogen bond formation between CAR and polymer. These bonds became dominant for the interaction pattern. In addition, when CAR or TRP exceeded the miscibility limit in HPMC, phase separation and eventually crystallization of CAR and TRP was observed. All ternary co-amorphous systems eventually reached the same composition, albeit following different paths depending on the initially used binary system.

Atorvastatin ascorbic acid cocrystal strategy to improve the safety and efficacy of atorvastatin

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of dissolution enhancement on the hypolipidemic effect and hepatotoxicity of the drug in hyperlipidemic rats. Atorvastatin ascorbic acid cocrystals were prepared by phase solution methods and characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray powder diffraction. Results of characterization confirmed that atorvastatin ascorbic acid cocrystals exhibited particle size was 221 nm. In in vitro study, results of dissolution test showed that the release of atorvastatin was increased to 1.6 folds. From In vivo study results, it was observed that in atorvastatin ascorbic acid cocrystals treated rats, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver transaminase levels were significantly decreased, and liver glutathione activity was increased. In conclusion, atorvastatin ascorbic acid cocrystals therapy exhibited less hepatotoxicity in presence of ascorbic acid when compared to atorvastatin alone therapy and also the efficacy of therapy was improved.

Artemisinin Cocrystals for Bioavailability Enhancement. Part 2: In Vivo Bioavailability and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling

We report the evaluation and prediction of the pharmacokinetic (PK) performance of artemisinin (ART) cocrystal formulations, that is, 1:1 artemisinin/orcinol (ART-ORC) and 2:1 artemisinin/resorcinol (ART²-RES), using in vivo murine animal and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The efficacy of the ART cocrystal formulations along with the parent drug ART was tested in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. When given at the same dose, the ART cocrystal formulation showed a significant reduction in parasitaemia at day 4 after infection compared to ART alone. PK parameters including C_max (maximum plasma concentration), T_max (time to C_max), and AUC (area under the curve) were obtained by determining drug concentrations in the plasma using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), showing enhanced ART levels after dosage with the cocrystal formulations. The dose-response tests revealed that a significantly lower dose of the ART cocrystals in the formulation was required to achieve a similar therapeutic effect as ART alone. A PBPK model was developed using a PBPK mouse simulator to accurately predict the in vivo behavior of the cocrystal formulations by combining in vitro dissolution profiles with the properties of the parent drug ART. The study illustrated that information from classical in vitro and in vivo experimental investigations of the parent drug of ART formulations can be coupled with PBPK modeling to predict the PK parameters of an ART cocrystal formulation in an efficient manner. Therefore, the proposed modeling strategy could be used to establish in vitro and in vivo correlations for different cocrystals intended to improve dissolution properties and to support clinical candidate selection, contributing to the assessment of cocrystal developability and formulation development.

Artemisinin Cocrystals for Bioavailability Enhancement. Part 1: Formulation Design and Role of the Polymeric Excipient

Artemisinin (ART) is a most promising antimalarial agent, which is both effective and well tolerated in patients, though it has therapeutic limitations due to its low solubility, bioavailability, and short half-life. The objective of this work was to explore the possibility of formulating ART cocrystals, i.e., artemisinin-orcinol (ART-ORC) and artemisinin-resorcinol (ART²-RES), as oral dosage forms to deliver ART molecules for bioavailability enhancement. This is the first part of the study, aiming to develop a simple and effective formulation, which can then be tested on an appropriate animal model (i.e., mouse selected for in vivo study) to evaluate their preclinical pharmacokinetics for further development. In the current work, the physicochemical properties (i.e., solubility and dissolution rate) of ART cocrystals were measured to collect information necessary for the formulation development strategy. It was found that the ART solubility can be increased significantly by its cocrystals, i.e., 26-fold by ART-ORC and 21-fold by ART²-RES, respectively. Screening a set of polymers widely used in pharmaceutical products, including poly(vinylpyrrolidone), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, based on the powder dissolution performance parameter analysis, revealed that poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA) was the most effective crystallization inhibitor. The optimal concentration of PVP-VA at 0.05 mg/mL for the formulation was then determined by a dissolution/permeability method, which represented a simplified permeation model to simultaneously evaluate the effects of a crystallization inhibitor on the dissolution and permeation performance of ART cocrystals. Furthermore, experiments, including surface dissolution of single ART cocrystals monitored by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and diffusion properties of ART in solution measured by ¹H and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, provided insights into how the excipient affects the ART cocrystal dissolution performance and bioavailability.

