1
|
Sobornova VV, Belov KV, Krestyaninov MA, Khodov IA. Influence of Solvent Polarity on the Conformer Ratio of Bicalutamide in Saturated Solutions: Insights from NOESY NMR Analysis and Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8254. [PMID: 39125824 PMCID: PMC11311660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The study presents a thorough and detailed analysis of bicalutamide's structural and conformational properties. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to explore the conformational properties of the molecule, identifying significant energy differences between conformers. Analysis revealed that hydrogen bonds stabilise the conformers, with notable variations in torsion angles. Conformers were classified into 'closed' and 'open' types based on the relative orientation of the cyclic fragments. NOE spectroscopy in different solvents (CDCl3 and DMSO-d6) was used to study the conformational preferences of the molecule. NOESY experiments provided the predominance of 'closed' conformers in non-polar solvents and a significant presence of 'open' conformers in polar solvents. The proportions of open conformers were 22.7 ± 3.7% in CDCl3 and 59.8 ± 6.2% in DMSO-d6, while closed conformers accounted for 77.3 ± 3.7% and 40.2 ± 6.2%, respectively. This comprehensive study underscores the solvent environment's impact on its structural behaviour. The findings significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of conformational dynamics, stimulating further exploration in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilya A. Khodov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Ma CY, Hong RS, Turner TD, Rosbottom I, Sheikh AY, Yin Q, Roberts KJ. Influence of Solvent Selection on the Crystallizability and Polymorphic Selectivity Associated with the Formation of the "Disappeared" Form I Polymorph of Ritonavir. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3525-3539. [PMID: 38900600 PMCID: PMC11220793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The comparative crystallizability and polymorphic selectivity of ritonavir, a novel protease inhibitor for the treatment of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, as a function of solvent selection are examined through an integrated and self-consistent experimental and computational molecular modeling study. Recrystallization at high supersaturation by rapid cooling at 283.15 K is found to produce the metastable "disappeared" polymorphic form I from acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and toluene solutions in contrast to ethanol which produces the stable form II. Concomitant crystallization of the other known solid forms is not found under these conditions. Isothermal crystallization studies using turbidometric detection based upon classical nucleation theory reveal that, for an equal induction time, the required driving force needed to initiate solution nucleation decreases with solubility in the order of ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and toluene consistent with the expected desolvation behavior predicted from the calculated solute solvation free energies. Molecular dynamics simulations of the molecular and intermolecular chemistry reveal the presence of conformational interplay between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions within the solution phase. These encompass the solvent-dependent formation of intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and carbamate groups coupled with differing conformations of the hydroxyl's shielding phenyl groups. These conformational preferences and their relative interaction propensities, as a function of solvent selection, may play a rate-limiting role in the crystallization behavior by not only inhibiting to different degrees the nucleation process but also restricting the assembly of the optimal intermolecular hydrogen bonding network needed for the formation of the stable form II polymorph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cai Y. Ma
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Richard S. Hong
- Molecular
Profiling and Drug Delivery, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas D. Turner
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Ian Rosbottom
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Ahmad Y. Sheikh
- Molecular
Profiling and Drug Delivery, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qiuxiang Yin
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sacchi P, Wright SE, Neoptolemou P, Lampronti GI, Rajagopalan AK, Kras W, Evans CL, Hodgkinson P, Cruz-Cabeza AJ. Crystal size, shape, and conformational changes drive both the disappearance and reappearance of ritonavir polymorphs in the mill. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319127121. [PMID: 38557191 PMCID: PMC11009673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319127121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic compounds can crystallize in different forms known as polymorphs. Discovery and control of polymorphism is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry since different polymorphs can have significantly different physical properties which impacts their utilization in drug delivery. Certain polymorphs have been reported to 'disappear' from the physical world, irreversibly converting to new ones. These unwanted polymorph conversions, initially prevented by slow nucleation kinetics, are eventually observed driven by significant gains in thermodynamic stabilities. The most infamous of these cases is that of the HIV drug ritonavir (RVR): Once its reluctant form was unwillingly nucleated for the first time, its desired form could no longer be produced with the same manufacturing process. Here we show that RVR's extraordinary disappearing polymorph as well as its reluctant form can be consistently produced by ball-milling under different environmental conditions. We demonstrate that the significant difference in stability between its polymorphs can be changed and reversed in the mill-a process we show is driven by crystal size as well as crystal shape and conformational effects. We also show that those effects can be controlled through careful design of milling conditions since they dictate the kinetics of crystal breakage, dissolution, and growth processes that eventually lead to steady-state crystal sizes and shapes in the mill. This work highlights the huge potential of mechanochemistry in polymorph discovery of forms initially difficult to nucleate, recovery of disappearing polymorphs, and polymorph control of complex flexible drug compounds such as RVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sacchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Neoptolemou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Weronika Kras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin L. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng Z, Huang X, Wang N, Wang T, Zhou L, Xu Z, Chen G, Cao W, Hao H. Hydration Mechanism and Its Effect on the Solubility of Aripiprazole. Pharm Res 2024; 41:113-127. [PMID: 37833571 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PROPOSE The propose is to investigate the reasons for the insolubility of Form III in water and to explore the mechanism of the hydration process of Form III. METHODS The conformational and cohesive energies of Form III and Form H1 were calculated using Gaussian 16 and Crystal Explorer 17. Gaussian 16 and Multiwfn 3.8 was used to calculate the molecular surface electrostatic potential of Form III and Form H1 and to calculate the energies of the stronger intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure. The behaviors of Form III in water were simulated using Gromacs 2020.6. Finally, the hydration process from Form III to Form H1 was monitored in situ using Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS The conformational energies of Form III and H1 are almost the same. The cohesion energy of Form H1 is much larger than that of Form III because both number of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are higher in the Form H1. During the simulation, the supercell of APZ form a supramolecular cluster. Several molecules manually dismantled from the cluster spontaneously combine to form new molecular clusters. Both increases in temperature and external energy input accelerate the hydration process. CONCLUSIONS More hydrogen bonds and strong van der Waals interactions in Form H1 lead to a greater stability. The overall decrease in polarity and the strong binding effect on APZ molecule clusters due to intermolecular interactions lead to the water insolubility of Form III. The hydration process from Form III to Form H1 follows a novel, dandelion sowing-like hydration mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zheng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China.
| | - Na Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guibin Chen
- Zhejiang Sundoc Pharmaceutical Science and Tech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China, 310051, Zhejiang
| | - Wan Cao
- Zhejiang Sundoc Pharmaceutical Science and Tech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China, 310051, Zhejiang
| | - Hongxun Hao
- The National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma CY, Nguyen TTH, Gajjar P, Styliari ID, Hammond RB, Withers PJ, Murnane D, Roberts KJ. Predicting the Strength of Cohesive and Adhesive Interparticle Interactions for Dry Powder Inhalation Blends of Terbutaline Sulfate with α-Lactose Monohydrate. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5019-5031. [PMID: 37682633 PMCID: PMC10548469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Grid-based systematic search methods are used to investigate molecule-molecule, molecule-surface, and surface-surface contributions to interparticle interactions in order to identify the crystal faces that most strongly affect particle behavior during powder blend formulation and delivery processes. The model system comprises terbutaline sulfate (TBS) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and α-form lactose monohydrate (LMH). A combination of systematic molecular modeling and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is used to determine not only the adhesive and cohesive interparticle energies but, also the agglomeration behavior during manufacturing and de-agglomeration behavior during delivery after inhalation. This is achieved through a detailed examination of the balance between the adhesive and cohesive energies with the XCT results confirming the blend segregation tendencies, through the particle-particle de-agglomeration process. The results reveal that the cohesive interaction energies of TBS-TBS are higher than the adhesive energies between TBS and LMH, but that the cohesive energies of LMH-LMH are the smallest between molecule and molecule, molecule and surface, and surface and surface. This shows how systematic grid-search molecular modeling along with XCT can guide the digital formulation design of inhalation powders in order to achieve optimum aerosolization and efficacy for inhaled medicines. This will lead to faster pharmaceutical design with less variability, higher quality, and enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Y. Ma
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Thai T. H. Nguyen
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Parmesh Gajjar
- School
of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ioanna D. Styliari
- School
of Life and Medical Sciences, University
of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Robert B. Hammond
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Withers
- School
of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Darragh Murnane
- School
of Life and Medical Sciences, University
