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Volná A, Bartas M, Nezval J, Pech R, Pečinka P, Špunda V, Červeň J. Beyond the Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids: Potential Roles of Epigenetics and Noncanonical Structures in the Regulations of Plant Growth and Stress Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:331-361. [PMID: 36944887 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics deals with changes in gene expression that are not caused by modifications in the primary sequence of nucleic acids. These changes beyond primary structures of nucleic acids not only include DNA/RNA methylation, but also other reversible conversions, together with histone modifications or RNA interference. In addition, under particular conditions (such as specific ion concentrations or protein-induced stabilization), the right-handed double-stranded DNA helix (B-DNA) can form noncanonical structures commonly described as "non-B DNA" structures. These structures comprise, for example, cruciforms, i-motifs, triplexes, and G-quadruplexes. Their formation often leads to significant differences in replication and transcription rates. Noncanonical RNA structures have also been documented to play important roles in translation regulation and the biology of noncoding RNAs. In human and animal studies, the frequency and dynamics of noncanonical DNA and RNA structures are intensively investigated, especially in the field of cancer research and neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, noncanonical DNA and RNA structures in plants have been on the fringes of interest for a long time and only a few studies deal with their formation, regulation, and physiological importance for plant stress responses. Herein, we present a review focused on the main fields of epigenetics in plants and their possible roles in stress responses and signaling, with special attention dedicated to noncanonical DNA and RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Volná
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartas
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Nezval
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Pech
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pečinka
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Červeň
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Shi M, Wang C, Wang P, Zhang M, Liao W. Methylation in DNA, histone, and RNA during flowering under stress condition: A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111431. [PMID: 36028071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is the most critical transition period in the whole lifecycle of plants, and it is a highly sensitive period to stress. New combinations of temperature, drought stress, carbon dioxide and other abiotic/biotic conditions resulting from contemporary climate change affect the flowering process. Plants have evolved several strategies to deal with environmental stresses, including epigenetic modifications. Numerous studies show that environmental stresses trigger methylation/demethylation during flowering to preserve/accelerate plant lifecycle. What's more, histone and DNA methylation can be induced to respond to stresses, resulting in changes of flowering gene expression and enhancing stress tolerance in plants. Furthermore, RNA methylation may influence stress-regulated flowering by regulating mRNA stability and antioxidant mechanism. Our review presents the involvement of methylation in stress-repressed and stress-induced flowering. The crosstalk between methylation and small RNAs, phytohormones and exogenous substances (such as salicylic acid, nitric oxide) during flowering under different stresses were discussed. The latest regulatory evidence of RNA methylation in stress-regulated flowering was collected for the first time. Meanwhile, the limited evidences of methylation in biotic stress-induced flowering were summarized. Thus, the review provides insights into understanding of methylation mechanism in stress-regulated flowering and makes use for the development of regulating plant flowering at epigenetic level in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Shi
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Govender P, Ghai M, Okpeku M. Sex-specific DNA methylation: impact on human health and development. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1451-1466. [PMID: 35969270 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human evolution has shaped gender differences between males and females. Over the years, scientific studies have proposed that epigenetic modifications significantly influence sex-specific differences. The evolution of sex chromosomes with epigenetics as the driving force may have led to one sex being more adaptable than the other when exposed to various factors over time. Identifying and understanding sex-specific differences, particularly in DNA methylation, will help determine how each gender responds to factors, such as disease susceptibility, environmental exposure, brain development and neurodegeneration. From a medicine and health standpoint, sex-specific methylation studies have shed light on human disease severity, progression, and response to therapeutic intervention. Interesting findings in gender incongruent individuals highlight the role of genetic makeup in influencing DNA methylation differences. Sex-specific DNA methylation studies will empower the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry with more knowledge to identify biomarkers, design and develop sex bias drugs leading to better treatment in men and women based on their response to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Govender
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Meenu Ghai
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa.
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
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Zhou P, Zhang X, Ma X, Yue J, Liao Z, Ming R. Methylation related genes affect sex differentiation in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab065. [PMID: 35048102 PMCID: PMC8935930 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphological, genic and epigenetic differences often exist in separate sexes of dioecious and trioecious plants. However, the connections and relationships among them in different breeding systems are still unclear. Papaya has three sex types, which is genetically determined and epigenetically regulated, and was chosen as a model to study sex differentiation. Bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from early-stage flowers revealed sex-specific genomic methylation landscapes and seasonally methylome reprogramming processes in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya grown in spring and summer. Extensive methylation of sex-determining region (SDR) was the distinguishing epigenetic characteristics of nascent XY sex chromosomes in papaya. Seasonal methylome reprogramming of early-stage flowers in both dioecy and gynodioecy systems were detected, resulting from transcriptional expression pattern alterations of methylation-modification-related and chromatin-remodeling-related genes, particularly from those genes involved in active demethylation. Genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction pathway in male flowers have played an important role in the formation of male-specific characteristics. These findings enhanced the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic contributions to sex differentiation and the complexity of sex chromosome evolution in trioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Fruit Research Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013,Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyi Ma
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyang Liao
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Jabbour F, Espinosa F, Dejonghe Q, Le Péchon T. Development and Evolution of Unisexual Flowers: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020155. [PMID: 35050043 PMCID: PMC8780417 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of unisexual flowers has been described in a large number of taxa, sampling the diversity of floral phenotypes and sexual systems observed in extant angiosperms, in studies focusing on floral ontogeny, on the evo-devo of unisexuality, or on the genetic and chromosomal bases of unisexuality. We review here such developmental studies, aiming at characterizing the diversity of ontogenic pathways leading to functionally unisexual flowers. In addition, we present for the first time and in a two-dimensional morphospace a quantitative description of the developmental rate of the sexual organs in functionally unisexual flowers, in a non-exhaustive sampling of angiosperms with contrasted floral morphologies. Eventually, recommendations are provided to help plant evo-devo researchers and botanists addressing macroevolutionary and ecological issues to more precisely select the taxa, the biological material, or the developmental stages to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Felipe Espinosa
- Independent Researcher, Carrera 13 # 113-24, Bogotá 110111, Colombia;
| | - Quentin Dejonghe
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Timothée Le Péchon
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium;
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Rue A. Lavalée, 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium
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Gao L, Yu G, Hu F, Li Z, Li W, Peng C. The Patterns of Male and Female Flowers in Flowering Stage May Not Be Optimal Resource Allocation for Fruit and Seed Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122819. [PMID: 34961290 PMCID: PMC8706146 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the proportions of male and female flowers in monoecious plants in response to external environmental conditions are directly related to the reproductive fitness of plants. The monoecious cucumber (Cucumber sativus) plant was used in this study to assess the responses of sex differentiation and the breeding process to nutrient supply and the degree of artificial pollination using pollen solutions of different concentrations. We found that the nutrient supply significantly improved the number of female flowers, while pollination treatments did not obviously increase the number of male flowers. Continuous pollination changed the number of female flowers especially in the later stage of the pollination experiment. Therefore, pollination changed the ratio of male and female flowers in the flowering stage of cucumber. Pollination treatment affected the fruit growth, seed set, and fruit yield. The number of fruit, fruit set percentage, and total seeds per plant did not increase with the pollination level, but individual fruit weight and seed number in one fruit did increase. The differentiation of male and female flowers in the flowering stage of cucumber is a response to nutrient and pollination resources, but this response is not the optimal resource allocation for subsequent fruit development and seed maturity, which suggests that the response of plants to external environment resources is short-term and direct.
