Development of In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablet Formulation Using Urinary Pharmacokinetic Data

Development of an In Vitro Drug Release Method to Enable In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation of Potassium Chloride Extended-Release Tablets

An in vitro drug release test was developed to establish a level A in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for predicting the in vivo performance of potassium chloride extended-release (ER) matrix tablets. Three ER formulations of potassium chloride with different in vitro release rates were designed using the USP dissolution test, and their urinary pharmacokinetic profiles were evaluated in healthy subjects. Due to the lack of IVIVC with the USP method, experiments were designed to investigate the effects of in vitro test conditions on drug release in order to match in vitro drug release with in vivo behaviors of different formulations. The evaluated in vitro variables included the type of USP apparatus, surfactant, and ionic strength of the dissolution medium. Based on the study findings and data analysis, a discriminatory drug release method was successfully developed that enabled the establishment and validation of a level A IVIVC model of the potassium chloride ER tablet using urinary pharmacokinetic data. This method uses USP apparatus I at 50 rpm in 900 mL of 150 mM NaCl solution containing 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate at 37 °C. The current study highlights the value of investigating test conditions in developing a predictive in vitro test method for establishing IVIVC.

Development and evaluation of taste masked dry syrup formulation of potassium chloride

Potassium chloride (KCl) syrup is widely used for the oral treatment of the hypokalemia. However, it is associated with unacceptable taste. In the present study, we sought to develop a palatable and easy to reconstitute KCl dry syrup as a commercially viable alternative to currently available KCl syrup. We explored the potential of Eudragit E100 as a taste-masking polymer to coat and improve the palatability of the KCl. With the help of fluid bed processor, KCl was coated with the solution containing varying amounts of Eudragit E100 (4, 6, 10 and 15%). Coating with 10% polymer solution enabled optimal fluid bed processing, higher entrapment of the KCl (81%) and better in vitro release profile in 0.1 N HCl and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. A dry syrup formulation containing Eudragit E100 coated KCl with good physical and chemical stability in dry and reconstituted state was developed. The palatability of the optimized formulation and commercially available KCl syrup was evaluated using the Electronic Taste Sensing Machine. The developed formulation showed~ 2-fold better taste-masking compared to the commercial KCl syrup. Thus, present investigation describes the development of an effective alternative to the current KCl syrup that can offer better palatability, stability and patient compliance.

An updated overview with simple and practical approach for developing in vitro-in vivo correlation

Preclinical Research & Development An in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is as a predictive mathematical model that demonstrates a key role in the development, advancement, evaluation and optimization of extended release, modified release and immediate release pharmaceutical formulations. A validated IVIVC model can serve as a surrogate for bioequivalence studies and subsequently save time, effort and expenditure during pharmaceutical product development. This review discusses about different levels of correlations, general approaches to develop an IVIVC by mathematical modelling, validation, data analysis and various applications. In the current setting, the dearth of success associated with IVIVC is due to complexity of underlying scientific principles as well as the practice of fitting/matching in vivo plasma level-time data with in vitro dissolution profile. Hence, a simple, straightforward practical means to predict plasma drug levels by convolution technique and percentage drug absorbed computed from in vitro dissolution profile based on deconvolution method are illustrated. The bioavailability/bioequivalence assessment and evaluation are frequently validated by the pharmacokinetic parameters such as maximum concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, and area under the curve. The implementation of a quality by design manufacturing based on in vivo bioavailability and clinically relevant dissolution specification are recommended because corresponding design safe space will guarantee that all batches from relevant products are met with sufficient quality and bioperformance. Recently, United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have proposed that in silico/physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling can be used in decision making during preclinical experiments as well as to recognize the dissolution profiles that can forecast and ensure the desired clinical performance.