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Yong FR, Hor SY, Bajorek BV. Considerations of Australian community pharmacists in the provision and implementation of cognitive pharmacy services: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:906. [PMID: 34479542 PMCID: PMC8413700 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australian federally-funded cognitive pharmacy services (CPS) (e.g. medication management and reconciliation services) have not been translated into practice consistently. These health services are purportedly accessible across all Australian community pharmacies, yet are not delivered as often as pharmacists would like. There are international indicators that pharmacists lack the complete behavioural control required to prioritise CPS, despite their desire to deliver them. This requires local investigation. Objective To explore Australian pharmacists’ perspectives [1] as CPS providers on the micro level, and [2] on associated meso and macro level CPS implementation issues. Methods Registered Australian community pharmacists were recruited via professional organisations and snowball sampling. Data were collected via an online demographic survey and semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. Interview transcripts were de-identified then verified by participants. Content analysis was performed to identify provider perspectives on the micro level. Framework analysis using RE-AIM was used to explore meso and macro implementation issues. Results Twenty-three participants across Australia gave perspectives on CPS provision. At the micro level, pharmacists did not agree on a single definition of CPS. However, they reported complexity in interactional work and patient considerations, and individual pharmacist factors that affected them when deciding whether to provide CPS. There was an overall deficiency in pharmacy workplace resources reported to be available for implementation and innovation. Use of an implementation evaluation framework suggested CPS implementation is lacking sufficient structural support, whilst reach into target population, service consistency and maintenance for CPS were not specifically considered by pharmacists. Conclusions This analysis of pharmacist CPS perspectives suggests slow uptake may be due to a lack of evidence-based, focused, multi-level implementation strategies that take ongoing pharmacist role transition into account. Sustained change may require external change management and implementation support, engagement of frontline clinicians in research, and the development of appropriate pharmacist practice models to support community pharmacists in their CPS roles. Trial registration This study was not a clinical intervention trial. It was approved by the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (UTS HREC 19–3417) on the 26th of April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R Yong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Beata V Bajorek
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia
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Ejeta F, Feyisa D, Kebede O, Aferu T, Siraj J, Feyissa D, Wodajo E, Tamiru A. Medication Counseling Practices in Medicine Retail Outlets Found in Bench Sheko Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, South West Ethiopia. Pragmat Obs Res 2021; 12:105-117. [PMID: 34466052 PMCID: PMC8403070 DOI: 10.2147/por.s322407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this research were to investigate pharmacy professionals’ counseling practices as well as to evaluate pharmacy professionals’ counseling skills and the content of counseling services provided to patients visiting medicine retail outlets. Methods A facility-based observational cross-sectional study was used to assess medication counseling practice by pharmacy professionals. Data were gathered through an observation and a semi-structured questionnaire. Epi data version 4.0.2 was used to enter data, which was subsequently exported to SPSS version 21.0 for analysis. ANOVA and post hoc statistical analyses were used to investigate the association between independent and dependent variables; and a 0.05 p-value was considered. Results This study has a total of 105 pharmacy professionals that were included in the analysis. The majority of those who responded were between the ages of 25 and 29. The most common drug information offered by pharmacy staff to patients was frequency of administration (90%), length of therapy (90%), and unit dose dispensed, according to the current study (86%). Pharmacy professionals’ age was significant on components of counseling practice as on mentioning the name of drugs during dispensing the medication (p=0.000), the route of administration (p=0.000), a drug dose (p=0.003), frequency of drug administration (p=0.016), proper medicine storage (p=0.024), type of dosage form (p=0.025), and duration of treatment (p=0.012). In comparison with the other age groups, an age greater than 40 years was significant on components of counseling practice (p=0.001) as a factor associated with penurious counseling practice than the other groups. Conclusion This study shows that counseling practice is still quite low in comparison to what is expected. Some of the issues that affect counseling include a high patient load, the lack of a private counseling room, a lack of updated drug knowledge, and a lack of experience were factors that influence counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu Ejeta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Feyisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Oliyad Kebede
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Aferu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Jafer Siraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Feyissa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Emebet Wodajo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Tamiru