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Zhang J, Li Y, Luo S, Cao M, Zhang L, Li X. Differential gene expression patterns during gametophyte development provide insights into sex differentiation in the dioicous kelp Saccharina japonica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:335. [PMID: 34261451 PMCID: PMC8278619 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In brown algae, dioicy is the prevalent sexual system, and phenotypic differences between male and female gametophytes have been found in many dioicous species. Saccharina japonica show remarkable sexual dimorphism in gametophytes before gametogenesis. A higher level of phenotypic differentiation was also found in female and male gametes after gametogenesis. However, the patterns of differential gene expression throughout gametophyte development and how these changes might relate to sex-specific fitness at the gamete stage in S. japonica are not well known. RESULTS In this study, differences in gene expression between male and female gametophytes in different developmental stages were investigated using comparative transcriptome analysis. Among the 20,151 genes expressed in the haploid gametophyte generation, 37.53% were sex-biased. The abundance of sex-biased genes in mature gametophytes was much higher than that in immature gametophytes, and more male-biased than female-biased genes were observed in the mature stage. The predicted functions of most sex-biased genes were closely related to the sex-specific characteristics of gametes, including cell wall biosynthesis, sperm motility, and sperm and egg recognition. In addition, 51 genes were specifically expressed in males in both stages, showing great potential as candidate male sex-determining region (SDR) genes. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a thorough investigation into differential gene expression between male and female gametophytes in the dioicous kelp S. japonica. A large number of sex-biased genes in mature gametophytes may be associated with the divergence of phenotypic traits and physiological functions between female gametes (eggs) and male gametes (sperm) during sexual differentiation. These genes may mainly come from new sex-biased genes that have recently evolved in the S. japonica lineage. The duplication of sex-biased genes was detected, which may increase the number of sex-biased genes after gametogenesis in S. japonica to some extent. The excess of male-biased genes over female-biased genes in the mature stage may reflect the different levels of sexual selection across sexes. This study deepens our understanding of the regulation of sex development and differentiation in the dioicous kelp S. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Shiju Luo
- National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xiaojie Li
- National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Yantai, 264003, China
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Li H, Wang L, Mai Y, Han W, Suo Y, Diao S, Sun P, Fu J. Phytohormone and integrated mRNA and miRNA transcriptome analyses and differentiation of male between hermaphroditic floral buds of andromonoecious Diospyros kaki Thunb. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:203. [PMID: 33757427 PMCID: PMC7986387 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) has various labile sex types, and studying its sex differentiation can improve breeding efficiency. However, studies on sexual regulation patterns in persimmon have focused mainly on monoecy and dioecy, whereas little research has been published on andromonoecy. In order to reveal the sex differentiation regulation mechanism of andromonoecious persimmon, we performed histological and cytological observations, evaluated OGI and MeGI expression and conducted phytohormones assays and mRNA and small RNA transcriptome analyses of the male and hermaphroditic floral buds of the andromonoecious persimmon 'Longyanyeshi 1'. RESULTS Stages 2 and 4 were identified as the critical morphological periods for sex differentiation of 'Longyanyeshi 1' by histological and cytological observation. At both stages, OGI was differentially expressed in male and hermaphroditic buds, but MeGI was not. This was different from their expressions in dioecious and monoecious persimmons. Meantime, the results of phytohormones assays showed that high IAA, ABA, GA3, and JA levels at stage 2 may have promoted male floral bud differentiation. However, high JA levels at stage 4 and high ZT levels at stages 2 and 4 may have promoted hermaphroditic floral bud differentiation. In these phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, 52 and 54 differential expression genes (including Aux/IAA, ARFs, DELLA, AHP, A-ARR, B-ARR, CYP735A, CRE1, PP2C, JAZ, MYC2, COI1, CTR1, SIMKK, ACO, and MPK6) were identified, respectively. During the development of male floral buds, five metacaspases genes may have been involved in pistil abortion. In addition, MYB, FAR1, bHLH, WRKY, and MADS transcription factors might play important roles in persimmon floral bud sex differentiation. Noteworthy, miR169v_1, miR169e_3, miR319_1, and miR319 were predicted to contribute to phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and floral organogenesis and may also regulate floral bud sex differentiation. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the differences in morphology and phytohormones content between male and hermaphroditic floral buds of 'Longyanyeshi 1' during the process of sex differentiation, and identified a subset of candidate genes and miRNAs putatively associated with its sex differentiation. These findings can provide a foundation for molecular regulatory mechanism researching on andromonoecious persimmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yini Mai
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Weijuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yujing Suo
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Songfeng Diao
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Non-timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
- Non-timber Forest Research and Development Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
- National Innovation Alliance of Persimmon Industry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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Wu C, Xu B, Li Z, Song P, Chao Z. Gender discrimination of Populus tomentosa barks by HPLC fingerprint combined with multivariate statistics. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e00311. [PMID: 33748656 PMCID: PMC7963124 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint method with multivariate statistical analyses was applied to discriminate the male and female barks of Populus tomentosa for the first time. The samples of 11 male and 13 female barks of mature P. tomentosa were collected in Beijing. The chemical fingerprint of methanol extract was established by HPLC method with diode array detector (DAD). The principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to discriminate male and female barks based on the area of common peaks identified in HPLC fingerprints. A clear grouping trend (R 2 X, 0.83; Q 2, 0.595) among the male and female samples was exhibited by PCA score plot. Two groups were clearly divided into male and female samples by HCA. Both male and female samples were well discriminated with OPLS-DA (R 2 X, 0.775; Q 2, 0.795). Seven potential chemical markers were screened by variable importance in projection (VIP values >1.0) of OPLS-DA model and four of them were identified as micranthoside, siebolside B, sakuranin, and isosakuranin. The HPLC fingerprint combined with multivariate statistical analyses could be used to discriminate the gender of barks of P. tomentosa and revealed the differences in chemical components, which enriched the basic studies on dioecious plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingPR China
| | - Bo Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingPR China
| | - Zhuojun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingPR China
| | - Pingping Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingPR China
| | - Zhimao Chao
- Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingPR China
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Xue L, Wu H, Chen Y, Li X, Hou J, Lu J, Wei S, Dai X, Olson MS, Liu J, Wang M, Charlesworth D, Yin T. Evidences for a role of two Y-specific genes in sex determination in Populus deltoides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5893. [PMID: 33208755 PMCID: PMC7674411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all plants in the genus Populus are dioecious (i.e. trees are either male or female), but it is unknown whether dioecy evolved in a common ancestor or independently in different subgenera. Here, we sequence the small peritelomeric X- and Y-linked regions of P. deltoides chromosome XIX. Two genes are present only in the Y-linked region. One is a duplication of a non-Y-linked, female-specifically expressed response regulator, which produces siRNAs that block this gene's expression, repressing femaleness. The other is an LTR/Gypsy transposable element family member, which generates long non-coding RNAs. Overexpression of this gene in A. thaliana promotes androecium development. We also find both genes in the sex-determining region of P. simonii, a different poplar subgenus, which suggests that they are both stable components of poplar sex-determining systems. By contrast, only the duplicated response regulator gene is present in the sex-linked regions of P. davidiana and P. tremula. Therefore, findings in our study suggest dioecy may have evolved independently in different poplar subgenera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjiao Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaitong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaogang Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxiu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China
| | - Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, 200137, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Genome-Wide Identification and Coexpression Network Analysis of DNA Methylation Pathway Genes and Their Differentiated Functions in Ginkgo biloba L. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a vital role in diverse biological processes. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) genes and RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)-related genes are key genes responsible for establishing and maintaining genome DNA methylation in plants. In the present study, we systematically identified nine GbDNMTs in Ginkgo biloba, including the three common families of GbMET1a/1b, GbCMT2, and GbDRMa/b/2a/2b/2c, and a fourth family—GbDNMT3—which is absent in most angiosperms. We also identified twenty RdDM-related genes, including four GbDCLs, six GbAGOs, and ten GbRDRs. Expression analysis of the genes showed the different patterns of individual genes, and 15 of 29 genes displayed expression change under five types of abiotic stress. Gene coexpression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using 126 public transcriptomic datasets revealed that these genes were clustered into two groups. In group I, genes covered members from all six families which were preferentially expressed in the ovulate strobile and fruit. A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of WGCNA modules indicated that group I genes were most correlated with the biological process of cell proliferation. Group II only consisted of RdDM-related genes, including GbDRMs, GbAGOs, and GbRDRs, but no GbDCLs, and these genes were specifically expressed in the cambium, suggesting that they may function in a dicer-like (DCL)-independent RdDM pathway in specific tissues. The gene module related to group II was most enriched in signal transduction, cell communication, and the response to the stimulus. These results demonstrate that gene family members could be conserved or diverged across species, and multi-member families in the same pathway may cluster into different modules to function differentially. The study provides insight into the DNA methylation genes and their possible functions in G. biloba, laying a foundation for the further study of DNA methylation in gymnosperms.
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12
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Shangguan L, Fang X, Jia H, Chen M, Zhang K, Fang J. Characterization of DNA methylation variations during fruit development and ripening of Vitis vinifera (cv. 'Fujiminori'). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:617-637. [PMID: 32255927 PMCID: PMC7113366 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The fruit is the most important economical organ in the grape; accordingly, to investigate the grapevine genomic methylation landscape and examine its functional significance during fruit development, we generated whole genome DNA methylation maps for various developmental stages in the fruit of grapevine. In this study, thirteen DNA methylation-related genes and their expression profiles were identified and analyzed. The methylation levels for mC, mCG, mCHG, and mCHH contexts in 65 days after flowering (65DAF) fruit (véraison stage) were higher than those in 40DAF (green stage) and 90DAF (mature stage) fruits. Relative to methylation in the mC context, methylation levels in the mCHH context were higher than those of mCG and mCHG. The DNA methylation level in the ncRNA regions was significantly higher than that in exon, gene, intron, and mRNA regions. The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially methylated promoters (DMPs) in 65DAF_vs_40DAF were both higher than those in 90DAF_vs_65DAF and 90DAF_vs_40DAF. Most DMRs (or DMPs) were involved in metabolic processes and cell processes, binding, and catalytic activity. These results indicated that DNA methylation represses gene expression during grape fruit development, and it broadens our understanding of the landscape and function of DNA methylation in grapevine genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095 China
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13
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Li WF, Ning GX, Mao J, Guo ZG, Zhou Q, Chen BH. Whole-genome DNA methylation patterns and complex associations with gene expression associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit skin. PLANTA 2019; 250:1833-1847. [PMID: 31471637 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes and MYB/bHLH transcription factors was associated with apple fruit skin color revealed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. DNA methylation is a common feature of epigenetic regulation and is associated with various biological processes. Anthocyanins are among the secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit colour, which is a key appearance and nutrition quality attribute of apple fruit. Although few studies reported that DNA methylation in the promoter of MYB transcription factor was associated with fruit skin color, there is a general lack of understanding of the dynamics of global and genic DNA methylation in apple fruit. Here, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was carried out in fruit skin of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. 'Red Delicious' (G0) and its four-generation bud sport mutants, including 'Starking Red' (G1), 'Starkrimson' (G2), 'Campbell Redchief' (G3) and 'Vallee spur' (G4) at color break stage. Correlation and linear-regression analysis between DNA methylation level and anthocyanin content, as well as the transcription levels of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were carried out. The results showed that the number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) was considerably increased from G1 to G4 versus the number observed in G0. The mCHH context was dominant in apple, but the levels of mCG and mCHG of DMGs were significantly higher than that of the mCHH. Genetic variation of bud sport mutants from 'Red Delicious' was associated with differential DNA methylation. Additionally, hypomethylation of mCG and mCHG contexts in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes (PAL, 4CL, CYP98A, PER, CCoAOMT, CHS, and F3'H), mCHG context in MYB10 at upstream, led to transcriptional activation and was conductive to anthocyanin accumulation. However, hypermethylation of mCG context in bHLH74 at upstream led to transcriptional inhibition, inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gai-Xing Ning
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Pipatchartlearnwong K, Juntawong P, Wonnapinij P, Apisitwanich S, Vuttipongchaikij S. Towards sex identification of Asian Palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer L.) by DNA fingerprinting, suppression subtractive hybridization and de novo transcriptome sequencing. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7268. [PMID: 31333909 PMCID: PMC6626516 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asian Palmyra palm, the source of palm-sugar, is dioecious with a long juvenile period requiring at least 12 years to reach its maturity. To date, there is no reliable molecular marker for identifying sexes before the first bloom, limiting crop designs and utilization. We aimed to identify sex-linked markers for this palm using PCR-based DNA fingerprinting, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome sequencing. METHODS DNA fingerprints were generated between males and females based on RAPD, AFLP, SCoT, modified SCoT, ILP, and SSR techniques. Large-scale cloning and screening of SSH libraries and de novo transcriptome sequencing of male and female cDNA from inflorescences were performed to identify sex-specific genes for developing sex-linked markers. RESULTS Through extensive screening and re-testing of the DNA fingerprints (up to 1,204 primer pairs) and transcripts from SSH (>10,000 clones) and transcriptome data, however, no sex-linked marker was identified. Although de novo transcriptome sequencing of male and female inflorescences provided ∼32 million reads and 187,083 assembled transcripts, PCR analysis of selected sex-highly represented transcripts did not yield any sex-linked marker. This result may suggest the complexity and small sex-determining region of the Asian Palmyra palm. To this end, we provide the first global transcripts of male and female inflorescences of Asian Palmyra palm. Interestingly, sequence annotation revealed a large proportion of transcripts related to sucrose metabolism, which corresponds to the sucrose-rich sap produced in the inflorescences, and these transcripts will be useful for further understanding of sucrose production in sugar crop plants. Provided lists of sex-specific and differential-expressed transcripts would be beneficial to the further study of sexual development and sex-linked markers in palms and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piyada Juntawong