Effect of Surfactants and Polymers on the Dissolution Behavior of Supersaturable Tecovirimat-4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Cocrystals

(1) Background: Pharmaceutical cocrystals have attracted remarkable interest and have been successfully used to enhance the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, supersaturable cocrystals are sometimes thermodynamically unstable, and the solubility advantages present a risk of precipitation because of the solution-mediated phase transformation (SMPT). Additives such as surfactants and polymers could sustain the supersaturation state successfully, but the effect needs insightful understanding. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of surfactants and polymers in the dissolution-supersaturation-precipitation (DSP) behavior of cocrystals. (2) Methods: Five surfactants (SDS, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, Cremophor RH 40, polysorbate 80) and five polymers (PVP K30, PVPVA 64, HPC, HPMC E5, CMC-Na) were selected as additives. Tecovirimat-4-hydroxybenzoic (TEC-HBA) cocrystals were chosen as a model cocrystal. The TEC-HBA cocrystals were first designed and verified by PXRD, DSC, SEM, and FTIR. The effects of surfactants and polymers on the solubility and dissolution of TEC-HBA cocrystals under sink and nonsink conditions were then investigated. (3) Results: Both the surfactants and polymers showed significant dissolution enhancement effects, and most of the polymers were more effective than the surfactants, according to the longer T_max and higher C_max. These results demonstrate that the dissolution behavior of cocrystals might be achieved by the maintained supersaturation effect of the additives. Interestingly, we found a linear relationship between the solubility and C_max of the dissolution curve for surfactants, while no similar phenomena were found in solutions with polymer. (4) Conclusions: The present study provides a basis for additive selection and a framework for understanding the behavior of supersaturable cocrystals in solution.

Effects of Coformer and Polymer on Particle Surface Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation of Cocrystals in Aqueous Media

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the coformer difference on particle surface solution-mediated phase transformation (PS-SMPT) during cocrystal particle dissolution in aqueous media in the absence and presence of polymers. SMPT can occur either in the bulk phase or at the particle surface because drug molecules can be supersaturated at the dissolving cocrystal surface, as well as in the bulk phase. Previously, bulk phase SMPT has been primarily investigated in formulation development. However, little is known about the effects of coformers and polymers on PS-SMPT of cocrystals. In this study, six carbamazepine (CBZ) cocrystals were used as model cocrystals (malonic acid (MAL), succinic acid (SUC), glutaric acid (GLA), adipic acid (ADP), saccharin (SAC), and nicotinamide (NCT); nonsink dissolution tests were performed with or without a precipitation inhibitor (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)) at pH 6.5. The residual particles were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and scanning electron microscopy. Real-time PLM was used to directly observe rapid PS-SMPT. In the absence of HPMC, supersaturation was not observed in the bulk phase for all cocrystals. All cocrystals rapidly transformed to CBZ dihydrate aggregates via PS-SMPT (mostly within 1 min). In contrast, in the presence of 0.1% HPMC, supersaturation was observed for CBZ-SUC, CBZ-ADP, CBZ-SAC, and CBZ-NCT but not for CBZ-MAL and CBZ-GLA. The cocrystals with lower solubility coformers tended to induce higher supersaturation in the bulk phase. The PS-SMPT of CBZ-SUC, CBZ-ADP, and CBZ-SAC was slowed down by HPMC. By suppressing PS-SMPT, the cocrystals exhibited its supersaturation potential, depending on the properties of each coformer. To take advantage of the supersaturation potential of cocrystals to improve oral drug absorption, it is important to suppress particle surface SMPT in addition to bulk phase SMPT.

Understanding the Effects of a Polymer on the Surface Dissolution of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals Using Combined Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approaches

The molecular interactions between the surfaces of cocrystals [i.e., flufenamic acid and theophylline (FFA-TP), flufenamic acid and nicotinamide (FFA-NIC), and carbamazepine and nicotinamide (CBZ-NIC)] and the polymers [i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone (60%)/vinyl acetate (40%) (PVP-VA)] were investigated through combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation approaches to resolve the mechanisms of cocrystal dissolution and precipitation. It was found that adsorption of the polymers on the surfaces of cocrystals might prevent the precipitation of the parent drug and alter the dissolution rate. The effect of polymers on precipitation could be determined by the cocrystal dissolution rate, the interactions of polymers with the surfaces of cocrystals, the characters of the noncovalent bonds formed between the polymers and the cocrystal surfaces, and the mobility and conformation of the polymers. The etching experiments of single cocrystals revealed that FFA-NIC and CBZ-NIC appeared as surface precipitation cocrystals while FFA-TP could lead to bulk precipitation. Both PVP and PVP-VA were good precipitation inhibitors for FFA-NIC, and they could completely inhibit the recrystallization of FFA III on the surfaces of dissolving cocrystals. In addition, as the adsorption of the polymer was slower than dissolution rate of the cocrystals, PVP and PVP-VA could only partially inhibit the recrystallization of CBZ dihydrate on the surface of CBZ-NIC. While PEG had no inhibitory effect on the surface crystallization of FFA-NIC and CBZ-NIC, due to its weak interactions with the surfaces of the cocrystals, it enhanced the dissolution performance of FFA-TP. In contrast, PVP and PVP-VA reduced the dissolution rate of FFA-TP and subsequently undermined the performance of cocrystals. Taken together, the approach of combining experimental and molecular dynamics simulation provided insights into the mechanisms of cocrystal dissolution as well as the polymers acting as inhibitory excipients for precipitation/recrystallization, making contribution to the development of novel formulations.

