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Iha M, Fujii R. Production of Carotenoids from Cultivated Seaweed. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:21-27. [PMID: 33783728 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cladosiphon (C.) okamuranus, a brown alga endemic to the Nansei Islands, Japan, has been conventionally ingested as food. Nowadays, it is a major aquatic product of the Okinawa Prefecture with an annual production of around 20,000 tons. The life cycle of C. okamuranus comprises the macroscopic sporophyte (algal body) generation and the microscopic gametophyte generation. The germlings in the latter generation can proliferate when floating in seawater. This floating form has been exploited in techniques involved in the commercial production of C. okamuranus seedlings.Brown algae contain fucoxanthin, a carbonyl carotenoid known to have anticancer, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effect in addition to the anti-oxidation effect. We found that the fucoxanthin content of cultivated floating form of C. okamuranus discoid germlings becomes up to 50 times that of the mature alga. Since the discoid germlings repeatedly grow like microorganisms, although they are large algae, they are utilized to produce fucoxanthin. We optimize the culture conditions by changing the temperature, light intensity, photoperiod, light wavelength, and nutrient salt conditions for optimal fucoxanthin productivity. The cultivation has been successful to industrial plant scale, culminating in the use of 1 ton of cultivating medium.In brown algal cells, fucoxanthin is primarily found bound to the photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes known as fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein (FCP). Consequently cultivated floating form of C. okamuranus also shows high content of FCP. Isolation and characterization of pigments bound to the FCP were determined precisely, and ultrafast spectroscopies were applied to elucidate the photosynthetic function of fucoxanthin bound to the pigment-protein complexes. This cultivation method has also been applied to the other edible brown algae. We found that the optimal cultivation conditions as well as the yields of fucoxanthin and FCP highly depend on the species.The floating form cultivation was also applied to a large-sized edible green alga, Codium intricatum, which is uniquely producing a carbonyl carotenoid, siphonaxanthin. This has several anti-disease effects and is also a primal photosynthetic pigment which is found bound to photosynthetic antenna complex usually called siphonaxanthin-chlorophyll protein (SCP). We are working on the improvement of productivity, scale-up of production, and development of cultivation technology of new macro algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritsuko Fujii
- The OCU Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka, Japan
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Chen K, Roca M. Cooking effects on bioaccessibility of chlorophyll pigments of the main edible seaweeds. Food Chem 2019; 295:101-109. [PMID: 31174738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Edible seaweeds are highly consumed food with a rich chlorophyll profile. Although seaweeds are mainly cooked ingested, the influence of cooking on the chlorophyll bioaccessibility remains unknown. In this research, cooked Nori, Sea Lettuce and Kombu were subjected to an in vitro digestion and following micellarization investigations. The processing of red seaweed does not affect the chlorophyll recovery, while cooking green and brown seaweeds implies an important increase in chlorophyll recovery after in vitro digestion. In this line, while cooking affects negatively the micellarization rate of chlorophyll derivatives in Nori and Kombu, it does not modify the micellarization in Sea Lettuce. Generally, the chlorophyll bioaccessibility of microwaved seaweeds is always higher than that of boiled ones. However, cooking improves the chlorophyll bioaccessibility in brown seaweeds, while decreases in red seaweeds. In conclusion, the characteristics of food matrix are the determinant factor on the chlorophyll bioaccessibility of cooked seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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Yamano N, Mizoguchi T, Fujii R. The pH-dependent photophysical properties of chlorophyll-c bound to the light-harvesting complex from a diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen K, Ríos JJ, Pérez-Gálvez A, Roca M. Comprehensive chlorophyll composition in the main edible seaweeds. Food Chem 2017; 228:625-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mizoguchi T, Isaji M, Yamano N, Harada J, Fujii R, Tamiaki H. Molecular Structures and Functions of Chlorophylls-a Esterified with Geranylgeranyl, Dihydrogeranylgeranyl, and Tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl Groups at the 17-Propionate Residue in a Diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans. Biochemistry 2017. [PMID: 28627163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 17-propionate ester group of chlorophyll(Chl)-a in some oxygenic phototrophs was investigated using HPLC. Chls-a esterified with partially dehydrogenated forms of a phytyl group were found in fully grown cells of a diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans: geranylgeranyl (GG), dihydrogeranylgeranyl (DHGG), and tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl (THGG). Chls-a bearing such esterifying groups were reported to be found only in greening processes of higher plants, and thus these Chls-a have been thought to be biosynthetic precursors for phytylated Chl-a. Their molecular structures were unambiguously determined using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In particular, the positions of C═C double bonds in DHGG were identified at C2═C3, C6═C7, and C14═C15, and those in THGG were determined to be at C2═C3 and C14═C15. Notably, the present DHGG was different from the previously determined DHGG of bacteriochlorophyll-a in purple bacteria (C2═C3, C10═C11, and C14═C15). Moreover, thylakoid membranes as well as fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-a/c proteins called FCPs were isolated from the diatom, and their Chl-a compositions were analyzed. Chls-a esterified with GG, DHGG, and THGG were detected by HPLC, indicating that such Chls-a were not merely biosynthetic precursors, but photosynthetically active pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Megumi Isaji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Jiro Harada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine , Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Ohtani Y, Nishinaka H, Hoshino S, Shimada T, Takagi S. Anisotropic photochemical energy transfer in clay/porphyrin system prepared by size-matching effect and Langmuir–Blodgett technique. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Characterization of fucoxanthin aggregates in mesopores of silica gel: Electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Natural and artificial light-harvesting systems utilizing the functions of carotenoids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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The 17-propionate esterifying variants of bacteriochlorophyll-a and bacteriopheophytin-a in purple photosynthetic bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 142:244-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Harada J, Mizoguchi T, Nomura K, Tamiaki H. Isolation and structural determination of C8-vinyl-bacteriochlorophyll d from the bciA and bchU double mutant of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 121:13-23. [PMID: 24789521 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mutant lacking enzymes BciA and BchU, that catalyzed reduction of the C8-vinyl group and methylation at the C20 position of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, respectively, in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, were constructed. This mutant accumulated C8-vinyl-BChl d derivatives, and a molecular structure of the major pigment was fully characterized by its NMR, mass, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as by chemical modification: (3(1) R)-8-vinyl-12-ethyl-(R[V,E])BChl d was confirmed as a new BChl d species in the cells. In vitro chlorosome-like self-aggregates of this pigment were prepared in an aqueous micellar solution, and formed more rapidly than those of (3(1) R)-8,12-diethyl-(R[E,E])BChl d isolated from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum parvum NCIB8327d synthesizing BChl d homologs. Their red-shifted Q y absorption bands were almost the same at 761 nm, and the value was larger than those of in vitro self-aggregates of R[E,E]BChl c (737 nm) and R[V,E]BChl c (726 nm), while the monomeric states of the former gave Q y bands at shorter wavelengths than those of the latter. Red shifts by self-aggregation of the two BChl d species were estimated to be 110 nm and much larger than those by BChls c (75 nm for [E,E] and 64 nm for [V,E]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Harada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan,
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Kosumi D, Kita M, Fujii R, Sugisaki M, Oka N, Takaesu Y, Taira T, Iha M, Hashimoto H. Excitation Energy-Transfer Dynamics of Brown Algal Photosynthetic Antennas. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2659-2664. [PMID: 26295888 DOI: 10.1021/jz300612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-a/c protein (FCP) complexes from brown algae Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA (Okinawa Mozuku in Japanese) contain the only species of carbonyl carotenoid, fucoxanthin, which exhibits spectral characteristics attributed to an intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) property that arises in polar environments due to the presence of the carbonyl group in its polyene backbone. Here, we investigated the role of the ICT property of fucoxanthin in ultrafast energy transfer to chlorophyll-a/c in brown algal photosynthesis using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopic measurements. The observed excited-state dynamics show that the ICT character of fucoxanthin in FCP extends its absorption band to longer wavelengths and enhances its electronic interaction with chlorophyll-a molecules, leading to efficient energy transfer from fucoxanthin to chlorophyll-a.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kosumi
- †The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- ‡JST/CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - M Kita
- ‡JST/CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- §Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - R Fujii
- †The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- ⊥JST/PRESTO, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - M Sugisaki
- ‡JST/CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- §Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - N Oka
- #South Product Co. Ltd., 12-75 Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Y Takaesu
- #South Product Co. Ltd., 12-75 Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - T Taira
- #South Product Co. Ltd., 12-75 Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - M Iha
- #South Product Co. Ltd., 12-75 Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- †The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- ‡JST/CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- §Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Raven JA, Hurd CL. Ecophysiology of photosynthesis in macroalgae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 113:105-25. [PMID: 22843100 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae occur in the marine benthos from the upper intertidal to depths of more than 200 m, contributing up to 1 Pg C per year to global primary productivity. Freshwater macroalgae are mainly green (Chlorophyta) with some red (Rhodophyta) and a small contribution of brown (Phaeophyceae) algae, while in the ocean all three higher taxa are important. Attempts to relate the depth distribution of three higher taxa of marine macroalgae to their photosynthetic light use through their pigmentation in relation to variations in spectral quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with depth (complementary chromatic adaptation) and optical thickness (package effect) have been relatively unsuccessful. The presence (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) or absence (Rhodophyta) of a xanthophyll cycle is also not well correlated with depth distribution of marine algae. The relative absence of freshwater brown algae does not seem to be related to their photosynthetic light use. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition in some red and a few green macroalgae involves entry of CO(2) by diffusion. Other red and green macroalgae, and brown macroalgae, have CO(2) concentrating mechanisms; these frequently involve acid and alkaline zones on the surface of the alga with CO(2) (produced from HCO(3) (-)) entering in the acid zones, while some macroalgae have CCMs based on active influx of HCO(3) (-). These various mechanisms of carbon acquisition have different responses to the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is determined by macroalgal morphology and water velocity. Energetic predictions that macroalgae growing at or near the lower limit of PAR for growth should rely on diffusive CO(2) entry without acid and alkaline zones, and on NH(4) (+) rather than NO(3) (-) as nitrogen source, are only partially borne out by observation. The impact of global environmental change on marine macroalgae mainly relates to ocean acidification and warming with shoaling of the thermocline and decreased nutrient flux to the upper mixed layer. Predictions of the impact on macroalgae requires further experiments on interactions among increased inorganic carbon, increased temperature and decreased nitrogen and phosphorus supply, and, when possible, studies of genetic adaptation to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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