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Niu H, Wang H, Zhao B, He J, Yang L, Ma X, Cao J, Li Z, Shen J. Exogenous auxin-induced ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2) enhances femaleness of cucumber via activating CsACS2 gene. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab085. [PMID: 35048108 PMCID: PMC9039497 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a model for the study of sex differentiation in the last two decades. In cucumber, sex differentiation is mainly controlled by genetic material, but plant growth regulators can also influence or even change it. However, the effect of exogenous auxin application on cucumber sex differentiation is mostly limited in physiological level. In this study, we explored the effects of different exogenous auxin concentrations on the varieties with different mutant sex-controlling genotypes and found that there was a dosage effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the enhancement of cucumber femaleness. Several ACC synthetase (ACS) family members could directly respond to the induction of exogenous IAA to improve endogenous ethylene synthesis, and this process can be independent on the previously identified sex-related ACC oxidase CsACO2. We further demonstrated that ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2), responding to the induction of exogenous auxin, could directly activate CsACS2 expression by combining the ERE cis-acting element regions in the promoter, and then increase endogenous ethylene content, which may induce femaleness. These findings reveal that exogenous auxin improves cucumber femaleness via inducing sex-controlling gene and promoting ethylene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Bosi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiajian Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nonda Road 1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junjun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Liu P, Myo T, Ma W, Lan D, Qi T, Guo J, Song P, Guo J, Kang Z. TaTypA, a Ribosome-Binding GTPase Protein, Positively Regulates Wheat Resistance to the Stripe Rust Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:873. [PMID: 27446108 PMCID: PMC4914568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation protein A (TypA/BipA) belongs to the ribosome-binding GTPase superfamily. In many bacterial species, TypA acts as a global stress and virulence regulator and also mediates resistance to the antimicrobial peptide bactericidal permeability-increasing protein. However, the function of TypA in plants under biotic stresses is not known. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive TypA gene (TaTypA) from wheat, with three copies located on chromosomes 6A, 6B, and 6D, respectively. Transient expression assays indicated chloroplast localization of TaTypA. The transcript levels of TaTypA were up-regulated in response to treatment with methyl viologen, which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts through photoreaction, cold stress, and infection by an avirulent strain of the stripe rust pathogen. Knock down of the expression of TaTypA through virus-induced gene silencing decreased the resistance of wheat to stripe rust accompanied by weakened ROS accumulation and hypersensitive response, an increase in TaCAT and TaSOD expression, and an increase in pathogen hyphal growth and branching. Our findings suggest that TaTypA contributes to resistance in an ROS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Guo
- *Correspondence: Jun Guo, ; Zhensheng Kang,
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Gangwar M, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Genomics and relative expression analysis identifies key genes associated with high female to male flower ratio in Jatropha curcas L. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:305-22. [PMID: 26878857 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-3953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas, has been projected as a major source of biodiesel due to high seed oil content (42 %). A major roadblock for commercialization of Jatropha-based biodiesel is low seed yield per inflorescence, which is affected by low female to male flower ratio (1:25-30). Molecular dissection of female flower development by analyzing genes involved in phase transitions and floral organ development is, therefore, crucial for increasing seed yield. Expression analysis of 42 genes implicated in floral organ development and sex determination was done at six floral developmental stages of a J. curcas genotype (IC561235) with inherently higher female to male flower ratio (1:8-10). Relative expression analysis of these genes was done on low ratio genotype. Genes TFL1, SUP, AP1, CRY2, CUC2, CKX1, TAA1 and PIN1 were associated with reproductive phase transition. Further, genes CUC2, TAA1, CKX1 and PIN1 were associated with female flowering while SUP and CRY2 in female flower transition. Relative expression of these genes with respect to low female flower ratio genotype showed up to ~7 folds increase in transcript abundance of SUP, TAA1, CRY2 and CKX1 genes in intermediate buds but not a significant increase (~1.25 folds) in female flowers, thereby suggesting that these genes possibly play a significant role in increased transition towards female flowering by promoting abortion of male flower primordia. The outcome of study has implications in feedstock improvement of J. curcas through functional validation and eventual utilization of key genes associated with female flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Gangwar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Liu X, Rodermel SR, Yu F. A var2 leaf variegation suppressor locus, SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION3, encodes a putative chloroplast translation elongation factor that is important for chloroplast development in the cold. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:287. [PMID: 21187014 PMCID: PMC3022910 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis var2 mutant displays a unique green and white/yellow leaf variegation phenotype and lacks VAR2, a chloroplast FtsH metalloprotease. We are characterizing second-site var2 genetic suppressors as means to better understand VAR2 function and to study the regulation of chloroplast biogenesis. RESULTS In this report, we show that the suppression of var2 variegation in suppressor line TAG-11 is due to the disruption of the SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION3 (SVR3) gene, encoding a putative TypA-like translation elongation factor. SVR3 is targeted to the chloroplast and svr3 single mutants have uniformly pale green leaves at 22°C. Consistent with this phenotype, most chloroplast proteins and rRNA species in svr3 have close to normal accumulation profiles, with the notable exception of the Photosystem II reaction center D1 protein, which is present at greatly reduced levels. When svr3 is challenged with chilling temperature (8°C), it develops a pronounced chlorosis that is accompanied by abnormal chloroplast rRNA processing and chloroplast protein accumulation. Double mutant analysis indicates a possible synergistic interaction between svr3 and svr7, which is defective in a chloroplast pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, on one hand, reinforce the strong genetic link between VAR2 and chloroplast translation, and on the other hand, point to a critical role of SVR3, and possibly some aspects of chloroplast translation, in the response of plants to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve R Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Wu T, Qin Z, Zhou X, Feng Z, Du Y. Transcriptome profile analysis of floral sex determination in cucumber. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:905-13. [PMID: 20303197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber has been widely studied as a model for floral sex determination. In this investigation, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of apical tissue of a gynoecious mutant (Csg-G) and the monoecious wild-type (Csg-M) of cucumber in an attempt to isolate genes involved in sex determination, using the Solexa technology. The profiling analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression attributable to the mutation, which resulted in the down-regulation of 600 genes and the up-regulation of 143 genes. The Solexa data were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biogenesis, transport and organization of cellular component, macromolecular and cellular biosynthesis, localization, establishment of localization, translation and other processes. Furthermore, the expression of some of these genes depended upon the tissue and the developmental stage of the flowers of gynoecious mutant. The results of this study suggest two important concepts, which govern sex determination in cucumber. First, the differential expression of genes involved in plant hormone signaling pathways, such as ACS, Asr1, CsIAA2, CS-AUX1 and TLP, indicate that phytohormones and their crosstalk might play a critical role in the sex determination. Second, the regulation of some transcription factors, including EREBP-9, may also be involved in this developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Horticultural Department, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Road, Harbin 150030, China
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium BipA exhibits two distinct ribosome binding modes. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5944-52. [PMID: 18621905 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00763-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BipA is a highly conserved prokaryotic GTPase that functions to influence numerous cellular processes in bacteria. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, BipA has been implicated in controlling bacterial motility, modulating attachment and effacement processes, and upregulating the expression of virulence genes and is also responsible for avoidance of host defense mechanisms. In addition, BipA is thought to be involved in bacterial stress responses, such as those associated with virulence, temperature, and symbiosis. Thus, BipA is necessary for securing bacterial survival and successful invasion of the host. Steady-state kinetic analysis and pelleting assays were used to assess the GTPase and ribosome-binding properties of S. enterica BipA. Under normal bacterial growth, BipA associates with the ribosome in the GTP-bound state. However, using sucrose density gradients, we demonstrate that the association of BipA and the ribosome is altered under stress conditions in bacteria similar to those experienced during virulence. The data show that this differential binding is brought about by the presence of ppGpp, an alarmone that signals the onset of stress-related events in bacteria.
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Wang F, Zhong NQ, Gao P, Wang GL, Wang HY, Xia GX. SsTypA1, a chloroplast-specific TypA/BipA-type GTPase from the halophytic plant Suaeda salsa, plays a role in oxidative stress tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:982-94. [PMID: 18373622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Suaeda salsa is a leaf-succulent euhalophytic plant capable of surviving under seawater salinity. Here, we report the isolation and functional analysis of a novel Suaeda gene (designated as SsTypA1) encoding a member of the TypA/BipA GTPase gene family. The steady-state transcript level of SsTypA1 in S. salsa was up-regulated in response to various external stressors. Expression of SsTypA1 was restricted to the epidermal layers of the leaf and stem in S. salsa, and SsTypA1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion proteins were targeted to the chloroplasts of tobacco leaves. Ectopic over-expression of SsTypA1 rendered the transgenic tobacco plants with significantly increased tolerance to oxidative stress, and this was accompanied by a reduction in H(2)O(2) content. Enzymatic and Western blot analyses revealed that the activity and amount of the thylakoid-bound NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex in the chloroplasts of leaf cells were enhanced. Additionally, an in vitro assay demonstrated that SsTypA1 bound to GTP and possessed GTPase activity that was stimulated by the presence of chloroplast 70S ribosomes. Together, these results suggest that SsTypA1 may play a critical role in the development of oxidative stress tolerance, perhaps as a translational regulator of the stress-responsive proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) suppression in chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100101, China
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