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Santabarbara S, Agostini A, Petrova AA, Bortolus M, Casazza AP, Carbonera D. Chlorophyll triplet states in thylakoid membranes of Acaryochloris marina. Evidence for a triplet state sitting on the photosystem I primary donor populated by intersystem crossing. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 159:133-152. [PMID: 37191762 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced triplet states in the thylakoid membranes isolated from the cyanobacterium Acaryocholoris marina, that harbours Chlorophyll (Chl) d as its main chromophore, have been investigated by Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) and time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (TR-EPR). Thylakoids were subjected to treatments aimed at poising the redox state of the terminal electron transfer acceptors and donors of Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), respectively. Under ambient redox conditions, four Chl d triplet populations were detectable, identifiable by their characteristic zero field splitting parameters, after deconvolution of the Fluorescence Detected Magnetic Resonance (FDMR) spectra. Illumination in the presence of the redox mediator N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and sodium ascorbate at room temperature led to a redistribution of the triplet populations, with T3 (|D|= 0.0245 cm-1, |E|= 0.0042 cm-1) becoming dominant and increasing in intensity with respect to untreated samples. A second triplet population (T4, |D|= 0.0248 cm-1, |E|= 0.0040 cm-1) having an intensity ratio of about 1:4 with respect to T3 was also detectable after illumination in the presence of TMPD and ascorbate. The microwave-induced Triplet-minus-Singlet spectrum acquired at the maximum of the |D|-|E| transition (610 MHz) displays a broad minimum at 740 nm, accompanied by a set of complex spectral features that overall resemble, despite showing further fine spectral structure, the previously reported Triplet-minus-Singlet spectrum attributed to the recombination triplet of PSI reaction centre,3 P 740 [Schenderlein M, Çetin M, Barber J, et al. Spectroscopic studies of the chlorophyll d containing photosystem I from the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:1400-1408]. However, TR-EPR experiments indicate that this triplet displays an eaeaea electron spin polarisation pattern which is characteristic of triplet sublevels populated by intersystem crossing rather than recombination, for which an aeeaae polarisation pattern is expected instead. It is proposed that the observed triplet, which leads to the bleaching of the P740 singlet state, sits on the PSI reaction centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi Sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anastasia A Petrova
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi Sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1 Building 40, Moscow, Russia, 119992
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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Younis U, Rahi AA, Danish S, Ali MA, Ahmed N, Datta R, Fahad S, Holatko J, Hammerschmiedt T, Brtnicky M, Zarei T, Baazeem A, Sabagh AEL, Glick BR. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy vibrational bands study of Spinacia oleracea and Trigonella corniculata under biochar amendment in naturally contaminated soil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253390. [PMID: 34191839 PMCID: PMC8244852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy detects functional groups such as vibrational bands like N-H, O-H, C-H, C = O (ester, amine, ketone, aldehyde), C = C, C = N (vibrational modes of a tetrapyrrole ring) and simply C = N. The FTIR of these bands is fundamental to the investigation of the effect of biochar (BC) treatment on structural changes in the chlorophyll molecules of both plants that were tested. For this, dried leaf of Spinacia oleracia (spinach) and Trigonella corniculata (fenugreek) were selected for FTIR spectral study of chlorophyll associated functional groups. The study’s primary goal was to investigate the silent features of infrared (IR) spectra of dried leave samples. The data obtained from the current study also shows that leaf chlorophyll can mask or suppress other molecules’ FITR bands, including proteins. In addition, the C = O bands with Mg and the C9 ketonic group of chlorophyll are observed as peaks at1600 (0%BC), 1650 (3%BC) and 1640, or near to1700 (5%BC) in spinach samples. In fenugreek, additional effects are observed in the FTIR spectra of chlorophyll at the major groups of C = C, C = O and C9 of the ketonic groups, and the vibrational bands are more evident at C-H and N-H of the tetrapyrrole ring. It is concluded that C-N bands are more visible in 5% BC treated spinach and fenugreek than in all other treatments. These types of spectra are useful in detecting changes or visibility of functional groups, which are very helpful in supporting biochemical data such as an increase in protein can be detected by more visibility of C-N bands in FTIR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Younis
- Department of Botany, University of Central Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (SD); (SF); (RD)
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Ahmed
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (SD); (SF); (RD)
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (SD); (SF); (RD)
| | - Jiri Holatko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrisciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hammerschmiedt
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrisciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tayebeh Zarei
- Laboratory of Tropical and Mediterranean Symbioses, CIRAD, Mintpellier, France
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman EL Sabagh
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Hamaguchi T, Kawakami K, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Inoue-Kashino N, Itoh S, Ifuku K, Yamashita E, Maeda K, Yonekura K, Kashino Y. Structure of the far-red light utilizing photosystem I of Acaryochloris marina. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2333. [PMID: 33879791 PMCID: PMC8058080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acaryochloris marina is one of the cyanobacterial species that can use far-red light to drive photochemical reactions for oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, we report the structure of A. marina photosystem I (PSI) reaction center, determined by cryo-electron microscopy at 2.58 Å resolution. The structure reveals an arrangement of electron carriers and light-harvesting pigments distinct from other type I reaction centers. The paired chlorophyll, or special pair (also referred to as P740 in this case), is a dimer of chlorophyll d and its epimer chlorophyll d'. The primary electron acceptor is pheophytin a, a metal-less chlorin. We show the architecture of this PSI reaction center is composed of 11 subunits and we identify key components that help explain how the low energy yield from far-red light is efficiently utilized for driving oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawakami
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Shigeru Itoh
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou Maeda
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Yonekura
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Kashino
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan.