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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Gumbie M, Parkinson B, Cutler H, Gauld N, Mumford V. Is Reclassification of the Oral Contraceptive Pill from Prescription to Pharmacist-Only Cost Effective? Application of an Economic Evaluation Approach to Regulatory Decisions. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2019; 37:1049-1064. [PMID: 31069781 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-019-00804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Unplanned pregnancies can lead to poorer maternal and child health outcomes. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration committee rejected reclassifying a range of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) from prescription to pharmacist-only medicines in 2015, mainly based on safety concerns. Improving access to OCPs may encourage some women to use contraceptives or switch from other contraceptive methods. However, some adverse events may increase and some women may stop using condoms, increasing their risk of sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed to estimate the cost effectiveness of reclassifying OCPs from prescription to pharmacist-only. PERSPECTIVE Healthcare system. SETTING Australian primary care. METHODS A Markov model was used to synthesise data from a variety of sources. The model included all Australian women aged 15-49 years (N = 5,644,701). The time horizon was 35 years. Contraceptive use before reclassification was estimated using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, while survey data informed use after reclassification. Health outcomes included pregnancies, pregnancy outcomes (live birth, miscarriage, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy and abortion), sexually transmitted infections, adverse events (venous thromboembolism, depression, myocardial infarction and stroke), ovarian cancer cases and quality-adjusted life-years. Costs included those related to general practitioner and specialist consultations, contraceptives and other medicines, pharmacist time, hospitalisations and adverse events. All costs were reported in 2016 Australian Dollars. A 5% discount rate was applied to health outcomes and costs. RESULTS Reclassifying OCPs resulted in 85.70 million quality-adjusted life-years experienced and costs of $46,910.14 million over 35 years, vs. 85.68 million quality-adjusted life-years experienced and costs of $50,274.95 million with OCPs remaining prescription-only. Thus, reclassifying OCPs was more effective and cost saving. However, a sensitivity analysis found that more research on the probability of pregnancy in women not using contraception and not trying to conceive is needed. CONCLUSION Reclassifying OCPs is likely to be considered cost effective by Australian decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsa Gumbie
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bonny Parkinson
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Henry Cutler
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Natalie Gauld
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Virginia Mumford
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Parkinson B, Gumbie M, Cutler H, Gauld N, Mumford V, Haywood P. Cost-Effectiveness of Reclassifying Triptans in Australia: Application of an Economic Evaluation Approach to Regulatory Decisions. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2019; 22:293-302. [PMID: 30832967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2018.09.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a common, chronic, disabling headache disorder. Triptans, used as an acute treatment for migraine, are available via prescription in Australia. An Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) committee rejected reclassifying sumatriptan and zolmitriptan from prescription medicine to pharmacist-only between 2005 and 2009, largely on the basis of concerns about patient risk. Nevertheless, pharmacist-only triptans may reduce migraine duration and free up healthcare resources. OBJECTIVES To estimate the cost-effectiveness of reclassifying triptans from prescription-only to pharmacist-only in Australia. METHODS The study design included decision-analytic modeling combining data from various sources. Behavior before and after reclassification was estimated using medical practitioner and patient surveys and also administrative data. Health outcomes included migraine frequency and duration as well as adverse events (AEs) discussed by the TGA committee. Efficacy and AEs were estimated using randomized controlled trials and observational studies. RESULTS Reclassifying triptans will reduce migraine duration but increase AEs. This will result in 337 quality-adjusted life-years gained at an increased cost of A$5.9 million over 10 years for all Australian adults older than 15 years (19.6 million). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated to be A$17 412/quality-adjusted life-year gained. CONCLUSIONS The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is likely to be considered cost-effective by Australian decision makers. Serotonin syndrome, a key concern of the TGA committee, had little impact on the results. Further research is needed regarding pharmacist-only triptan use by migraineurs currently using over-the-counter medicines and by nonmigraineurs, the efficacy of triptans, and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular AEs and chronic headaches with triptans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny Parkinson
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mutsa Gumbie
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Cutler
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Gauld
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia Mumford
- Australian Institute for Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Haywood
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Perception of Community Pharmacists towards Dispensing Errors in Community Pharmacy Setting in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2137981. [PMID: 28612023 PMCID: PMC5458368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2137981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Dispensing errors are inevitable occurrences in community pharmacies across the world. Objective This study aimed to identify the community pharmacists' perception towards dispensing errors in the community pharmacies in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 47 community pharmacists selected through convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test, and Pearson's Chi-square test of independence were conducted with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Result The majority of respondents were in the 23–28-year age group (N = 26, 55.3%) and with at least B.Pharm degree (N = 25, 53.2%). Poor prescription handwriting and similar/confusing names were perceived to be the main contributing factors while all the strategies and types of dispensing errors were highly acknowledged by the respondents. Group differences (P < 0.05) in opinions were largely due to educational level and age. Conclusion Dispensing errors were associated with prescribing quality and design of dispensary as well as dispensing procedures. Opinion differences relate to age and educational status of the respondents.