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Apisitwanich
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Indole-3-acetic acid has long-term effects on long non-coding RNA gene methylation and growth in Populus tomentosa. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:1511-1525. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Cossard GG, Pannell JR. A functional decomposition of sex inconstancy in the dioecious, colonizing plant Mercurialis annua. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:722-732. [PMID: 31081926 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants with separate sexes often show "inconstant" or "leaky" sex expression, with females or males producing a few flowers of the opposite sex. The frequency and degree of such inconstancy may reflect residual hermaphroditic sex allocation after an evolutionary transition from combined to separate sexes. Sex inconstancy also represents a possible first step in the breakdown of dioecy back to hermaphroditism. In the Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae) species complex, monoecy and androdioecy have evolved from dioecy in polyploid populations. Here, we characterize patterns of sex inconstancy in dioecious M. annua and discuss how sex inconstancy may have contributed to the breakdown of separate sexes in the genus. METHODS We measured sex inconstancy in three common gardens of M. annua over 2 years using a modification of Lloyd's phenotypic gender in terms of frequency and degree, with the degree calibrating inconstancy against the sex allocation of constant males and constant females, yielding a measure of gender that does not depend on the distribution of gender in the population. RESULTS Unusually for dioecious plants, the frequency of sex inconstancy in M. annua was greater in females, but its degree was greater for males in the 2 years of study. We suggest that this pattern is consistent with the maintenance of inconstancy in dioecious M. annua by selection for reproductive assurance under mate limitation. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates the utility of decomposing measures of sex inconstancy into its frequency and its degree and throws new light on the origin of variation in sexual systems in Mercurialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume G Cossard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Liu M, Li W, Zhao G, Fan X, Long H, Fan Y, Shi M, Tan X, Zhang L. New Insights of Salicylic Acid Into Stamen Abortion of Female Flowers in Tung Tree ( Vernicia fordii). Front Genet 2019; 10:316. [PMID: 31024626 PMCID: PMC6460477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tung tree (Vernicia fordii), an economically important woody oil plant, is a monoecious and diclinous species with male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. The extremely low proportion of female flowers leads to low fruit yield in tung orchards. The female flower normally develops along with stamen abortion; otherwise sterile ovules will be produced. However, little knowledge is known about the molecular basis of the female flower development in tung tree. In this study, integrated analyses of morphological and cytological observations, endogenous phytohormone assay and RNA-seq were conducted to understand the molecular mechanism of the female flower development in tung tree. Cytological observation suggested that the abortion of stamens in female flowers (SFFs) belongs to the type of programmed cell death (PCD), which was caused by tapetum degeneration at microspore mother cell stage. A total of 1,366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in female flowers by RNA-seq analysis, of which 279 (20.42%) DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Stage-specific transcript identification detected dynamically expressed genes of important transcription regulators in female flowers that may be involved in PCD and floral organ development. Gene expression patterns revealed that 17 anther and pollen development genes and 37 PCD-related genes might be involved in the abortion of SFF. Further analyses of phytohormone levels and co-expression networks suggested that salicylic acid (SA) accumulation could trigger PCD and inhibit the development of SFF in tung tree. This study provides new insights into the role of SA in regulating the abortion of SFF to develop normal female flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxu Long
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yanru Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Mingwang Shi
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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18
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Melnikova NV, Kudryavtseva AV, Borkhert EV, Pushkova EN, Fedorova MS, Snezhkina AV, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA. Sex-specific polymorphism of MET1 and ARR17 genes in Populus × sibirica. Biochimie 2019; 162:26-32. [PMID: 30935960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Populus is an effective model in tree genetics. This genus includes dioecious species and, recently, whole genome resequencing of P. trichocarpa and P. balsamifera enabled the identification of sex-linked regions and sex-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These results created new opportunities to study sex determination in poplars. In the present work, we performed deep sequencing of genes encoding METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) and homolog of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 17 (ARR17), which are localized in a sex-linked region of Populus genome and contain a number of sex-associated SNPs. Amplicon libraries for 38 samples of P. × sibirica (19 males and 19 females) were sequenced on MiSeq Illumina (300 nt paired-end reads) and approximately 4000× coverage was obtained for each sample. In total, from 80 to 179 SNPs were detected in poplar individuals for MET1, and from 16 to 49 SNPs were detected for ARR17. We identified 17 sex-specific SNPs (11 in MET1 and 6 in ARR17) - they were present in all males but absent in all females. For identified sex-specific SNP sites, females were homozygous, while males were heterozygous. Moreover, colocation of sex-specific SNPs confirming the XY sex-determination system of poplars was revealed: in one allelic variant, males had the same nucleotides as females, while in the other, sex-specific SNPs were present. Based on the data obtained, we developed and successfully applied a high-resolution melting-based approach for sex identification in poplars. The developed molecular markers are useful for distinguishing between male and female poplars in scientific research and can also be applied to select male-only genotypes for use in city landscaping and production of paper, pulp, and biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Elena V Borkhert
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Elena N Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria S Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya V Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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19
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The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, regulates the expression of genes and is therefore involved in the transitions between floral developmental stages in flowering plants. To explore whether DNA methylation plays different roles in the floral development of individual male and female dioecious plants, we injected 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, into the trunks of female and male basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) trees before flower bud initiation. As expected, 5-azaC decreased the level of DNA methylation in the leaves of both male and female trees during floral development; however, it increased DNA methylation in the leaves of male trees at the flower transition stage. Furthermore, 5-azaC increased the number, length and diameter of flower buds in the female trees but decreased these parameters in the male trees. The 5-azaC treatment also decreased the contents of soluble sugars, starch and reducing sugars in the leaves of the female plants, while increasing them in the male plants at the flower transition stage; however, this situation was largely reversed at the flower development stage. In addition, 5-azaC treatment decreased the contents of auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) in both male and female trees at the flower transition stage. These results indicate that hypomethylation in leaves at the flower transition stage promotes the initiation of flowering and subsequent floral growth in Salix viminalis, suggesting that DNA methylation plays a similar role in vegetative–reproductive transition and early floral development. Furthermore, methylation changes during the vegetative–reproductive transition and floral development were closely associated with the biosynthesis, metabolism and transportation of carbohydrates and IAA. These results provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of carbohydrate accumulation.
