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Li Z, Dang Q, Wang P, Zhao F, Huang J, Wang C, Liu X, Min W. Food-Derived Peptides: Beneficial CNS Effects and Cross-BBB Transmission Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20453-20478. [PMID: 38085598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Food-derived peptides, as dietary supplements, have significant effects on promoting brain health and relieving central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits their in-brain bioavailability. Thus, overcoming the BBB to target the CNS is a major challenge for bioactive peptides in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases. This review discusses improvement in the neuroprotective function of food-derived active peptides in CNS diseases, as well as the source of BBB penetrating peptides (BBB-shuttles) and the mechanism of transmembrane transport. Notably, this review also discusses various peptide modification methods to overcome the low permeability and stability of the BBB. Lipification, glycosylation, introduction of disulfide bonds, and cyclization are effective strategies for improving the penetration efficiency of peptides through the BBB. This review provides a new prospective for improving their neuroprotective function and developing treatments to delay or even prevent CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Dang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Chongchong Wang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
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Tega Y, Kubo Y, Miura H, Ri K, Tomise A, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Carrier-Mediated Process of Putrescine Elimination at the Rat Blood-Retinal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109003. [PMID: 37240348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Putrescine is a bioactive polyamine. Its retinal concentration is strictly controlled to maintain a healthy sense of vision. The present study investigated putrescine transport at the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of putrescine regulation in the retina. Our microdialysis study showed that the elimination rate constant during the terminal phase was significantly greater (1.90-fold) than that of [14C]D-mannitol, which is a bulk flow marker. The difference in the apparent elimination rate constants of [3H]putrescine and [14C]D-mannitol was significantly decreased by unlabeled putrescine and spermine, suggesting active putrescine transport from the retina to the blood across the BRB. Our study using model cell lines of the inner and outer BRB showed that [3H]putrescine transport was time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent, suggesting the involvement of carrier-mediated processes in putrescine transport at the inner and outer BRB. [3H]Putrescine transport was significantly reduced under Na+-free, Cl--free, and K+-replacement conditions, and attenuated by polyamines or organic cations such as choline, a choline transporter-like protein (CTL) substrate. Rat CTL1 cRNA-injected oocytes exhibited marked alterations in [3H]putrescine uptake, and CTL1 knockdown significantly reduced [3H]putrescine uptake in model cell lines, suggesting the possible participation of CTL1 in putrescine transport at the BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tega
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kairi Ri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tomise
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Pardridge WM. A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Jomura R, Akanuma SI, Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI. SLC6A and SLC16A family of transporters: Contribution to transport of creatine and creatine precursors in creatine biosynthesis and distribution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183840. [PMID: 34921896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is needed to maintain high energy levels in cells. Since Cr plays reportedly a critical role in neurodevelopment and the immune system, Cr dynamics should be strictly regulated to control these physiological events. This review focuses on the role of transporters that recognize Cr and/or Cr precursors. Our previous studies revealed physiological roles of SLC6A and SLC16A family transporters in Cr dynamics. Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution. γ-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guanidinoacetate (GAA), a Cr precursor, in the process of Cr biosynthesis. Monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12/SLC16A12) functions as an efflux transporter for Cr and GAA, and contributes to the process of Cr biosynthesis. Accordingly, the SLC6A and SLC16A family of transporters play important roles in the process of Cr biosynthesis and distribution via permeation of Cr and Cr precursors across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Jomura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Sato R, Ohmori K, Umetsu M, Takao M, Tano M, Grant G, Porter B, Bet A, Terasaki T, Uchida Y. An Atlas of the Quantitative Protein Expression of Anti-Epileptic-Drug Transporters, Metabolizing Enzymes and Tight Junctions at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Epileptic Patients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122122. [PMID: 34959403 PMCID: PMC8708024 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively elucidate the levels of protein expression of anti-epileptic-drug (AED) transporters, metabolizing enzymes and tight junction molecules at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the focal site of epilepsy patients using accurate SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Brain capillaries were isolated from focal sites in six epilepsy patients and five normal brains; tryptic digests were produced and subjected to SWATH analysis. MDR1 and BCRP were significantly downregulated in the epilepsy group compared to the normal group. Out of 16 AED-metabolizing enzymes detected, the protein expression levels of GSTP1, GSTO1, CYP2E1, ALDH1A1, ALDH6A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH9A1 and ADH5 were significantly 2.13-, 6.23-, 2.16-, 2.80-, 1.73-, 1.67-, 2.47- and 2.23-fold greater in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients than those of normal brains, respectively. The protein expression levels of Claudin-5, ZO-1, Catenin alpha-1, beta-1 and delta-1 were significantly lower, 1.97-, 2.51-, 2.44-, 1.90- and 1.63-fold, in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients compared to those of normal brains, respectively. Consistent with these observations, leakage of blood proteins was also observed. These results provide for a better understanding of the therapeutic effect of AEDs and molecular mechanisms of AED resistance in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Kotaro Ohmori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Brenda Porter