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Kaae S, Saleem S, Kristiansen M. How do Danish community pharmacies vary in engaging customers in medicine dialogues at the counter - an observational study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2014; 12:422. [PMID: 25243031 PMCID: PMC4161408 DOI: 10.4321/s1886-36552014000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Counter counseling is an important part of community pharmacies service delivery. Difficulties arise because customers appear less interested than the staff in discussing their medicine. It is unclear how individual pharmacies differ with regard to overcoming these obstacles. Objective This study explores differences in the communication practices of pharmacies with regard to engaging customers in medicine dialogues. Methods The work of Stevenson et al. describing five types of interaction scenarios at the counter was used for structured overt non-participant observations of 100 encounters in each of five Danish pharmacies. Variation in pharmacies success in engaging customers in medicine dialogues were calculated using descriptive statistics, and the statistical significance of observed differences across pharmacies was analyzed using odds ratios (OR). Results Considerable differences between the pharmacies were identified. Differences exist in how often pharmacy staff attempts to encourage customers to participate in medication dialogues and how often they succeed. The pharmacies serving the most customers per day were the most successful. A possible link between a low number of refill customers offered counseling and ‘success rate’ was identified. Conclusions The pharmacies showed considerable variation in attempts to engage customers in medication dialogues at the counter and success in doing so. The reasons for the identified patterns are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaae
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University . Copenhagen ( Denmark ).
| | - Sahdia Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University . Copenhagen ( Denmark ).
| | - Maria Kristiansen
- Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University. Doha (Qatar); and Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity, and Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen . Copenhagen ( Denmark ).
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Wibowo Y, Berbatis CG, Joyce A, Sunderland VB. Comparative Analysis of Rural Community Pharmacy Practice in Western Australia in 2002 and 2006. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2012.tb00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Wibowo
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universitas Surabaya; Indonesia
| | | | - Andrew Joyce
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences; Curtin University of Technology, Monash University
| | - V Bruce Sunderland
- School of Pharmacy; Curtin University of Technology; Perth Western Australia
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Green JA, Brown K, Burgess J, Chong D, Pewhairangi K. Indigenous and Immigrant Populations’ Use and Experience of Community Pharmacies in New Zealand. J Immigr Minor Health 2012; 15:78-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hussain A, Ibrahim MIM. Medication counselling and dispensing practices at community pharmacies: a comparative cross sectional study from Pakistan. Int J Clin Pharm 2011; 33:859-67. [PMID: 21853362 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-011-9554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess and compare medication counselling and dispensing practices at community pharmacies in three major cities of Pakistan. METHODS A total of 1113 patient dispenser interactions were observed from a randomly selected sample of 371 pharmacies by using convenient sampling technique in the three respective cities namely Islamabad (118), Peshawar (120) and Lahore (133). The data collection tool was adapted from WHO structure observation form and was modified according to the objectives of the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The process of prescription handling at community pharmacies in terms of patient dispenser interaction, prescription validation and medication counseling was assessed. The data was coded, entered and analyzed by using SPSS Version 16. RESULTS A total of 1113 patient dispenser interactions were observed at the community pharmacies in the three respective cities namely Islamabad (n = 354), Peshawar (n = 360) and Lahore (n = 399). Out of 1113 patient/dispenser interactions the providers present at the community pharmacies were; pharmacist (degree of B-pharm/pharm D) 1.6% (n = 18), pharmacy assistant (diploma in pharmacy) 7% (n = 78), diploma holder (certified course of drug dispensing) 5.6% (n = 62) and salesmen (no medicine related education) 85.8% (n = 955).There was no significant difference in the practice between pharmacists, pharmacy assistants, diploma holders and salesmen. Prescription validation was carried out in 18% (n = 