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20
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Xu L, Liu H, Ma Y, Wu C, Li R, Chao Z. Comparative study of volatile components from male and female flower buds of Populus × tomentosa by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2105-2108. [PMID: 29897251 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1483929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The differences of volatile components in male (MFB) and female flower buds (FFB) of Populus × tomentosa were analysed and compared by HS-SPME with GC-MS for the first time. A total of 34 compounds were identified. Two clusters were clearly divided into male and female by hierarchical clustering analysis. Both the male and female flower buds showed methyl salicylate (22.83 and 24.09%, respectively) and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (10.05 and 12.41%, respectively) as the main volatile constituents. The content of 2-cyclohexen-1-one, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate in FFB was remarkably higher than in MFB. In contrast, the content of ethyl benzoate in MFB was greater than that in FFB. The phenomena showed the characteristic differences between MFB and FFB of P. × tomentosa, which enriched the basic studies on dioecious plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Haiping Liu
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yucui Ma
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cui Wu
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Zhimao Chao
- a Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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21
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Fu Q, Niu L, Chen MS, Tao YB, Wang X, He H, Pan BZ, Xu ZF. De novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis between male and benzyladenine-induced female inflorescence buds of Plukenetia volubilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 221:107-118. [PMID: 29275214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plukenetia volubilis is a promising oilseed crop due to its seeds being rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid. P. volubilis is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. We previously reported that male flowers were converted to female flowers by exogenous cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, 6-BA) treatment in P. volubilis. To identify candidate genes associated with floral sex differentiation of P. volubilis, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis on control male inflorescence buds (MIB) and female inflorescence buds (FIB) induced by 6-BA using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 57,664 unigenes with an average length of 979 bp were assembled from 104.1 million clean reads, and 45,235 (78.45%) unigenes were successfully annotated in the public databases. Notably, Gene Ontology analyses revealed that 4193 and 3880 unigenes were enriched in the categories of reproduction and reproductive processes, respectively. Differential expression analysis identified 1385 differentially expressed unigenes between MIB and FIB, of which six unigenes related to cytokinin and auxin signaling pathways and 16 important transcription factor (TF) genes including MADS-box family members were identified. In particular, several unigenes encoding important TFs, such as homologs of CRABS CLAW, RADIALIS-like 1, RADIALIS-like 2, HECATE 2, WUSCHEL-related homeobox 9, and SUPERMAN, were expressed at higher levels in FIB than in MIB. The expression patterns of the 36 selected unigenes revealed by transcriptome analysis were successfully validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study not only provides comprehensive gene expression profiles of P. volubilis inflorescence buds, but also lays the foundation for research on the molecular mechanism of floral sex determination in P. volubilis and other monoecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Longjian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Xiulan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Huiying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Bang-Zhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China.
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Chen Z, Rao P, Yang X, Su X, Zhao T, Gao K, Yang X, An X. A Global View of Transcriptome Dynamics During Male Floral Bud Development in Populus tomentosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:722. [PMID: 29335419 PMCID: PMC5768756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain a comprehensive overview of the dynamic transcriptome during male floral bud development in Populus tomentosa, high-throughput RNA-seq was conducted during eight flowering-related stages. Among the 109,212 de novo assembled unigenes, 6,959 were differentially expressed during the eight stages. The overrepresented classed of genes identified by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment included 'response to environmental stimuli' and 'plant-type spore development'. One-third of the differentially expressed genes were transcription factors (TFs). Several genes and gene families were analyzed in depth, including MADS-box TFs, Squamosa promoter binding protein-like family, receptor-like kinases, FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL-FLOWER-LIKE 1 family, key genes involved in anther and tapetum development, as well as LEAFY, WUSCHEL and CONSTANS. The results provided new insights into the roles of these and other well known gene families during the annual flowering cycle. To explore the mechanisms regulating poplar flowering, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed using 98 floral-related genes involved in flower meristem identity and flower development. Many modules of co-expressed genes and hub genes were identified, such as APETALA1 and HUA1. This work provides many new insights on the annual flowering cycle in a perennial plant, and a major new resource for plant biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Pian Rao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxing Su
- Berry Genomics Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kai Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinmin An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Bräutigam K, Cronk Q. DNA Methylation and the Evolution of Developmental Complexity in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1447. [PMID: 30349550 PMCID: PMC6186995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
All land plants so far examined use DNA methylation to silence transposons (TEs). DNA methylation therefore appears to have been co-opted in evolution from an original function in TE management to a developmental function (gene regulation) in both phenotypic plasticity and in normal development. The significance of DNA methylation to the evolution of developmental complexity in plants lies in its role in the management of developmental pathways. As such it is more important in fine tuning the presence, absence, and placement of organs rather than having a central role in the evolution of new organs. Nevertheless, its importance should not be underestimated as it contributes considerably to the range of phenotypic expression and complexity available to plants: the subject of the emerging field of epi-evodevo. Furthermore, changes in DNA methylation can function as a "soft" mutation that may be important in the early stages of major evolutionary novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bräutigam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Quentin Cronk
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Quentin Cronk,
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24
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Mei L, Dong N, Li F, Li N, Yao M, Chen F, Tang L. Transcriptome analysis of female and male flower buds of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Carlson CH, Choi Y, Chan AP, Serapiglia MJ, Town CD, Smart LB. Dominance and Sexual Dimorphism Pervade the Salix purpurea L. Transcriptome. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:2377-2394. [PMID: 28957462 PMCID: PMC5622329 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heritability of gene expression is critical in understanding heterosis and is dependent on allele-specific regulation by local and remote factors in the genome. We used RNA-Seq to test whether variation in gene expression among F1 and F2 intraspecific Salix purpurea progeny is attributable to cis- and trans-regulatory divergence. We assessed the mode of inheritance based on gene expression levels and allele-specific expression for F1 and F2 intraspecific progeny in two distinct tissue types: shoot tip and stem internode. In addition, we explored sexually dimorphic patterns of inheritance and regulatory divergence among F1 progeny individuals. We show that in S. purpurea intraspecific crosses, gene expression inheritance largely exhibits a maternal dominant pattern, regardless of tissue type or pedigree. A significantly greater number of cis- and trans-regulated genes coincided with upregulation of the maternal parent allele in the progeny, irrespective of the magnitude, whereas the paternal allele was higher expressed for genes showing cis × trans or compensatory regulation. Importantly, consistent with previous genetic mapping results for sex in shrub willow, we have delimited sex-biased gene expression to a 2 Mb pericentromeric region on S. purpurea chr15 and further refined the sex determination region. Altogether, our results offer insight into the inheritance of gene expression in S. purpurea as well as evidence of sexually dimorphic expression which may have contributed to the evolution of dioecy in Salix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig H. Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456 USA
| | - Yongwook Choi
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Agnes P. Chan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Michelle J. Serapiglia
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456 USA
| | | | - Lawrence B. Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456 USA
