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Exploration of Microneedle-assisted Skin Delivery of Cyanocobalamin formulated in Ultraflexible Lipid Vesicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:184-198. [PMID: 35787430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency is a widespread condition because of its different aetiologies, like malabsorption syndrome or lifestyles as strict veganism that is increasing its incidence and prevalence in developed countries. It has important haematological consequences that require pharmacological treatment. Current therapy consists of oral or parenteral supplements of cyanocobalamin; however, the oral route is discarded for malabsorption syndrome patients and the parenteral route is not well accepted generally. Topical treatments have been suggested as an alternative, but the molecular weight and hydrophilicity of cyanocobalamin limits its diffusion through the skin. Lipid vesicles can allow the transdermal absorption of molecules >500 Da. The aim of this work was to use different ultraflexible lipid vesicles (transfersomes and ethosomes) to enhance cyanocobalamin transdermal delivery. Vesicles were characterized and lyophilised for long-term stability. The ability to deliver cyanocobalamin through the skin was assessed in vitro using full-thickness porcine skin in Franz diffusion cells. As expected, the best transdermal fluxes were provided by ultraflexible vesicles, in comparison to a drug solution. Moreover, the pre-treatment of the skin with a solid microneedle array boosts the amount of drug that could potentially reach the systemic circulation.
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Sato ET, Machado N, Araújo DR, Paulino LC, Martinho H. Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) on dry stratum corneum, corneocyte-lipid interfaces: experimental and vibrational spectroscopy calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119218. [PMID: 33341746 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many questions concerning the biophysical and physiological properties of skin are still open. Skin aging, permeability, dermal absorption, hydration, and drug transdermal delivery, are few examples of processes with unveiled underlying mechanisms. In this work, it is presented a comparison between Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) of dry stratum corneum and stratum corneum under lipase action supported by first-principles density functional vibrational calculations. The molecular structure of stratum corneum was modeled by an archetype of its hygroscopic proteic portion inside the corneocytes, the natural moisturizing factor, coupled to glycerol molecules which represent the lipid fraction of stratum corneum. Vibrational spectra were calculated and compared to experimental data obtained on the animal model of stratum corneum. The experimental results indicated prominent spectral differences between dry and lipase-treated stratum corneum. Principal components analysis and hyerarchical clustering indicated that 1200, 1650, and 1695 cm-1 bands are the most influential on the discrimination. It is noticed that bands in the fingerprint region (800-1800 cm-1) were correctly assigned. Moreover, the calculations revealed the existence of two coupled vibration between the hydroxyl group of lipid and methylene (1120 and 1160 cm-1), which are of special interest since they probe the lipid-amino acid coupling. The model was also able to predict the shear modulus of dry stratum corneum in excellent agreement with the reported values from the literature. Other physical/chemical properties could be calculated exploring the chemical accuracy and molecular resolution of this model. Research in dermatology, cosmetology, and biomedical engineering in the specific topics of drug delivery and/or mechanical properties of skin are examples of fields that would potentially take advantage of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Sato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Neila Machado
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Daniele R Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Paulino
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Herculano Martinho
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
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Quan P, Jiao B, Shang R, Liu C, Fang L. Alternative therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with a novel transdermal patch containing Siegesbeckiae Herba extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113294. [PMID: 32841693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Siegesbeckiae Herba (SiH) is a traditional anti-rheumatic herbal medicine in China. A SiH derived product, Phynova Joint and Muscle Relief Tablets™, has been granted the UK license in 2015. Although transdermal delivery provides better patient compliance and relative constant plasma drug concentration, the feasibility of transdermal delivery of SiH was not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to develop a novel transdermal patch containing SiH extract for alternative therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS SiH extract containing 48.5% (w/w) of kirenol was prepared from Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino. Then transdermal patches containing SiH extract were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. The formulation of the transdermal patch was optimized based on the in vitro skin permeation experiment. Finally, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the optimal patch were evaluated by chronic inflammation model induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and writhing model induced by acetic acid, separately. RESULTS Oleic acid (OA) showed the maximum permeation enhancement effect with the enhancement ratio (ER) values of 3.32. Therefore, OA was used as a permeation enhancer in the transdermal patch. The optimal formulation consisted of SiH extract (10% of the matrix, w/w), OA (10% of the matrix, w/w), DURO-TAK® 87-2287 (pressure sensitive adhesive matrix) and Scotchpak™ 9701 (backing layer). The optimal transdermal patch containing SiH extract significantly reduced the degree of paw swelling and number of writhing in inflammation model and writhing