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Anthony Bet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-6832
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Velásquez-Jiménez D, Corella-Salazar DA, Zuñiga-Martínez BS, Domínguez-Avila JA, Montiel-Herrera M, Salazar-López NJ, Rodrigo-Garcia J, Villegas-Ochoa MA, González-Aguilar GA. Phenolic compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier exert positive health effects as central nervous system antioxidants. Food Funct 2021; 12:10356-10369. [PMID: 34608925 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical structure whose main function is to strictly regulate access to circulating compounds into the central nervous system (CNS). Vegetable-derived phenolic compounds have been widely studied, with numerous epidemiologic and interventional studies confirming their health-related bioactivities across multiple cells, organs and models. Phenolics are non-essential xenobiotics, and should theoretically be unable to cross the BBB. The present work summarizes current experimental evidence that reveals that not only are phenolic compounds able to cross the BBB and bioaccumulate in the brain, but there is some stereoselectivity, which suggests the presence of specific transporters that allow them to reach the brain. Some molecules cross the BBB intact, while others do so only after being biotransformed or metabolized elsewhere. Once inside the CNS, they prevent or counter oxidative stress, which maintains the molecular, cellular, structural and functional integrity of the brain, and subsequently, overall human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Velásquez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana A Corella-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - B Shain Zuñiga-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - J Abraham Domínguez-Avila
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Marcelino Montiel-Herrera
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Norma J Salazar-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Medicina de Mexicali, Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N, Centro Cívico, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Rodrigo-Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Mónica A Villegas-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Jomura R, Tanno Y, Akanuma SI, Kubo Y, Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI. Contribution of monocarboxylate transporter 12 to blood supply of creatine on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G113-G122. [PMID: 34075817 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00143.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr)/phosphocreatine has the ability to buffer the high-energy phosphate, thereby contributing to intracellular energy homeostasis. As Cr biosynthetic enzyme deficiency is reported to increase susceptibility to colitis under conditions of inflammatory stress, Cr is critical for maintaining intestinal homeostasis under inflammatory stress. Cr is mainly produced in the hepatocytes and then distributed to other organs of the body by the circulatory system. Since monocarboxylate transporter 9 (MCT9) and monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12) have been reported to accept Cr as a substrate, these transporters are proposed as candidates for Cr efflux transporter in the liver. The aim of this study was to elucidate the transport mechanism on Cr supply from the hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining of the rat liver sections revealed that both MCT9 and MCT12 were localized on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes. In the transport studies using Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system, [14C]Cr efflux from MCT9- or MCT12-expressing oocytes was significantly greater than that from water-injected oocytes. [14C]Cr efflux from primary cultured hepatocytes was significantly decreased following MCT12 mRNA knockdown, whereas this efflux was not decreased after mRNA knockdown of MCT9. Based on the extent of MCT12 protein downregulation and Cr efflux after knockdown of MCT12 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, the contribution ratio of MCT12 in Cr efflux was calculated as 76.4%. Our study suggests that MCT12 substantially contributes to the efflux of Cr at the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to identify the role of monocarboxylate transporter 12 (MCT12) as a transporter of creatine (Cr) in the liver. MCT12 was found to significantly contribute to the efflux of Cr on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes. Since hepatocytes are known to be involved in creatine biosynthesis, the present findings can be beneficial for the regulation of Cr biosynthesis and supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Jomura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yu Tanno
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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van Geest FS, Gunhanlar N, Groeneweg S, Visser WE. Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Deficiency: From Pathophysiological Understanding to Therapy Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:723750. [PMID: 34539576 PMCID: PMC8440930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.723750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in MCT8 deficiency. This disorder is characterized by a combination of severe intellectual and motor disability, caused by decreased cerebral thyroid hormone signalling, and a chronic thyrotoxic state in peripheral tissues, caused by exposure to elevated serum T3 concentrations. In particular, MCT8 plays a crucial role in the transport of thyroid hormone across the blood-brain-barrier. The life expectancy of patients with MCT8 deficiency is strongly impaired. Absence of head control and being underweight at a young age, which are considered proxies of the severity of the neurocognitive and peripheral phenotype, respectively, are associated with higher mortality rate. The thyroid hormone analogue triiodothyroacetic acid is able to effectively and safely ameliorate the peripheral thyrotoxicosis; its effect on the neurocognitive phenotype is currently under investigation. Other possible therapies are at a pre-clinical stage. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the physiological role of MCT8 and the pathophysiology, key clinical characteristics and developing treatment options for MCT8 deficiency.
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