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Excited State Frequencies of Chlorophyll f and Chlorophyll a and Evaluation of Displacement through Franck-Condon Progression Calculations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071326. [PMID: 30987301 PMCID: PMC6479460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present ground and excited state frequency calculations of the recently discovered extremely red-shifted chlorophyll f. We discuss the experimentally available vibrational mode assignments of chlorophyll f and chlorophyll a which are characterised by particularly large downshifts of 131-keto mode in the excited state. The accuracy of excited state frequencies and their displacements are evaluated by the construction of Franck–Condon (FC) and Herzberg–Teller (HT) progressions at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Results show that while CAM-B3LYP results are improved relative to B3LYP calculations, the displacements and downshifts of high-frequency modes are underestimated still, and that the progressions calculated for low temperature are dominated by low-frequency modes rather than fingerprint modes that are Resonant Raman active.
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Allakhverdiev SI, Kreslavski VD, Zharmukhamedov SK, Voloshin RA, Korol'kova DV, Tomo T, Shen JR. Chlorophylls d and f and Their Role in Primary Photosynthetic Processes of Cyanobacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:201-12. [PMID: 27262189 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The finding of unique Chl d- and Chl f-containing cyanobacteria in the last decade was a discovery in the area of biology of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Chl b, Chl c, and Chl f are considered to be accessory pigments found in antennae systems of photosynthetic organisms. They absorb energy and transfer it to the photosynthetic reaction center (RC), but do not participate in electron transport by the photosynthetic electron transport chain. However, Chl d as well as Chl a can operate not only in the light-harvesting complex, but also in the photosynthetic RC. The long-wavelength (Qy) Chl d and Chl f absorption band is shifted to longer wavelength (to 750 nm) compared to Chl a, which suggests the possibility for oxygenic photosynthesis in this spectral range. Such expansion of the photosynthetically active light range is important for the survival of cyanobacteria when the intensity of light not exceeding 700 nm is attenuated due to absorption by Chl a and other pigments. At the same time, energy storage efficiency in photosystem 2 for cyanobacteria containing Chl d and Chl f is not lower than that of cyanobacteria containing Chl a. Despite great interest in these unique chlorophylls, many questions related to functioning of such pigments in primary photosynthetic processes are still not elucidated. This review describes the latest advances in the field of Chl d and Chl f research and their role in primary photosynthetic processes of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Allakhverdiev
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
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Hastings G. Vibrational spectroscopy of photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:55-68. [PMID: 25086273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy (FTIR DS) has been widely used to study the structural details of electron transfer cofactors (and their binding sites) in many types of photosynthetic protein complexes. This review focuses in particular on work that has been done to investigate the A₁cofactor in photosystem I photosynthetic reaction centers. A review of this subject area last appeared in 2006 [1], so only work undertaken since then will be covered here. Following light excitation of intact photosystem I particles the P700⁺A⁻(1) secondary radical pair state is formed within 100ps. This state decays within 300ns at room temperature, or 300μs at 77K. Given the short-lived nature of this state, it is not easily studied using "static" photo-accumulation FTIR difference techniques at either temperature. Time-resolved techniques are required. This article focuses on the use of time-resolved step-scan FTIR DS for the study of the P700⁺A⁻(1) state in intact photosystem I. Up until now, only our group has undertaken studies in this area. So, in this article, recent work undertaken in our lab is described, where we have used low-temperature (77K), microsecond time-resolved step-scan FTIR DS to study the P700⁺A⁻(1) state in photosystem I. In photosystem I a phylloquinone molecule occupies the A₁binding site. However, different quinones can be incorporated into the A1 binding site, and here work is described for photosystem I particles with plastoquinone-9, 2-phytyl naphthoquinone and 2-methyl naphthoquinone incorporated into the A₁binding site. Studies in which ¹⁸O isotope labeled phylloquinone has been incorporated into the A1 binding site are also discussed. To fully characterize PSI particles with different quinones incorporated into the A1 binding site nanosecond to millisecond visible absorption spectroscopy has been shown to be of considerable value, especially so when undertaken using identical samples under identical conditions to that used in time-resolved step-scan FTIR measurements. In this article the latest work that has been undertaken using both visible and infrared time resolved spectroscopies on the same sample will be described. Finally, vibrational spectroscopic data that has been obtained for phylloquinone in the A1 binding site in photosystem I is compared to corresponding data for ubiquinone in the QA binding site in purple bacterial reaction centers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Saito K, Shen JR, Ishikita H. Cationic state distribution