206) of the cases, drugs verification in 32% (n = 360) of the cases while labelling of drugs was performed in only 6% (n = 76) of the cases. Completely counselling about medication was provided in 3.1% (n = 35) of the cases while no counselling at all was given in 52.7% (n = 582) of the cases. CONCLUSION The process of medication counselling and dispensing practices at community pharmacies in Pakistan is not satisfactory. The patients are largely handled by unqualified salesmen. Thus there is a strong need to improve medication counselling and dispensing practices at community pharmacies by improving the skills of the dispensers through a mix of interventions, and law should be implemented to ensure presence of qualified person which in turn will result in the provision of better patient oriented services at community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Guirguis LM. Mixed methods evaluation: pharmacists' experiences and beliefs toward an interactive communication approach to patient interactions. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2011; 83:432-442. [PMID: 21632196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize pharmacists' experience and explore their beliefs toward an interactive communication technique, the three prime questions (3PQs),where pharmacists ask about patients' understanding of medication's purpose, directions, and monitoring. METHODS Mixed method design. Pharmacists were briefly trained and then integrated the 3PQs into their practice for two weeks. Pharmacists recorded their perceptions of patient interactions, completed a survey addressing self-efficacy and role beliefs toward the 3PQs, and participated in a focus group. RESULTS Eleven pharmacists participated and the 3PQs were used with 176 patients. Most interactions were under 5min. Pharmacists reported that questions about directions and monitoring were most effective in gathering new information with refills whereas medication purpose question was preferred for new fills. The majority of pharmacists were certain they could use the 3PQs and agreed it was their role. Five themes arose from the qualitative analysis: established communication routines, enhanced patient-pharmacist relationships, good medication history, tailoring of the 3PQs, and impact of pharmacy organization. CONCLUSION The 3PQs enabled pharmacists to briefly assess patient medication experiences and tailor education while fostering patient-centered relationships in pharmacy practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS While the 3PQs may enhance pharmacists' patient assessment; integration may challenge pharmacists' work routine.
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Puspitasari HP, Aslani P, Krass I. Pharmacists' and consumers' viewpoints on counselling on prescription medicines in Australian community pharmacies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2010; 18:202-8. [PMID: 20636671 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2010.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate and compare counselling on prescription medicine provided by Australian community pharmacists based on pharmacist and consumer self-reports, and to explore consumers' interest in receiving prescription medicine information. METHODS Mail and face-to-face surveys containing comparable questions for both study groups. The setting was Sydney metropolitan community pharmacies, Australia (22 pharmacists and 157 consumers). KEY FINDINGS No statistically significant differences were found between pharmacists and consumers in reporting provision of verbal information for new (Z = -0.57, P = 0.57) and repeat prescriptions (Z = -1.71, P = 0.09). However, there were statistically significant differences between the two cohorts in reporting dissemination of written information (Z = -2.6, P = 0.009 and Z = -2.68, P = 0.007 for new and repeat prescriptions, respectively). Both groups reported that the most common type of verbal information provided by pharmacists was in relation to medicine administration rather than safety aspects of medicines. Approximately 59% of consumers expressed an interest in receiving counselling for new prescriptions only. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists regularly provided verbal counselling on new prescription medicines, but infrequently provided written medicine information or any type of information for regular medicines. Lack of consumers' interest in receiving prescription medicine information may have contributed to the low counselling rates. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies to improve pharmacist counselling practice and to enhance consumer involvement in the counselling process.
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Sterling JA. Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hosp Pharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4408-711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest regarding a broad scope of topics are abstracted monthly.
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