Preparation and optimization of nano-sized cocrystals using a quality by design approach

Nano-cocrystals were optimized using the L-18 Hunter design. Selection of solvent and antisolvent was made using the Damkohler number.

Dissolution Advantage of Nitazoxanide Cocrystals in the Presence of Cellulosic Polymers

The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and methylcellulose (Methocel^® 60 HG) on the dissolution behavior of two cocrystals derived from nitazoxanide (NTZ), viz., nitazoxanide-glutaric acid (NTZ-GLU, 1:1) and nitazoxanide-succinic acid (NTZ-SUC, 2:1), was explored. Powder dissolution experiments under non-sink conditions showed similar dissolution profiles for the cocrystals and pure NTZ. However, pre-dissolved cellulosic polymer in the phosphate dissolution medium (pH 7.5) modified the dissolution profile of NTZ when starting from the cocrystals, achieving transient drug supersaturation. Subsequent dissolution studies under sink conditions of polymer-based pharmaceutical powder formulations with NTZ-SUC cocrystals gave a significant improvement of the apparent solubility of NTZ when compared with analogous formulations of pure NTZ and the physical mixture of NTZ and SUC. Scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis of samples recovered after the powder dissolution studies showed that the cocrystals undergo fast dissolution, drug supersaturation and precipitation both in the absence and presence of polymer, suggesting that the solubilization enhancement is due to polymer-induced delay of nucleation and crystal growth of the less soluble NTZ form. The study demonstrates that the incorporation of an appropriate excipient in adequate concentration can be a key factor for inducing and maintaining the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs starting from co-crystallized solid forms. In such a way, cocrystals can be suitable for the development of solid dosage forms with improved bioavailability and efficacy in the treatment of important parasitic and viral diseases, among others.

Pharmaceutical Cocrystal Drug Products: An Outlook on Product Development

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are most commonly formulated and delivered to patients in the solid state. Recently, an alternative API solid-state form, namely the pharmaceutical cocrystal, has witnessed increasing academic and industrial interest due to its potential to deliver bespoke physical properties in the pharmaceutical drug product. This interest has been supported by advances in cocrystal discovery, development, and approval, enabled primarily by a supportive new FDA guidance in February 2018. In this review, we describe the process of developing a pharmaceutical cocrystal drug product from screening to approval, with an emphasis on significant developments over the past decade.

Investigating Permeation Behavior of Flufenamic Acid Cocrystals Using a Dissolution and Permeation System

The dissolution and permeation of the cocrystals, flufenamic acid-nicotinamide (FFA-NIC) and flufenamic acid-theophylline (FFA-TP), have been investigated in the presence of two polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), using a dissolution/permeation (D/P) system. It showed that the types and concentrations of the polymers and their interactions with the coformers had significant effects on the dissolution and permeation of the FFA cocrystals. The role of PVP as a stabilizing agent was not altered in spite of its interaction with the coformer of NIC or TP, which was supported by the proportional flux rate of FFA to the dissolution performance parameter (DPP). With an appropriate PVP concentration, the maximal flux rate of FFA could be obtained for a given FFA cocrystal. The situation was complicated in the presence of PVP-VA. The role of PVP-VA could change because of its association with the coformers, i.e., from a stabilizing agent to a solubilization agent. In addition, PVP-VA reduced the flux rate of FFA, in contrast to its DPP for FFA cocrystals. Finally, ¹H NMR provided evidence regarding the molecular interactions between FFA, coformers, and polymers at the atomic level and gave insight into the mechanism underlying the supersaturated solution and subsequent permeation behavior of the cocrystals.

Thermodynamic Investigation of Carbamazepine-Saccharin Co-Crystal Polymorphs

Polymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredients can be regarded as critical for the potential that crystal form can have on the quality, efficacy, and safety of the final drug product. The current contribution aims to characterize thermodynamic interrelationship of a dimorphic co-crystal, FI and FII, involving carbamazepine (CBZ) and saccharin (SAC) molecules. Supramolecular synthesis of CBZ-SAC FI and FII has been performed using thermokinetic methods and systematically characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, solubility, and slurry measurements. According to the heat of fusion rule by Burger and Ramberger, FI (ΔH_fus = 121.1 J/g; melting point, 172.5°C) and FII (ΔH_fus = 110.3 J/g; melting point, 164.7°C) are monotropically related. The solubility and van't Hoff plot results suggest FI stable and FII metastable forms. This study reveals that CBZ-SAC co-crystal phases, FI or FII, could be stable to heat-induced stresses; however, FII converts to FI during solution-mediated transformation.

