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Xiao G, Chen YL, Dedic N, Xie L, Koblan KS, Galluppi GR. In Vitro ADME and Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Ulotaront, a TAAR1/5-HT 1A Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Pharm Res 2022; 39:837-850. [PMID: 35484370 PMCID: PMC9160101 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Ulotaront (SEP-363856) is a TAAR1 agonist with 5-HT1A agonist activity currently in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia. The objectives of the current study were to characterize the in vitro ADME properties, preclinical PK, and to evaluate the DDI potential of ulotaront and its major metabolite SEP-383103. Methods Solubility, permeability, plasma protein binding, CYP inhibition and induction, transporter inhibition and uptake studies were conducted in vitro. Phenotyping studies were conducted using recombinant human CYPs and FMOs, human liver microsomes and human liver homogenates. Preclinical plasma and brain pharmacokinetics were determined after a single intraperitoneal, intravenous, and oral administration of ulotaront. Results Ulotaront is a compound of high solubility, high permeability, and low binding to plasma proteins. Ulotaront metabolism is mediated via both NADPH-dependent and NADPH-independent pathways, with CYP2D6 as the major metabolizing enzyme. Ulotaront is an inducer of CYP2B6, and an inhibitor of CYP2D6, OCT1 and OCT2, while SEP-383103 is neither a CYP inducer nor a potent inhibitor of CYPs and human transporters. Ulotaront exhibits rapid absorption, greater than 70% bioavailability, approximately 3.5 L/kg volume of distribution, 1.5-4 h half-life, 12-43 ml/min/kg clearance, and good penetration across the blood–brain barrier in preclinical species. Conclusions Ulotaront has been designated as a BCS1 compound by US FDA. The ability of ulotaront to penetrate the blood–brain barrier for CNS targeting has been demonstrated in mice and rats. The potential for ulotaront and SEP-383103 to act as perpetrators of CYP and transporter-mediated DDIs is predicted to be remote. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03267-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Xiao
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Yu-Luan Chen
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Nina Dedic
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Linghong Xie
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Kenneth S Koblan
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Gerald R Galluppi
- DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
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Amiloride is a suitable fluorescent substrate for the study of the drug transporter human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 592:113-118. [PMID: 35042121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1; SLC47A1) is highly expressed in the kidneys and the liver. It plays a significant role in drug and endogenous compound disposition, and therefore, a rapid evaluation of its inhibition is important for drug development and for the understanding of renal and hepatic physiology. Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic used for treating hypertension; it also demonstrates strong fluorescence in organic solvent or detergent solutions. In this study, we investigated the transport characteristics of amiloride by human MATE1. Cellular accumulation of amiloride was evaluated in control vector- or MATE1-transfected HEK293 cells. Cells were lysed with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and fluorescence was measured using a microplate reader at wavelengths of 364ex and 409em. With ammonium prepulse-induced intracellular acidification, MATE1 transported amiloride at an extracellular pH of 7.4. The uptake demonstrated an overshoot phenomenon and saturated, with the Km and Vmax being 23.5 μM and 1.01 nmol/mg/min, respectively. MATE1-mediated amiloride transport also presented with a bell-shaped pH profile that reached a maximum pH value of 7.4. The inhibitor sensitivity of MATE1-facilitated amiloride transport was similar to those of known substrates, such as tetraethylammonium and metformin. Among the tested inhibitors, pyrimethamine demonstrated the most potent inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.266 μM. Furthermore, MATE1 was found to be inhibited by fampridine, which was previously considered to be a non-inhibitor of MATE1. This study demonstrates that amiloride is a suitable fluorescent substrate for the in vitro study of the transport activity of MATE1.