model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed transdermal patch containing Siegesbeckiae Herba extract showed good anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, which demonstrated a great potential for alternative therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Baixin Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Calcutt JJ, Roberts MS, Anissimov YG. Modeling drug transport within the viable skin - a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 17:105-119. [PMID: 33017199 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1832081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past, mathematical modeling of the transport of transdermal drugs has been primarily focused on the stratum corneum. However, the development of pharmaceutical technologies, such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, and microneedles, has led to two outcomes; an increase in permeability in the stratum corneum or the ability to negate the layer entirely. As a result, these outcomes have made the transport of a solute in the viable skin far more critical when studying transdermal drug delivery. AREAS COVERED The review will explicitly show the various attempts to model drug transport within the viable skin. Furthermore, a brief review will be conducted on the different models that explain stratum corneum transport, microneedle dynamics and estimation of the diffusion coefficient. EXPERT OPINION Future development of mathematical models requires the focus to be changed from traditional diffusion-based tissue models to more sophisticated three-dimensional models that incorporate the physiology of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Calcutt
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow, Russia
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Morikane D, Zang L, Nishimura N. Evaluation of the Percutaneous Absorption of Drug Molecules in Zebrafish. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173974. [PMID: 32878194 PMCID: PMC7504801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a widely used vertebrate animal model for studying development and human diseases. However, studies on skin medication using zebrafish are rare. Here, we developed a novel protocol for percutaneous absorption of molecules via the zebrafish tail skin, by applying a liquid solution directly, or using a filter paper imbibed with a chemical solution (coating). Human skin is capable of absorbing felbinac and loxoprofen sodium hydrate (LSH), but not glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and terbinafine hydrochloride (TH). To evaluate the possibility and the quality of transdermal absorption in zebrafish, we transdermally administered these four drugs to zebrafish. Pharmacokinetics showed that felbinac was present in the blood of zebrafish subjected to all administration methods. Felbinac blood concentrations peaked at 2 h and disappeared 7 h after administration. GA was not detected following transdermal administrations, but was following exposure. LSH was not found in the circulatory system after transdermal administration, but TH was. A dose-response correlation was observed for felbinac blood concentration. These findings suggest that zebrafish are capable of absorbing drug molecules through their skin. However, the present data cannot demonstrate that zebrafish is a practical model to predict human skin absorption. Further systemic studies are needed to observe the correlations in percutaneous absorption between humans and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizo Morikane
- DIA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kashihara, Nara 634-0803, Japan;
| | - Liqing Zang
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Mie University Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-59-231-5405
| | - Norihiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Mie University Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Iyama Y, Sato H, Seto Y, Onoue S. Strategic photosafety screening system consisting of in chemico photoreactivity and in vitro skin exposure for quinolone derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105257. [PMID: 32035110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to verify the applicable domain of a proposed photosafety screening system, consisting of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and in vitro skin permeation test, for dermally-applied chemicals. Quinolones (QNLs) were selected as test compounds, including enoxacin, flumequine, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, orbifloxacin, and oxolinic acid. The ROS assay and in vitro skin permeation test were employed to evaluate photoreactivity and skin deposition of QNLs, respectively. All QNLs exhibited significant ROS generation on exposure to simulated sunlight; in particular, enoxacin was indicative of potent photoreactivity compared with the other 5 QNLs. Steady-state concentration values of flumequine and nalidixic acid were calculated to be 5.0 and 8.2 μg/mL, respectively, and higher than those of the other QNLs. Based on the photoreactivity and skin exposure of QNLs, the phototoxic risk was ranked, and the predicted phototoxic risk by the proposed system was mostly in agreement with observed in vivo phototoxicity, suggesting the applicability of the proposed strategy to photosafety assessment of QNLs. The proposed screening would be efficacious to predict phototoxic risk of dermally-applied chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Iyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Seto Y, Ohtake H, Sato H, Onoue S. Phototoxic risk assessment of dermally-applied chemicals with structural variety based on photoreactivity and skin deposition. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104619. [PMID: 32088184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined use of photochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) data for phototoxic risk assessment was previously proposed, and the system provided reliable phototoxic risk predictions of chemicals in same chemical series. This study aimed to verify the feasibility of the screening system for phototoxic risk assessment on dermally-applied chemicals with wide structural diversity, as a first attempt. Photochemical properties of test chemicals, 2-acetonaphthalene, 4'-methylbenzylidene camphor, 6-methylcoumarin, methyl N-methylanthranilate, and sulisobenzone, were evaluated in terms of UV absorption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and PK profiles of the test chemicals in rat skin were characterized after dermal co-application. All test chemicals showed strong UVA/B absorption with molar extinction coefficients of over 3000 M-1⋅cm-1, and irradiated 2-acetonaphthalene, 6-methylcoumarin, and methyl N-methylanthranilate exhibited significant ROS generation. Dermally-applied 2-acetonaphthalene and 4'-methylbenzylidene camphor indicated high and long-lasting skin deposition compared with the other test chemicals. Based on the photochemical and PK data, 2-acetonaphthalene was predicted to have potent phototoxic risk. The predicted phototoxic risk of the test chemicals by integration of obtained data was mostly consistent with their in vivo phototoxicity observed in rat skin. The screening strategy employing photochemical and PK data would have high prediction capacity and wide applicability for photosafety evaluation of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Seto
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ohtake
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Hatanaka T, Saito T, Fukushima T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K, Umehara S, Takeuchi T, Okamura Y. Potential of biocompatible polymeric ultra-thin films, nanosheets, as topical and transdermal drug delivery devices. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Todo H. Transdermal Permeation of Drugs in Various Animal Species. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9030033. [PMID: 28878145 PMCID: PMC5620574 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excised human skin is utilized for in vitro permeation experiments to evaluate the safety and effect of topically-applied drugs by measuring its skin permeation and concentration. However, ethical considerations are the major problem for using human skin to evaluate percutaneous absorption. Moreover, large variations have been found among human skin specimens as a result of differences in age, race, and anatomical donor site. Animal skins are used to predict the in vivo human penetration/permeation of topically-applied chemicals. In the present review, skin characteristics, such as thickness of skin, lipid content, hair follicle density, and enzyme activity in each model are compared to human skin. In addition, intra- and inter-individual variation in animal models, permeation parameter correlation between animal models and human skin, and utilization of cultured human skin models are also descried. Pig, guinea pig, and hairless rat are generally selected for this purpose. Each animal model has advantages and weaknesses for utilization in in vitro skin permeation experiments. Understanding of skin permeation characteristics such as permeability coefficient (P), diffusivity (D), and partition coefficient (K) for each skin model would be necessary to obtain better correlations for animal models to human skin permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Sugino M, Hatanaka T, Todo H, Mashimo Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi M, Hosoya O, Jinno H, Juni K, Sugibayashi K. Safety evaluation of dermal exposure to phthalates: Metabolism-dependent percutaneous absorption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 328:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Kim IW, Oh JM. Deep learning: from chemoinformatics to precision medicine. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics
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14
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Ekins S. The Next Era: Deep Learning in Pharmaceutical Research. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2594-603. [PMID: 27599991 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade we have witnessed the increasing sophistication of machine learning algorithms applied in daily use from internet searches, voice recognition, social network software to machine vision software in cameras, phones, robots and self-driving cars. Pharmaceutical research has also seen its fair share of machine learning developments. For example, applying such methods to mine the growing datasets that are created in drug discovery not only enables us to learn from the past but to predict a molecule's properties and behavior in future. The latest machine learning algorithm garnering significant attention is deep learning, which is an artificial neural network with multiple hidden layers. Publications over the last 3 years suggest that this algorithm may have advantages over previous machine learning methods and offer a slight but discernable edge in predictive performance. The time has come for a balanced review of this technique but also to apply machine learning methods such as deep learning across a wider array of endpoints relevant to pharmaceutical research for which the datasets are growing such as physicochemical property prediction, formulation prediction, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/Tox), target prediction and skin permeation, etc. We also show that there are many potential applications of deep learning beyond cheminformatics. It will be important to perform prospective testing (which has been carried out rarely to date) in order to convince skeptics that there will be benefits from investing in this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 5616 Hilltop Needmore Road, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, 27526, USA. .,Collaborative Drug Discovery, 1633 Bayshore Highway, Suite 342, Burlingame, California, 94010, USA.
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15
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Uchida T, Yakumaru M, Nishioka K, Higashi Y, Sano T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Evaluation of a Silicone Membrane as an Alternative to Human Skin for Determining Skin Permeation Parameters of Chemical Compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1338-46. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uchida
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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