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Shirian FI, Ghorbani M, Khamseh ME, Imani M, Panahi M, Alimohammadi A, Nourbakhsh M, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Up-regulation of sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33736633 PMCID: PMC7971953 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas are benign brain tumors that cause considerable morbidity and neurological symptoms. SOX9 as a regulatory transcriptional mediator affects normal and tumor cell growth with an undefined role in pituitary adenomas pathogenesis. Thus, in the present study, the expression pattern of SOX9 in GH-secreting pituitary tumors and normal pituitary tissues is investigated. METHODS The SOX9 gene expression level was evaluated in 60 pituitary tissues including different types of GH-secreting adenomas and normal pituitary tissues through Real-Time PCR. The protein level of SOX9 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The correlations of SOX9 gene and protein expression level with the patient's clinical and pathological features were considered. RESULTS The SOX9 over-expression was detected in GH-secreting adenomas tumor tissues compared to normal pituitary tissues which were accompanied by overexpression of SOX9 protein in tumor tissues. The over-expression of SOX9 had a significant impact on GH-secreting adenomas tumor incidence with the odds ratio of 8.4 and the diagnostic value of SOX9 was considerable. The higher level of SOX9 expression was associated with invasive and macro tumors in GH-secreting pituitary adenoma patients. The positive correlation of SOX9 gene and protein level was observed and the tumor size and tumor invasive features were valuable in predicting SOX9 expression level in GH-producing pituitary tumors. CONCLUSION The study provided the first shreds of evidence regarding the expression pattern of SOX9 in the GH- secreting pituitary adenomas at both gene and protein levels which may emphasize the possible involvement of SOX9 as a mediator in pituitary adenoma tumor formation also open up new intrinsic molecular mechanism regarding pituitary adenoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Izak Shirian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Imani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Firozgar Hospital, Pathology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gil J, Jordà M, Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Resistance to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646210. [PMID: 33790868 PMCID: PMC8006574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process by which epithelial cells loss their phenotype and acquire mesenchymal traits, including increased migratory and invasive capacities. EMT is involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as cancer, playing a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Pituitary tumors, although typically benign, can be locally invasive. Different studies have shown the association of EMT with increased tumor size and invasion in pituitary tumors, and in particular with a poor response to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands (SRLs) treatment in GH-producing pituitary tumors, the main cause of acromegaly. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding EMT and SRLs resistance in acromegaly and, based on this relation, will suggest new biomarkers and possible therapies to SRLs resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
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Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications of Pituitary Adenoma Stem Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32153500 PMCID: PMC7044184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, accounting for 15% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms, are usually benign and pharmacologically and surgically treatable; however, the critical location, mass effects and hormone hypersecretion sustain their significant morbidity. Approximately 35% of pituitary tumors show a less benign course since they are highly proliferative and invasive, poorly resectable, and likely recurring. The latest WHO classification of pituitary tumors includes pituitary transcription factor assessment to determine adenohypophysis cell lineages and accurate designation of adenomas, nevertheless little is known about molecular and cellular pathways which contribute to pituitary tumorigenesis. In malignant tumors the identification of cancer stem cells radically changed the concepts of both tumorigenesis and pharmacological approaches. Cancer stem cells are defined as a subset of undifferentiated transformed cells from which the bulk of cancer cells populating a tumor mass is generated. These cells are able to self-renew, promoting tumor progression and recurrence of malignant tumors, also conferring cytotoxic drug resistance. On the other hand, the existence of stem cells within benign tumors is still debated. The presence of adult stem cells in human and murine pituitaries where they sustain the high plasticity of hormone-producing cells, allowed the hypothesis that putative tumor stem cells might exist in pituitary adenomas, reinforcing the concept that the cancer stem cell model could also be applied to pituitary tumorigenesis. In the last few years, the isolation and phenotypic characterization of putative pituitary adenoma stem-like cells was performed using a wide and heterogeneous variety of experimental models and techniques, although the role of these cells in adenoma initiation and progression is still not completely definite. The assessment of possible pituitary adenoma-initiating cell population would be of extreme relevance to better understand pituitary tumor biology and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers and pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the most updated studies focused on the definition of pituitary adenoma stem cell phenotype and functional features, highlighting the biological processes and intracellular pathways potentially involved in driving tumor growth, relapse, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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4