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He Y, He G, He T. Specifically Targeted Transport of Plasma Membrane Transporters: From Potential Mechanisms for Regulating Cell Health or Disease to Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100736. [PMID: 34677502 PMCID: PMC8538571 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal substrate transport and signal transmission are the premise to ensure the health of biological somatic cells. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of intercellular substrate transport is of great significance for clinical treatment. In order to better understand the membrane protein through its interaction with receptors, to help maintain a healthy cell and the molecular mechanisms of disease, in this paper, we seek to clarify, first of all, the recognition mechanism for different types of membrane protein receptors; pathogen invasion using the transport pathway involved in the membrane; and the latest specific target sites of various kinds of membrane transport carriers; to provide an explanation and summary of the system. Secondly, the downstream receptor proteins and specific substrates of different membrane transporters were classified systematically; the functional differences of different subclasses and their relationship with intracellular transport disorders were analyzed to further explore the potential relationship between cell transport disorders and diseases. Finally, the paper summarizes the use of membrane transporter-specific targets for drug design and development from the latest research results; it points out the transporter-related results in disease treatment; the application prospects and the direction for drug development and disease treatment providing a new train of thought; also for disease-specific targeted therapy, it provides a certain reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Guandi He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tengbing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Institute of New Rural Development, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Fu S, Yu F, Sun T, Hu Z. Transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions – Study design, data analysis, and implications for in vitro evaluations. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Jiang J, Wang W, Sun F, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang D. Bacterial infection reinforces host metabolic flux from arginine to spermine for NLRP3 inflammasome evasion. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108832. [PMID: 33691113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts recognize cytosolic microbial infection via the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor (NLR) protein family, triggering inflammasome complex assembly to provoke pyroptosis or cytokine-related caspase-1-dependent antimicrobial responses. Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to antagonize inflammasome activation. Here, Edwardsiella piscicida gene-defined transposon library screening for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in nlrc4-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) demonstrates that genes clustered in the bacterial arginine metabolism pathway participate in NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Blocking arginine uptake or putrescine export significantly relieves NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition, indicating that this bacterium rewires its arginine metabolism network during infection. Moreover, intracellular E. piscicida recruits the host arginine importer (mCAT-1) and putrescine exporter (Oct-2) to bacterium-containing vacuoles, accompanied by reduced arginine and accumulated cytosolic spermine. Neutralizing E. piscicida-induced cytosolic spermine enhancement by spermine synthetase or extracellular spermine significantly alters NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, accumulated cytosolic spermine inhibits K+ efflux-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These data highlight the mechanism of bacterial gene-mediated arginine metabolism control for NLRP3 inflammasome evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Kanhai KMS, Nij Bijvank JA, Wagenaar YL, Klaassen ES, Lim K, Bergheanu SC, Petzold A, Verma A, Hesterman J, Wattjes MP, Uitdehaag BMJ, van Rijn LJ, Groeneveld GJ. Treatment of internuclear ophthalmoparesis in multiple sclerosis with fampridine: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:697-703. [PMID: 30756475 PMCID: PMC6515699 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine whether the velocity of saccadic eye movements in internuclear ophthalmoparesis (INO) improves with fampridine treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial with fampridine in patients with MS and INO. Horizontal saccades were recorded at baseline and at multiple time points post‐dose. Main outcome measures were the change of peak velocity versional dysconjugacy index (PV‐VDI) and first‐pass amplitude VDI (FPA‐VDI). Both parameters were compared between fampridine and placebo using a mixed model analysis of variance taking patients as their own control. Pharmacokinetics was determined by serial blood sampling. Results Thirteen patients had a bilateral and 10 had a unilateral INO. One patient had an INO of abduction (posterior INO of Lutz) and was excluded. Fampridine significantly reduced both PV‐VDI (−17.4%, 95% CI: −22.4%, −12.1%; P < 0.0001) and FPA‐VDI (−12.5%, 95% CI: −18.9%, −5.5%; P < 0.01). Pharmacokinetics demonstrated that testing coincided with the average tmax at 2.08 hours (SD 45 minutes). The main adverse event reported after administration of fampridine was dizziness (61%). Conclusion Fampridine improves saccadic eye movements due to INO in MS. Treatment response to fampridine may gauge patient selection for inclusion to remyelination strategies in MS using saccadic eye movements as primary outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny A Nij Bijvank
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - KyoungSoo Lim
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,KCRN Research, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | - Axel Petzold
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ajay Verma
- Experimental Medicine, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurentius J van Rijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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