of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma CY, Geatches D, Hsiao YW, Kwokal A, Roberts KJ. Role of Molecular, Crystal, and Surface Chemistry in Directing the Crystallization of Entacapone Polymorphs on the Au(111) Template Surface. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:4522-4537. [PMID: 37304395 PMCID: PMC10251417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical compound entacapone ((E)-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide) is important in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, exhibiting interesting polymorphic behavior upon crystallization from solution. It consistently produces its stable form A with a uniform crystal size distribution on the surface of an Au(111) template while concomitantly forming its metastable form D within the same bulk solution. Molecular modeling using empirical atomistic force-fields reveals more complex molecular and intermolecular structures for form D compared to form A, with the crystal chemistry of both polymorphs being dominated by van der Waals and π-π stacking interactions with lower contributions (ca. 20%) from hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Comparative lattice energies and convergence for the polymorphs are consistent with the observed concomitant polymorphic behavior. Synthon characterization reveals an elongated needle-like morphology for form D crystals in contrast to the more equant form A crystals with the surface chemistry of the latter exposing the molecules' cyano groups on its {010} and {011} habit faces. Density functional theory modeling of surface adsorption reveals preferential interactions between Au and the synthon GA interactions of form A on the Au surface. Molecular dynamics modeling of the entacapone/gold interface reveals the entacapone molecular structure within the first adsorbed layer to show nearly identical interaction distances, for both the molecules within form A or D with respect to the Au surface, while in the second and third layers when entacapone molecule-molecule interactions overtake the interactions between those of molecule-Au, the intermolecular structures are found to be closer to the form A structure than form D. In these layers, synthon GA (form A) could be reproduced with just two small azimuthal rotations (5° and 15°) whereas the closest alignment to a form D synthon requires larger azimuthal rotations (15° and 40°). The cyano functional group interactions with the Au template dominate interfacial interactions with these groups being aligned parallel to the Au surface and with nearest neighbor distances to Au atoms more closely matching those in form A than form D. The overall polymorph direction pathway thus encompasses consideration of molecular, crystal, and surface chemistry factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Y. Ma
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Dawn Geatches
- Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.
| | - Ya-Wen Hsiao
- Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.
| | - Ana Kwokal
- PLIVA
Croatia Ltd., R&D, P. B. Filipovica
25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang J, Kim J, Kim WS. Grinding Method for Phase Transformation of Glycine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17116-17121. [PMID: 37214728 PMCID: PMC10193568 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycine had three polymorphs, two metastable phases (α-glycine, β-glycine) and one stable phase (γ-glycine). However, the phase transformation of glycine from α-phase to γ-phase was well known as the kinetically unfavorable process. In this study, a simple and effective grinding method for phase transformation of glycine from α-phase to γ-phase is proposed. In an aqueous solution, α-glycine and γ-glycine had bulk solubilities of 180 and ∼172 g/L, respectively. According to the Ostwald-Freundlich equation, however, as the crystal size of α-glycine was reduced to ∼0.6 μm by grinding, the saturated concentration of α-glycine increased from 180 to 191 g/L. As long as the solution concentration exceeds a critical point (σ = 0.1), it can be possible to suddenly induce the nucleation of γ-glycine by grinding the α-glycine crystal in the solution. Subsequently, the complete transformation of α-phase to γ-phase was achieved without additives. Similarly, the grinding method was effective for producing the γ-glycine crystal in the cooling crystallization whereas the α-glycine crystal was always produced in the cooling crystallization without grinding. This study showed that physical grinding can effectively facilitate phase transformation by triggering the nucleation of stable polymorph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongki Kang
- Functional
Crystallization Center, Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated
Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yong-in, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
- Process
Research Department, Research & Development Division, Yuhan Corporation, Yong-in, Gyeonggi-do 17084, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- Functional
Crystallization Center, Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated
Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yong-in, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Kim
- Functional
Crystallization Center, Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated
Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yong-in, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu H, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Bu R, Ding Z, Han J. Effect of Different Seed Crystals on the Supersaturation State of Ritonavir Tablets Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 185:106440. [PMID: 37004961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a technology increasingly common for the commercial production of pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), especially for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, recrystallization of the APIs during dissolution must be prevented to maintain the supersaturation state enabled by ASD. Unfortunately, the amorphous formulation may be contaminated by seed crystals during the HME manufacturing process, which could lead to undesirable crystal growth during the dissolution process. In this study, the dissolution behavior of ritonavir ASD tablets prepared using both Form I and Form II polymorphs was examined, and the effects of different seed crystals on crystal growth rates were investigated. The aim was to understand how the presence of seed crystals can impact the dissolution of ritonavir, and to determine the optimal polymorph and seeding conditions for the production of ASDs. The results showed that both Form I and Form II ritonavir tablets had similar dissolution profiles, which were also similar to the reference listed drug (RLD). However, it was observed that the presence of seed crystals, particularly the metastable Form I seed, led to more precipitation compared to the stable Form II seed in all formulations. The Form I crystals that precipitated from the supersaturated solution were easily dispersed in the solution and could serve as seeds to facilitate crystal growth. On the other hand, Form II crystals tended to grow more slowly and presented as aggregates. The addition of both Form I and Form II seeds could affect their precipitation behaviors, and the amount and form of the seeds had significant effects on the precipitation process of the RLD tablets, as are the tablets prepared with different polymorphs. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of minimizing the contamination risk of seed crystals during the manufacturing process and selecting the appropriate polymorph for the production of ASDs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma CY, Moldovan AA, Maloney AGP, Roberts KJ. Exploring the CSD Drug Subset: An Analysis of Lattice Energies and Constituent Intermolecular Interactions for the Crystal Structures of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:435-445. [PMID: 36462705 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular (synthonic) modelling is used for a statistical analysis of crystal lattice energies, together with their contributing intermolecular interactions for the crystallographic structures selected from the CCDC's Drug Subset (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.011). Analysis of this selected subset reveal similarities in packing compared to other organic crystals in the CSD with linear relationships between molecular weight and unit cell volume, void space, and packing coefficient. Crystal lattice energy calculations converge within a 30 Å intermolecular radius characterised by a mean lattice energy of ca. -36 kcal mol-1 with ca. 85% and 15% due to dispersive and electrostatic interactions, respectively. The distribution of the strongest synthons within the individual structures reveals an average strength of -5.79 kcal mol-1. The diversity of chemical space within the drug molecules is in agreement with the analysis of atom types across the selected subset with phenyl groups being found to contribute the highest mean energy of -11.28 kcal mol-1, highlighting the importance of aromatic interactions within pharmaceutical compounds. Despite an initial focus on Z' = 1 structures, this automated approach enables rapid and consistent quantitative analysis of lattice energy, synthon strength and functional group contributions, providing solid-form informatics for pharmaceutical R&D and a helpful basis for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Y Ma
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Alexandru A Moldovan
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Andrew G P Maloney
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Kevin J Roberts
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ritonavir Form III: A New Polymorph After 24 Years. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:237-242. [PMID: 36195132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism occurs widely in pharmaceutical solids, and must be thoroughly studied during product development. Twenty-four years after ritonavir (RTV) Form II materialized, we report a new polymorph, Form III, discovered via melt crystallization. Form III has a unique PXRD pattern, Raman spectrum, lower melting point and heat of fusion, compared to the known polymorphs, Form I and Form II. It is the least stable form, monotropically, among the three polymorphs. Form III differs from Form I and Form II in molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding motifs in crystal lattice. Nucleation from RTV supercooled liquid is slow, and selected Form III exclusively. The discovery of RTV Form III demonstrates the importance of crystal nucleation studies. Crystallization from supercooled liquids should be incorporated as part of polymorph screening workflow.
Collapse
|
11
|
Karakucuk A, Canpinar H, Celebi N. Ritonavir nanosuspensions prepared by microfluidization with enhanced solubility and desirable immunological properties. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:1027-1037. [PMID: 36343117 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2145309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop ritonavir (RTV) nanosuspensions (NSs) by microfluidization method. Particle size (PS) measurements were performed by photon correlation spectroscopy. Amorphous properties of the particles were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dissolution studies were conducted in fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) medium. The flow cytometry was utilized to determine the lymphocyte sub-groups and immune response of NSs. RTV NSs were obtained with 400-500 nm PS. The crystal properties of RTV remain unchanged. The solubility of NS was enhanced five times. 57% and 18% of RTV were dissolved in FeSSIF medium for NSs and coarse powder. According to immunological studies, the prepared NSs did not significantly alter the ratio of CD4+/CD8+. Therefore, NSs may be a beneficial approach for the oral administration of RTV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alptug Karakucuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara Medipol University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Canpinar
- Department of Basic Oncology, School of Medicine, Institute of Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Celebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Baskent University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anuar N, Yusop SN, Roberts KJ. Crystallisation of organic materials from the solution phase: a molecular, synthonic and crystallographic perspective. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2022.2123916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nornizar Anuar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Siti Nurul’ain Yusop
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Davis MP, Korter TM. Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanical Simulations of the Crystalline Polymorphs of the Antiviral Drug Ribavirin. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3385-3393. [PMID: 35950677 PMCID: PMC9449968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Crystal polymorphism is a common phenomenon in pharmaceutical
solids
and a critical issue when considering the formulation of therapeutics