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Mohanty JN, Nayak S, Jha S, Joshi RK. Transcriptome profiling of the floral buds and discovery of genes related to sex-differentiation in the dioecious cucurbit Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Gene 2017; 626:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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He J, Dong T, Huang K, Yang Y, Li D, Xu X, He X. Sex-specific floral morphology, biomass, and phytohormones associated with altitude in dioecious Populus cathayana populations. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3976-3986. [PMID: 28616192 PMCID: PMC5468146 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between sex-specific floral traits and endogenous phytohormones associated with altitude are unknown particularly in dioecious trees. We thus examined the relationships between floral morphology or biomass and phytohormones in male and female flowers of dioecious Populus cathayana populations along an altitudinal gradient (1,500, 1,600, and 1,700 m above sea level) in the Xiaowutai Nature Reserve in northern China. The female and male flowers had the most stigma and pollen at 1,700 m, the largest ovaries and least pollen at 1,500 m, and the smallest ovaries and greater numbers of anthers at 1,600 m altitude. The single-flower biomass was significantly greater in males than in females at 1,600 or 1,700 m, but the opposite was true at 1,500 m altitude. The biomass percentages were significantly higher in anthers than in stigmas at each altitude, while significantly greater gibberellin A3 (GA 3), zeatin riboside (ZR), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were found in female than in male flowers. Moreover, most flower morphological traits positively correlated with IAA in females but not in males. The biomass of a single flower was significantly positively correlated with ABA or IAA in males but negatively with ZR in females and was not correlated with GA 3 in both females and males. Our results demonstrate a distinct sexual adaptation between male and female flowers and that phytohormones are closely related to the size, shape, and biomass allocation in the pollination or fertilization organs of dioecious plants, although with variations in altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong He
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University)Ministry of EducationNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Tingfa Dong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University)Ministry of EducationNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Kechao Huang
- Guangxi Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Yanxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University)Ministry of EducationNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Dadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University)Ministry of EducationNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University)Ministry of EducationNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Xinhua He
- Centre of Excellence for Soil BiologyCollege of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingChina
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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Bräutigam K, Soolanayakanahally R, Champigny M, Mansfield S, Douglas C, Campbell MM, Cronk Q. Sexual epigenetics: gender-specific methylation of a gene in the sex determining region of Populus balsamifera. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45388. [PMID: 28345647 PMCID: PMC5366940 DOI: 10.1038/srep45388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation has frequently been implicated in gender determination in plants. The recent discovery of the sex determining region (SDR) of balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera, pinpointed 13 genes with differentiated X and Y copies. We tested these genes for differential methylation using whole methylome sequencing of xylem tissue of multiple individuals grown under field conditions in two common gardens. The only SDR gene to show a marked pattern of gender-specific methylation is PbRR9, a member of the two component response regulator (type-A) gene family, involved in cytokinin signalling. It is an ortholog of Arabidopsis genes ARR16 and ARR17. The strongest patterns of differential methylation (mostly male-biased) are found in the putative promoter and the first intron. The 4th intron is strongly methylated in both sexes and the 5th intron is unmethylated in both sexes. Using a statistical learning algorithm we find that it is possible accurately to assign trees to gender using genome-wide methylation patterns alone. The strongest predictor is the region coincident with PbRR9, showing that this gene stands out against all genes in the genome in having the strongest sex-specific methylation pattern. We propose the hypothesis that PbRR9 has a direct, epigenetically mediated, role in poplar sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bräutigam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Missisauga, Mississauga ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Raju Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Marc Champigny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Shawn Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 4030-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Malcolm M Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Quentin Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Li W, Zhang L, Ding Z, Wang G, Zhang Y, Gong H, Chang T, Zhang Y. De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of the male and hermaphroditic flowers provide insights into the regulation of flower formation in andromonoecious taihangia rupestris. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:54. [PMID: 28241786 PMCID: PMC5329940 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taihangia rupestris, an andromonoecious plant species, bears both male and hermaphroditic flowers within the same individual. However, the establishment and development of male and hermaphroditic flowers in andromonoecious Taihangia remain poorly understood, due to the limited genetic and sequence information. To investigate the potential molecular mechanism in the regulation of Taihangia flower formation, we used de novo RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptome profiles of male and hermaphroditic flowers at early and late developmental stages. RESULTS Four cDNA libraries, including male floral bud, hermaphroditic floral bud, male flower, and hermaphroditic flower, were constructed and sequenced by using the Illumina RNA-Seq method. Totally, 84,596,426 qualified Illumina reads were obtained and then assembled into 59,064 unigenes, of which 24,753 unigenes were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database. In addition, 12,214, 7,153, and 8,115 unigenes were assigned into 53 Gene Ontology (GO) functional groups, 25 Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) categories, and 126 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively. By pairwise comparison of unigene abundance between the samples, we identified 1,668 differential expressed genes (DEGs), including 176 transcription factors (TFs) between the male and hermaphroditic flowers. At the early developmental stage, we found 263 up-regulated genes and 436 down-regulated genes expressed in hermaphroditic floral buds, while 844 up-regulated genes and 314 down-regulated genes were detected in hermaphroditic flowers at the late developmental stage. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that a large number of DEGs were associated with a wide range of functions, including cell cycle, epigenetic processes, flower development, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid pathway. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to validate the DEGs identified in the present study. CONCLUSION In this study, transcriptome data of this rare andromonoecious Taihangia were reported for the first time. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the significant differences in gene expression profiles between male and hermaphroditic flowers at early and late developmental stages. The transcriptome data of Taihangia would be helpful to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in regulation of flower formation and unisexual flower establishment in andromonoecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032 Jilin China
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032 Jilin China
| | - Zhan Ding
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Guodong Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Hongmei Gong
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Tianjun Chang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 Henan China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032 Jilin China
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Chen M, Wang C, Bao H, Chen H, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of novel lncRNAs in Populus under nitrogen deficiency. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1663-80. [PMID: 27138920 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important regulatory factors of gene expression in eukaryotic species, such as Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa. However, the systematic identification of potential lncRNAs in trees is comparatively rare. In particular, the characteristics, expression, and regulatory roles of lncRNAs in trees under nutrient stress remain largely unknown. A genome-wide strategy was used in this investigation to identify and characterize novel and low-nitrogen (N)-responsive lncRNAs in Populus tomentosa; 388 unique lncRNA candidates belonging to 380 gene loci were detected and only seven lncRNAs were found to belong to seven conserved non-coding RNA families indicating the majority of P. tomentosa lncRNAs are species-specific. In total, 126 lncRNAs were significantly altered under low-N stress; 8 were repressed, and 118 were induced. Furthermore, 9 and 5 lncRNAs were detected as precursors of 11 known and 14 novel Populus miRNAs, respectively, whereas 4 lncRNAs were targeted by 29 miRNAs belonging to 5 families, including 22 conserved and 7 non-conserved miRNAs. In addition, 15 antisense lncRNAs were identified to be generated from opposite strands of 14 corresponding protein-coding genes. In total, 111 protein-coding genes with regions complementary to 38 lncRNAs were also predicted with some lncRNAs corresponding to multiple genes and vice versa, and their functions were annotated, which further demonstrated the complex regulatory relationship between lncRNAs and protein-coding genes in plants. Moreover, an interaction network among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs was investigated. These findings enrich our understanding of lncRNAs in Populus, expand the methods of miRNA identification. Our results present the first global characterization of lncRNAs and their potential target genes in response to nitrogen stress in trees, which provides more information on low-nutrition adaptation mechanisms in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Sobral