Challenges in Translational Development of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

The last 2 decades have witnessed increased research in the area of cocrystals resulting in deeper scientific understanding, increase in intellectual property landscape, and evolution in the regulatory environment. Pharmaceutical cocrystals have received significant attention as a new solid form on account of their ability to modulate poor physicochemical properties of drug molecules. However, pharmaceutical development of cocrystals could be challenging, thus limiting their translation into viable drug products. In the present commentary, the role of cocrystals in the modulation of material properties and challenges involved in the pharmaceutical development of cocrystals have been discussed. The major hurdles encountered in the development of cocrystals such as safety of coformers, unpredictable performance during dissolution and solubility in different media, difficulties in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, and polymorphism have been extensively discussed. The influence of selecting appropriate formulation and process design on these challenges has been discussed. Finally, a brief outline of cocrystals that are undergoing clinical development has also been presented.

Investigating the Influence of Polymers on Supersaturated Flufenamic Acid Cocrystal Solutions

The development of enabling formulations is a key stage when demonstrating the effectiveness of pharmaceutical cocrystals to maximize the oral bioavailability for poorly water soluble drugs. Inhibition of drug crystallization from a supersaturated cocrystal solution through a fundamental understanding of the nucleation and crystal growth is important. In this study, the influence of the three polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and a copolymer of N-vinly-2-pyrrodidone (60%) and vinyl acetate (40%) (PVP-VA) on the flufenamic acid (FFA) crystallization from three different supersaturated solutions of the pure FFA and two cocrystals of FFA-NIC CO and FFA-TP CO has been investigated by measuring nucleation induction times and desupersaturation rates in the presence and absence of seed crystals. It was found that the competition of intermolecular hydrogen bonding among drug/coformer, drug/polymer, and coformer/polymer was a key factor responsible for maintaining supersaturation through nucleation inhibition and crystal growth modification in a cocrystal solution. The supersaturated cocrystal solutions with predissolved PEG demonstrated more effective stabilization in comparison to the pure FFA in the presence of the same polymer. In contrast, neither of the two cocrystal solutions, in the presence of PVP or PVP-VA, exhibited a better performance than the pure FFA with the same predissolved polymer. The study suggests that the selection of a polymeric excipient in a cocrystal formulation should not be solely dependent on the interplay of the parent drug and polymer without considering the coformer effects.

Simultaneous Rapid Determination of the Solubility and Diffusion Coefficients of a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug Based on a Novel UV Imaging System

The solubility and diffusion coefficient are two of the most important physicochemical properties of a drug compound. In practice, both have been measured separately, which is time consuming. This work utilizes a novel technique of UV imaging to determine the solubility and diffusion coefficients of poorly water-soluble drugs simultaneously. A 2-step optimal method is proposed to determine the solubility and diffusion coefficients of a poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical substance based on the Fick's second law of diffusion and UV imaging measurements. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to determine the solubility and diffusion coefficients of a drug with reasonable accuracy, indicating that UV imaging may provide a new opportunity to accurately measure the solubility and diffusion coefficients of a poorly water-soluble drug simultaneously and rapidly.

Evaluation of Influence of Various Polymers on Dissolution and Phase Behavior of Carbamazepine-Succinic Acid Cocrystal in Matrix Tablets

The aim of current study was to explore the influence of three commonly used polymers, that is, cellulosics and noncellulosics, for example, Methocel K4M, Kollidon VA/64, and Soluplus, on the phase disproportionation and drug release profile of carbamazepine-succinic acid (CBZ-SUC) cocrystal at varying drug to polymer ratios (1 : 1 to 1 : 0.25) in matrix tablets. The polymorphic phase disproportionation during in-depth dissolution studies of CBZ-SUC cocrystals and its crystalline properties were scrutinized by X-ray powder diffractrometry and Raman spectroscopy. The percent drug release from HPMC formulations (CSH) showed inverse relation with the concentration of polymer; that is, drug release increased with decrease in polymer concentration. On contrary, direct relation was observed between percent drug release and polymer concentrations of Kollidon VA 64/Soluplus (CSK, CSS). At similar polymer concentration, drug release from pure carbamazepine was slightly lower with HPMC formulations than that of cocrystal; however, opposite trend in release rate was observed with Kollidon VA/64 and Soluplus. The significant increase in dissolution rate of cocrystal occurred with Kollidon VA/64 and Soluplus at higher polymer concentration. Moreover, no phase change took place in Methocel and Kollidon formulations. No tablet residue was left for Soluplus formulation so the impact of polymer on cocrystal integrity cannot be predicted.