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Peculis R, Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Dortane R, Megnis K, Nazarovs J, Balcere I, Stukens J, Konrade I, Pirags V, Klovins J, Rovite V. Pituispheres Contain Genetic Variants Characteristic to Pituitary Adenoma Tumor Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32528411 PMCID: PMC7256168 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common type of pituitary neoplasms is benign pituitary adenoma (PA). Clinically significant PAs affect around 0.1% of the population. Currently, there is no established human PA cell culture available and when PA tumor cells are cultured they form two distinct types depending on culturing conditions either free-floating aggregates also known as pituispheres or cells adhering to the surface of cell plates and displaying mesenchymal stem-like properties. The aim of this study was to trace the origin of sphere-forming and adherent pituitary cell cultures and characterize the potential use of these surgery derived cell lines as PA model. We carried out a paired-end exome sequencing of patients' tumor and germline DNA using Illumina NextSeq followed by characterization of corresponding PA cell cultures. Variation analysis revealed a low amount of somatic mutations (mean = 5.2, range 3-7) in exomes of PAs. Somatic mutations of the primary surgery material can be detected in the exomes of respective pituispheres, but not in exomes of respective mesenchymal stem-like cells. For the first time, we show that the genome of pituispheres represents genome of PA while mesenchymal stem cells derived from the PA tissue do not contain mutations characteristic to PA in their genome, therefore, most likely representing normal cells of pituitary or surrounding tissues. This finding indicates that pituispheres can be used as a human model of PA cells, but combination of cell culturing techniques and NGS needs to be employed to adjust for disability to propagate spheres in culturing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raitis Peculis
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilona Mandrika
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ramona Petrovska
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rasma Dortane
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Megnis
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jurijs Nazarovs
- Department of Pathology, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Balcere
- Department of Endocrinology, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Riga Stradinņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Stukens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Konrade
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Valdis Pirags
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vita Rovite
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- *Correspondence: Vita Rovite
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Han B, Feng D, Yu X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou L. Identification and Interaction Analysis of Molecular Markers in Colorectal Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6059-6069. [PMID: 30168505 PMCID: PMC6129036 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an extremely common gastrointestinal malignancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three mRNA and 2 microRNA microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (DEMs) were obtained. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) program was utilized to perform gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to determine overall survival (OS) estimates. DEMs targets were predicted by miRWalk. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) was utilized to detect the expression of genes and microRNAs. RESULTS A total of 264 DEGs and 8 DEMs were obtained. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in terms of cell structure, digestion, receptor binding, and extracellular material (ECM). KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in ECM interaction and mineral absorption. Additionally, a PPI network consisting of 181 nodes and 450 edges was established. Three modules with 38 high-degree hubs were extracted from the PPI network and found to be involved in pathways such as chemokine signaling. Five DEGs located in the network of DEM-DEG pairs were associated with the overall survival of CRC patients. Furthermore, hsa-miR-551b was demonstrated to be significantly down-regulated in CRC tissues. CONCLUSIONS The key biomarkers could provide new clues for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Health Service Center of Southeast Community, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Yu
- Health Service Center of Southeast Community, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Caffarini M, Orciani M, Trementino L, Di Primio R, Arnaldi G. Pituitary adenomas, stem cells, and cancer stem cells: what's new? J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:745-753. [PMID: 29222642 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the existence of pituitary stem cells (SCs) both in the embryonic and the postnatal gland and the role for SCs in pituitary adenomas. METHODS This work, which does not address the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas, reviews the latest research findings and discoveries on SCs in pituitary and cancer SCs (CSCs) in pituitary adenomas and discusses the involvement of the EMT. RESULTS Several groups using different approaches and techniques have demonstrated the existence of SCs and CSCs and as they are major players in pituitary adenoma onset. CONCLUSIONS As in other benign and malignant tumors, the hypothesis that CSCs play a pivotal role in pituitary adenoma onset has been confirmed as well as the existence of a link between the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and CSC formation in epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caffarini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - L Trementino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-Endocrinology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Di Primio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - G Arnaldi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences-Endocrinology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of non functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) is a complex process involving several factors, from molecular to genetic and epigenetic modifications, where tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell cycle derangements have been demonstrated to play an important role. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have also been identified as possible players in NFPA tumorigenesis and pituitary stem cells have been investigated for their potential role in pituitary tumor initiation. However, a critical role for paracrine signalling has also been highlighted. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the involvement of these factors in NFPA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Ariosto 35, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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