R, Silva HG, Morais-Cecílio L, Costa MMR. The Quest for Molecular Regulation Underlying Unisexual Flower Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 26925078 PMCID: PMC4759290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the making of a unisexual flower has been a long-standing quest in plant biology. Plants with male and female flowers can be divided mainly into two categories: dioecious and monoecious, and both sexual systems co-exist in nature in ca of 10% of the angiosperms. The establishment of male and female traits has been extensively described in a hermaphroditic flower and requires the interplay of networks, directly and indirectly related to the floral organ identity genes including hormonal regulators, transcription factors, microRNAs, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Recent transcriptomic studies have been uncovering the molecular processes underlying the establishment of unisexual flowers and there are many parallelisms between monoecious, dioecious, and hermaphroditic individuals. Here, we review the paper entitled "Comparative transcriptomic analysis of male and female flowers of monoecious Quercus suber" published in 2014 in the Frontiers of Plant Science (volume 5 |Article 599) and discussed it in the context of recent studies with other dioecious and monoecious plants that utilized high-throughput platforms to obtain transcriptomic profiles of male and female unisexual flowers. In some unisexual flowers, the developmental programs that control organ initiation fail and male or female organs do not form, whereas in other species, organ initiation and development occur but they abort or arrest during different species-specific stages of differentiation. Therefore, a direct comparison of the pathways responsible for the establishment of unisexual flowers in different species are likely to reveal conserved modules of gene regulatory hubs involved in stamen or carpel development, as well as differences that reflect the different stages of development in which male and/or female organ arrest or loss-of-function occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rómulo Sobral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Helena G. Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Leonor Morais-Cecílio
- Departamento de Recursos Naturais Ambiente e Território, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. R. Costa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
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Ci D, Song Y, Du Q, Tian M, Han S, Zhang D. Variation in genomic methylation in natural populations of Populus simonii is associated with leaf shape and photosynthetic traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:723-37. [PMID: 26552881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation, one of the best-studied types of chromatin modification, suppresses the expression of transposable elements, pseudogenes, repetitive sequences, and individual genes. However, the extent and variation of genome-wide DNA methylation in natural populations of plants remain relatively unknown. To investigate variation in DNA methylation and whether this variation associates with important plant traits, including leaf shape and photosynthesis, 20 413 DNA methylation sites were examined in a poplar association population (505 individuals) using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technology. Calculation of epi-population structure and kinships assigned individuals into subsets (K=3), revealing that the natural population of P. simonii consists of three subpopulations. Population epigenetic distance and geographic distance showed a significant correlation (r=0.4688, P<0.001), suggesting that environmental factors may affect epigenetics. Single-marker approaches were also used to identify significant marker-trait associations, which found 1087 high-confidence DNA methylation markers associated with different phenotypic traits explaining ~5-15% of the phenotypic variance. Among these loci, 147 differentially methylated fragments were obtained by sequencing, representing 130 candidate genes. Expression analysis of six candidate genes indicated that these genes might play important roles in leaf development and regulation of photosynthesis. This study provides association analysis to study the effects of DNA methylation on plant development and these data indicate that epigenetics bridges environmental and genetic factors in affecting plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ci
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Min Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Du S, Sang Y, Liu X, Xing S, Li J, Tang H, Sun L. Transcriptome Profile Analysis from Different Sex Types of Ginkgo biloba L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:871. [PMID: 27379148 PMCID: PMC4910463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sex determination is a comprehensive process of correlated events, which involves genes that are differentially and/or specifically expressed in distinct developmental phases. Exploring gene expression profiles from different sex types will contribute to fully understanding sex determination in plants. In this study, we conducted RNA-sequencing of female and male buds (FB and MB) as well as ovulate strobilus and staminate strobilus (OS and SS) of Ginkgo biloba to gain insights into the genes potentially related to sex determination in this species. Approximately 60 Gb of clean reads were obtained from eight cDNA libraries. De novo assembly of the clean reads generated 108,307 unigenes with an average length of 796 bp. Among these unigenes, 51,953 (47.97%) had at least one significant match with a gene sequence in the public databases searched. A total of 4709 and 9802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in MB vs. FB and SS vs. OS, respectively. Genes involved in plant hormone signal and transduction as well as those encoding DNA methyltransferase were found to be differentially expressed between different sex types. Their potential roles in sex determination of G. biloba were discussed. Pistil-related genes were expressed in male buds while anther-specific genes were identified in female buds, suggesting that dioecism in G. biloba was resulted from the selective arrest of reproductive primordia. High correlation of expression level was found between the RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR results. The transcriptome resources that we generated allowed us to characterize gene expression profiles and examine differential expression profiles, which provided foundations for identifying functional genes associated with sex determination in G. biloba.
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Ogata T, Yamanaka S, Shoda M, Urasaki N, Yamamoto T. Current status of tropical fruit breeding and genetics for three tropical fruit species cultivated in Japan: pineapple, mango, and papaya. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:69-81. [PMID: 27069392 PMCID: PMC4780804 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tropical fruit crops are predominantly produced in tropical and subtropical developing countries, but some are now grown in southern Japan. Pineapple (Ananas comosus), mango (Mangifera indica) and papaya (Carica papaya) are major tropical fruits cultivated in Japan. Modern, well-organized breeding systems have not yet been developed for most tropical fruit species. Most parts of Japan are in the temperate climate zone, but some southern areas such as the Ryukyu Islands, which stretch from Kyushu to Taiwan, are at the northern limits for tropical fruit production without artificial heating. In this review, we describe the current status of tropical fruit breeding, genetics, genomics, and biotechnology of three main tropical fruits (pineapple, mango, and papaya) that are cultivated and consumed in Japan. More than ten new elite cultivars of pineapple have been released with improved fruit quality and suitability for consumption as fresh fruit. New challenges and perspectives for obtaining high fruit quality are discussed in the context of breeding programs for pineapple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Ogata
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
1091-1, Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002,
Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yamanaka
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
1091-1, Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002,
Japan
| | - Moriyuki Shoda
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center,
820 Makabe, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336,
Japan
| | - Naoya Urasaki
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center,
820 Makabe, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336,
Japan
| | - Toshiya Yamamoto
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605,
Japan
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Ci D, Song Y, Tian M, Zhang D. Methylation of miRNA genes in the response to temperature stress in Populus simonii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:921. [PMID: 26579167 PMCID: PMC4626561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and miRNAs provide crucial regulation of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we used methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms to identify 1066 sites that were differentially methylated in response to temperature stress in Populus simonii. Among these loci, BLAST searches of miRBase identified seven miRNA genes. Expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR suggested that the methylation pattern of these miRNA genes probably influences their expression. Annotation of these miRNA genes in the sequenced genome of Populus trichocarpa found three target genes (Potri.007G090400, Potri.014G042200, and Potri.010G176000) for the miRNAs produced from five genes (Ptc-MIR396e and g, Ptc-MIR156i and j, and Ptc-MIR390c) respectively. The products of these target genes function in lipid metabolism to deplete lipid peroxide. We also constructed a network based on the interactions between DNA methylation and miRNAs, miRNAs and target genes, and the products of target genes and the metabolic factors that they affect, including H2O2, malondialdehyde, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase. Our results suggested that DNA methylation probably regulates the expression of miRNA genes, thus affecting expression of their target genes, likely through the gene-silencing function of miRNAs, to maintain cell survival under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ci
