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List EO, Basu R, Berryman DE, Duran-Ortiz S, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Kopchick JJ. Common and uncommon mouse models of growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Rev 2024:bnae017. [PMID: 38853618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have provided important tools for uncovering the various actions of GH. Nearly 100 years of research using these mouse lines has greatly enhanced our knowledge of the GH/IGF-1 axis. Some of the shared phenotypes of the five "common" mouse models of GHD include reduced body size, delayed sexual maturation, decreased fertility, reduced muscle mass, increased adiposity, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Since these common mouse lines outlive their normal-sized littermates - and have protection from age-associated disease - they have become important fixtures in the aging field. On the other hand, the twelve "uncommon" mouse models of GHD described herein have tremendously divergent health outcomes ranging from beneficial aging phenotypes (similar to those described for the common models) to extremely detrimental features (such as improper development of the CNS, numerous sensory organ defects, and embryonic lethality). Moreover, advancements in next generation sequencing technologies have led to the identification of an expanding array of genes that are recognized as causative agents to numerous rare syndromes with concomitant GHD. Accordingly, this review provides researchers with a comprehensive up-to-date collection of the common and uncommon mouse models of GHD that have been used to study various aspects of physiology and metabolism associated with multiple forms of GHD. For each mouse line presented, the closest comparable human syndromes are discussed providing important parallels to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, 45701, United States
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens Ohio
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, 45701, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens Ohio
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, 45701, United States
| | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology & Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, IIS La Princesa & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, 45701, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens Ohio
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Wu KC, Lin HW, Chu PC, Li CI, Kao HH, Lin CH, Cheng YJ. A non-invasive mouse model that recapitulates disuse-induced muscle atrophy in immobilized patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22201. [PMID: 38097709 PMCID: PMC10721881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Disuse muscle atrophy occurs consequent to prolonged limb immobility or bed rest, which represents an unmet medical need. As existing animal models of limb immobilization often cause skin erosion, edema, and other untoward effects, we here report an alternative method via thermoplastic immobilization of hindlimbs in mice. While significant decreases in the weight and fiber size were noted after 7 days of immobilization, no apparent skin erosion or edema was found. To shed light onto the molecular mechanism underlying this muscle wasting, we performed the next-generation sequencing analysis of gastrocnemius muscles from immobilized versus non-mobilized legs. Among a total of 55,487 genes analyzed, 787 genes were differentially expressed (> fourfold; 454 and 333 genes up- and down-regulated, respectively), which included genes associated with muscle tissue development, muscle system process, protein digestion and absorption, and inflammation-related signaling. From a clinical perspective, this model may help understand the molecular/cellular mechanism that drives muscle disuse and identify therapeutic strategies for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Han Kao
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Dr. Yu-Jung Cheng, No. 100, Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan.
- Department of Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Young JA, Hinrichs A, Bell S, Geitgey DK, Hume-Rivera D, Bounds A, Soneson M, Laron Z, Yaron-Shaminsky D, Wolf E, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Growth hormone insensitivity and adipose tissue: tissue morphology and transcriptome analyses in pigs and humans. Pituitary 2023; 26:660-674. [PMID: 37747600 PMCID: PMC10956721 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-KO) pigs have recently been developed, which serve as a large animal model of Laron syndrome (LS). GHR-KO pigs, like individuals with LS, are obese but lack some comorbidities of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the histological and transcriptomic phenotype of adipose tissue (AT) in GHR-KO pigs and humans with LS. METHODS Intraabdominal (IA) and subcutaneous (SubQ) AT was collected from GHR-KO pigs and examined histologically for adipocyte size and collagen content. RNA was isolated and cDNA sequenced, and the results were analyzed to determine differentially expressed genes that were used for enrichment and pathway analysis in pig samples. For comparison, we also performed limited analyses on human AT collected from a single individual with and without LS. RESULTS GHR-KO pigs have increased adipocyte size, while the LS AT had a trend towards an increase. Transcriptome analysis revealed 55 differentially expressed genes present in both depots of pig GHR-KO AT. Many significant terms in the enrichment analysis of the SubQ depot were associated with metabolism, while in the IA depot, IGF and longevity pathways were negatively enriched. In pathway analysis, multiple expected and novel pathways were significantly affected by genotype, i.e. KO vs. controls. When GH related gene expression was analyzed, SOCS3 and CISH showed species-specific changes. CONCLUSION AT of GHR-KO pigs has several similarities to that of humans with LS in terms of adipocyte size and gene expression profile that help describe the depot-specific adipose phenotype of both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Addison Bounds
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maggie Soneson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Danielle Yaron-Shaminsky
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modelling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Bell S, Young JA, List EO, Basu R, Geitgey DK, Lach G, Lee K, Swegan D, Caggiano LJ, Okada S, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Increased Fibrosis in White Adipose Tissue of Male and Female bGH Transgenic Mice Appears Independent of TGF-β Action. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7069260. [PMID: 36869769 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological state caused by excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in a tissue. Male bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenic mice experience metabolic dysfunction with a marked decrease in lifespan and with increased fibrosis in several tissues including white adipose tissue (WAT), which is more pronounced in the subcutaneous (Sc) depot. The current study expanded on these initial findings to evaluate WAT fibrosis in female bGH mice and the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the development of WAT fibrosis. Our findings established that female bGH mice, like males, experience a depot-dependent increase in WAT fibrosis, and bGH mice of both sexes have elevated circulating levels of several markers of collagen turnover. Using various methods, TGF-β signaling was found unchanged or decreased-as opposed to an expected increase-despite the marked fibrosis in WAT of bGH mice. However, acute GH treatments in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo did elicit a modest increase in TGF-β signaling in some experimental systems. Finally, single nucleus RNA sequencing confirmed no perturbation in TGF-β or its receptor gene expression in any WAT cell subpopulations of Sc bGH WAT; however, a striking increase in B lymphocyte infiltration in bGH WAT was observed. Overall, these data suggest that bGH WAT fibrosis is independent of the action of TGF-β and reveals an intriguing shift in immune cells in bGH WAT that should be further explored considering the increasing importance of B cell-mediated WAT fibrosis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bell
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Grace Lach
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Deborah Swegan
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Okada
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Growth Hormone Alters Circulating Levels of Glycine and Hydroxyproline in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020191. [PMID: 36837810 PMCID: PMC9959592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has established effects on protein metabolism, such as increasing protein synthesis and decreasing amino acid degradation, but its effects on circulating amino acid levels are less studied. To investigate this relationship, metabolomic analyses were used to measure amino acid concentrations in plasma and feces of mice with alterations to the GH axis, namely bovine GH transgenic (bGH; increased GH action) and GH receptor knockout (GHRKO; GH resistant) mice. To determine the effects of acute GH treatment, GH-injected GH knockout (GHKO) mice were used to measure serum glycine. Furthermore, liver gene expression of glycine metabolism genes was assessed in bGH, GHRKO, and GH-injected GHKO mice. bGH mice had significantly decreased plasma glycine and increased hydroxyproline in both sexes, while GHRKO mice had increased plasma glycine in both sexes and decreased hydroxyproline in males. Glycine synthesis gene expression was decreased in bGH mice (Shmt1 in females and Shmt2 in males) and increased in GHRKO mice (Shmt2 in males). Acute GH treatment of GHKO mice caused decreased liver Shmt1 and Shmt2 expression and decreased serum glycine. In conclusion, GH alters circulating glycine and hydroxyproline levels in opposing directions, with the glycine changes at least partially driven by decreased glycine synthesis.
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