over the chlorophyll d-containing P(D1)/P(D2) pair in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:1191-5. [PMID: 22192718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the chlorophyll (Chl) cofactors in photosystem II (PSII) from Acaryochloris marina are Chld, although a few Chla molecules are also present. To evaluate the possibility that Chla may participate in the P(D1)/P(D2) Chl pair in PSII from A. marina, the P(D1)(•+)/P(D2)(•+) charge ratio was investigated using the PSII crystal structure analyzed at 1.9-Å resolution, while considering all possibilities for the Chld-containing P(D1)/P(D2) pair, i.e., Chld/Chld, Chla/Chld, and Chld/Chla pairs. Chld/Chld and Chla/Chld pairs resulted in a large P(D1)(•+) population relative to P(D2)(•+), as identified in Chla/Chla homodimer pairs in PSII from other species, e.g., Thermosynechococcus elongatus PSII. However, the Chld/Chla pair possessed a P(D1)(•+)/P(D2)(•+) ratio of approximately 50/50, which is in contrast to previous spectroscopic studies on A. marina PSII. The present results strongly exclude the possibility that the Chld/Chla pair serves as P(D1)/P(D2) in A. marina PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Saito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Theiss C, Schmitt FJ, Pieper J, Nganou C, Grehn M, Vitali M, Olliges R, Eichler HJ, Eckert HJ. Excitation energy transfer in intact cells and in the phycobiliprotein antennae of the chlorophyll d containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1473-1487. [PMID: 21396735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina is unique because it mainly contains Chlorophyll d (Chl d) in the core complexes of PS I and PS II instead of the usually dominant Chl a. Furthermore, its light harvesting system has a structure also different from other cyanobacteria. It has both, a membrane-internal chlorophyll containing antenna and a membrane-external phycobiliprotein (PBP) complex. The first one binds Chl d and is structurally analogous to CP43. The latter one has a rod-like structure consisting of three phycocyanin (PC) homohexamers and one heterohexamer containing PC and allophycocyanin (APC). In this paper, we give an overview on the investigations of excitation energy transfer (EET) in this PBP-light-harvesting system and of charge separation in the photosystem II (PS II) reaction center of A. marina performed at the Technische Universität Berlin. Due to the unique structure of the PBP antenna in A. marina, this EET occurs on a much shorter overall time scale than in other cyanobacteria. We also briefly discuss the question of the pigment composition in the reaction center (RC) of PS II and the nature of the primary donor of the PS II RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Theiss
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, Germany.
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Tomo T, Allakhverdiev SI, Mimuro M. Constitution and energetics of photosystem I and photosystem II in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:333-40. [PMID: 21530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini review presents current topics of discussion about photosystem (PS) I and PS II of photosynthesis in the Acaryochloris marina. A. marina is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium in which chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major antenna pigment (>95%). However, Chl a is always present in a few percent. Chl d absorbs light with a wavelength up to 30 nm red-shifted from Chl a. Therefore, the chlorophyll species of the special pair in PS II has been a matter of debate because if Chl d was the special pair component, the overall energetics must be different in A. marina. The history of this field indicates that a purified sample is necessary for the reliable identification and characterization of the special pair. In view of the spectroscopic data and the redox potential of pheophytin, we discuss the nature of special pair constituents and the localization of the enigmatic Chl a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tomo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Ohashi S, Miyashita H, Okada N, Iemura T, Watanabe T, Kobayashi M. Unique photosystems in Acaryochloris marina. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:141-149. [PMID: 18985431 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A short overview is given on the discovery of the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina and the minor pigments that function as key components therein. In photosystem I, chlorophyll d', chlorophyll a, and phylloquinone function as the primary electron donor, the primary electron acceptor and the secondary electron acceptor, respectively. In photosystem II, pheophytin a serves as the primary electron acceptor. The oxidation potential of chlorophyll d was higher than that of chlorophyll a in vitro, while the oxidation potential of P740 was almost the same as that of P700. These results help us to broaden our view on the questions about the unique photosystems in Acaryochloris marina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ohashi
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Renger T, Schlodder E. The Primary Electron Donor of Photosystem II of the Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina Is a Chlorophyll d and the Water Oxidation Is Driven by a Chlorophyll a/Chlorophyll d Heterodimer. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:7351-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Renger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 36a, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Schlodder
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 36a, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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