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Min Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
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Chawla A, Stobdan T, Srivastava RB, Jaiswal V, Chauhan RS, Kant A. Sex-Biased Temporal Gene Expression in Male and Female Floral Buds of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124890. [PMID: 25915052 PMCID: PMC4410991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seabuckthorn is an economically important dioecious plant in which mechanism of sex determination is unknown. The study was conducted to identify seabuckthorn homologous genes involved in floral development which may have role in sex determination. Forty four putative Genes involved in sex determination (GISD) reported in model plants were shortlisted from literature survey, and twenty nine seabuckthorn homologous sequences were identified from available seabuckthorn genomic resources. Of these, 21 genes were found to differentially express in either male or female flower bud stages. HrCRY2 was significantly expressed in female flower buds only while HrCO had significant expression in male flowers only. Among the three male and female floral development stages (FDS), male stage II had significant expression of most of the GISD. Information on these sex-specific expressed genes will help in elucidating sex determination mechanism in seabuckthorn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, India
| | - Tsering Stobdan
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence R & D Organisation, Leh, Jammu, and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi B. Srivastava
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence R & D Organisation, Leh, Jammu, and Kashmir, India
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, India
| | - Rajinder S. Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, India
| | - Anil Kant
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, India
- * E-mail:
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Geraldes A, Hefer CA, Capron A, Kolosova N, Martinez-Nuñez F, Soolanayakanahally RY, Stanton B, Guy RD, Mansfield SD, Douglas CJ, Cronk QCB. Recent Y chromosome divergence despite ancient origin of dioecy in poplars (Populus). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3243-56. [PMID: 25728270 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All species of the genus Populus (poplar, aspen) are dioecious, suggesting an ancient origin of this trait. Despite some empirical counter examples, theory suggests that nonrecombining sex-linked regions should quickly spread, eventually becoming heteromorphic chromosomes. In contrast, we show using whole-genome scans that the sex-associated region in Populus trichocarpa is small and much younger than the age of the genus. This indicates that sex determination is highly labile in poplar, consistent with recent evidence of 'turnover' of sex-determination regions in animals. We performed whole-genome resequencing of 52 P. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) and 34 Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar) individuals of known sex. Genomewide association studies in these unstructured populations identified 650 SNPs significantly associated with sex. We estimate the size of the sex-linked region to be ~100 kbp. All SNPs significantly associated with sex were in strong linkage disequilibrium despite the fact that they were mapped to six different chromosomes (plus 3 unmapped scaffolds) in version 2.2 of the reference genome. We show that this is likely due to genome misassembly. The segregation pattern of sex-associated SNPs revealed this to be an XY sex-determining system. Estimated divergence times of X and Y haplotype sequences (6-7 Ma) are much more recent than the divergence of P. trichocarpa (poplar) and Populus tremuloides (aspen). Consistent with this, in P. tremuloides, we found no XY haplotype divergence within the P. trichocarpa sex-determining region. These two species therefore have a different genomic architecture of sex, suggestive of at least one turnover event in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geraldes
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C A Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A Capron
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - N Kolosova
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - F Martinez-Nuñez
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - R Y Soolanayakanahally
- Agroforestry Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Indian Head, SK, S0G 2K0, Canada
| | - B Stanton
- Greenwood Resources, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - R D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Q C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Song Y, Tian M, Ci D, Zhang D. Methylation of microRNA genes regulates gene expression in bisexual flower development in andromonoecious poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1891-905. [PMID: 25617468 PMCID: PMC4669551 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed sex-specific DNA methylation and expression of candidate genes in bisexual flowers of andromonoecious poplar, but the regulatory relationship between methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) remains unclear. To investigate whether the methylation of miRNA genes regulates gene expression in bisexual flower development, the methylome, microRNA, and transcriptome were examined in female and male flowers of andromonoecious poplar. 27 636 methylated coding genes and 113 methylated miRNA genes were identified. In the coding genes, 64.5% of the methylated reads mapped to the gene body region; by contrast, 60.7% of methylated reads in miRNA genes mainly mapped in the 5' and 3' flanking regions. CHH methylation showed the highest methylation levels and CHG showed the lowest methylation levels. Correlation analysis showed a significant, negative, strand-specific correlation of methylation and miRNA gene expression (r=0.79, P <0.05). The methylated miRNA genes included eight long miRNAs (lmiRNAs) of 24 nucleotides and 11 miRNAs related to flower development. miRNA172b might play an important role in the regulation of bisexual flower development-related gene expression in andromonoecious poplar, via modification of methylation. Gynomonoecious, female, and male poplars were used to validate the methylation patterns of the miRNA172b gene, implying that hyper-methylation in andromonoecious and gynomonoecious poplar might function as an important regulator in bisexual flower development. Our data provide a useful resource for the study of flower development in poplar and improve our understanding of the effect of epigenetic regulation on genes other than protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Min Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dong Ci
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Yang H, Chang F, You C, Cui J, Zhu G, Wang L, Zheng Y, Qi J, Ma H. Whole-genome DNA methylation patterns and complex associations with gene structure and expression during flower development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:268-81. [PMID: 25404462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flower development is a complex process requiring proper spatiotemporal expression of numerous genes. Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, play essential roles in modulating gene expression. However, few studies have examined the relationship between DNA methylation and floral gene expression on a genomic scale. Here we present detailed analyses of DNA methylomes at single-base resolution for three Arabidopsis floral periods: meristems, early flowers and late flowers. We detected 1.5 million methylcytosines, and estimated the methylation levels for 24 035 genes. We found that many cytosine sites were methylated de novo from the meristem to the early flower stage, and many sites were demethylated from early to late flowers. A comparison of the transcriptome data of the same three periods revealed that the methylation and demethylation processes were correlated with expression changes of >3000 genes, many of which are important for normal flower development. We also found different methylation patterns for three sequence contexts ((m) CG, (m) CHG and (m) CHH) and in different genic regions, potentially with different roles in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
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Genome sequence comparison reveals a candidate gene involved in male–hermaphrodite differentiation in papaya (Carica papaya) trees. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:661-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Song Y, Ci D, Tian M, Zhang D. Comparison of the physiological effects and transcriptome responses of Populus simonii under different abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:139-56. [PMID: 25002226 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the field, perennial plants such as poplar (Populus spp.) must adapt to simultaneous exposure to various abiotic stresses, which can affect their growth and survival. However, the mechanisms for stress-specific adaption in response to different abiotic stresses remain unclear. Thus, understanding the unique acclimation process for each abiotic treatment will require a comprehensive and systematic comparison of the responses of poplar to different abiotic stresses. To compare the responses to multiple stresses, we compared physiological effects and transcriptome changes in poplar under four abiotic stresses (salinity, osmotic, heat and cold). Photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes changed significantly after 6 h abiotic stress treatment. Therefore, using 6 h abiotic stress treatment groups for transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of 863 differentially expressed genes (653 up-regulated and 210 down-regulated) common to osmotic, salinity, heat and cold treatment. We also identified genes specific to osmotic (1,739), salinity (1,222), cold (2,508) and heat (3,200), revealing that salinity stress has the fewest differently-expressed genes. After gene annotation, we found differences in expression of genes related to electron transport, stomatal control, antioxidant enzymes, cell wall alteration, and phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling in response to various abiotic stresses. This study provides new insights to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which poplar adapts under different abiotic stress conditions and provides new clues for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China,
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