since multiple polymorphs may form during drug manufacturing. Low-frequency
vibrational spectroscopy is sensitive to polymorphic content, and
in this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and low-frequency
Raman spectroscopy were utilized in the study of crystalline ribavirin,
a widely applicable antiviral. Characteristic spectra with numerous
peaks in the sub-200 cm–1 region were obtained of
the more common polymorph of ribavirin (Form II). Solid-state density
functional theory (ss-DFT) simulations were then used to optimize
the crystal structure of this polymorph and calculate the frequencies
and spectral intensities of the lattice vibrations in the low-frequency
region. The near-harmonic thermal behavior of the sample with cooling
enabled excellent agreement between experiment and theory to be achieved,
emphasizing the quality of the applied model, and the observed spectral
peaks could be assigned to specific atomic motions in the solid. Form
I and Form II polymorphs of ribavirin were both investigated with
ss-DFT to understand the different aspects governing the relative
stabilities of these solids. The ss-DFT simulations of the polymorph
energies revealed that Form II is more stable at all temperatures
due to a stronger cohesive energy than Form I; however, ribavirin
in Form I has a significantly lower conformational energy. The finding
of monotropism appears to conflict with the reported enantiotropism
of the ribavirin polymorphs but ultimately confirms that crystal defects
in the real samples greatly affect the thermodynamic relationship
of the crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-133 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Timothy M Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-133 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Price SL. Progress in understanding crystallisation: a personal perspective. Faraday Discuss 2022; 235:569-581. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After this discussion meeting, most participants felt that we do not understand crystallisation. However, in the 1980s I believe that most scientists would have considered that crystallisation was adequately understood....
Collapse
|
15
|
Rosbottom I, Turner TD, Ma CY, Hammond R, Roberts KJ, Yong C, Todorov I. The Structural Pathway from its Solvated Molecular State to the Solution Crystallisation of the α- and β-Polymorphic Forms of Para Amino Benzoic Acid. Faraday Discuss 2022; 235:467-489. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Para amino benzoic acid has two well-characterised polymorphic forms and, whilst both crystallise in the monoclinic space group, they have quite different crystal chemistry and crystallisability behaviour. The molecular conformation...
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheikh AY, Mattei A, Miglani Bhardwaj R, Hong RS, Abraham NS, Schneider-Rauber G, Engstrom KM, Diwan M, Henry RF, Gao Y, Juarez V, Jordan E, DeGoey DA, Hutchins CW. Implications of the Conformationally Flexible, Macrocyclic Structure of the First-Generation, Direct-Acting Anti-Viral Paritaprevir on Its Solid Form Complexity and Chameleonic Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17479-17491. [PMID: 34637297 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral regimens have transformed therapeutic management of hepatitis C across all prevalent genotypes. Most of the chemical matter in these regimens comprises molecules well outside the traditional drug development chemical space and presents significant challenges. Herein, the implications of high conformational flexibility and the presence of a 15-membered macrocyclic ring in paritaprevir are studied through a combination of advanced computational and experimental methods with focus on molecular chameleonicity and crystal form complexity. The ability of the molecule to toggle between high and low 3D polar surface area (PSA) conformations is underpinned by intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IMHB) interactions and intramolecular steric effects. Computational studies consequently show a very significant difference of over 75 Å2 in 3D PSA between polar and apolar environments and provide the structural basis for the perplexingly favorable passive permeability of the molecule. Crystal packing and protein binding resulting in strong intermolecular interactions disrupt these intramolecular interactions. Crystalline Form I benefits from strong intermolecular interactions, whereas the weaker intermolecular interactions in Form II are partially compensated by the energetic advantage of an IMHB. Like Form I, no IMHB is observed within the receptor-bound conformation; instead, an intermolecular H-bond contributes to the potency of the molecule. The choice of metastable Form II is derisked through strategies accounting for crystal surface and packing features to manage higher form specific solid-state chemical reactivity and specific processing requirements. Overall, the results show an unambiguous link between structural features and derived properties from crystallization to dissolution, permeation, and docking into the protein pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alessandra Mattei
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rajni Miglani Bhardwaj
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Richard S Hong
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nathan S Abraham
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gabriela Schneider-Rauber
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kenneth M Engstrom
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Moiz Diwan
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rodger F Henry
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Vivian Juarez
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Erin Jordan
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David A DeGoey
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Charles W Hutchins
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bordawekar S, Diwan M, Nere NK. Positioning for a sustainable future—Role of chemical engineers in transforming pharmaceutical process development. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moiz Diwan
- Process R&D, AbbVie North Chicago Illinois USA
| | | |
Collapse
|