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Srivastava R, Singh N, Kanda T, Yadav S, Yadav S, Atri N. Cyanobacterial Proteomics: Diversity and Dynamics. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38470568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (oxygenic photoautrophs) comprise a diverse group holding significance both environmentally and for biotechnological applications. The utilization of proteomic techniques has significantly influenced investigations concerning cyanobacteria. Application of proteomics allows for large-scale analysis of protein expression and function within cyanobacterial systems. The cyanobacterial proteome exhibits tremendous functional, spatial, and temporal diversity regulated by multiple factors that continuously modify protein abundance, post-translational modifications, interactions, localization, and activity to meet the dynamic needs of these tiny blue greens. Modern mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques enable system-wide examination of proteome complexity through global identification and high-throughput quantification of proteins. These powerful approaches have revolutionized our understanding of proteome dynamics and promise to provide novel insights into integrated cellular behavior at an unprecedented scale. In this Review, we present modern methods and cutting-edge technologies employed for unraveling the spatiotemporal diversity and dynamics of cyanobacterial proteomics with a specific focus on the methods used to analyze post-translational modifications (PTMs) and examples of dynamic changes in the cyanobacterial proteome investigated by proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Tripti Kanda
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sadhana Yadav
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Hydrodynamic conditions affect the proteomic profile of marine biofilms formed by filamentous cyanobacterium. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:80. [PMID: 36253388 PMCID: PMC9576798 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies on cyanobacterial biofilms can be an effective approach to unravel metabolic pathways involved in biofilm formation and, consequently, obtain more efficient biofouling control strategies. Biofilm development by the filamentous cyanobacterium Toxifilum sp. LEGE 06021 was evaluated on different surfaces, glass and perspex, and at two significant shear rates for marine environments (4 s-1 and 40 s-1). Higher biofilm development was observed at 4 s-1. Overall, about 1877 proteins were identified, and differences in proteome were more noticeable between hydrodynamic conditions than those found between surfaces. Twenty Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) were found between 4 s-1 vs. 40 s-1. On glass, some of these DEPs include phage tail proteins, a carotenoid protein, cyanophynase glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and the MoaD/ThiS family protein, while on perspex, DEPs include transketolase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, iron ABC transporter substrate-binding protein and protein NusG. This study contributes to developing a standardized protocol for proteomic analysis of filamentous cyanobacterial biofilms. This kind of proteomic analysis can also be useful for different research fields, given the broad spectrum of promising secondary metabolites and added-value compounds produced by cyanobacteria, as well as for the development of new antibiofilm strategies.
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Yilimulati M, Zhou L, Shevela D, Zhang S. Acetylacetone Interferes with Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa by Cutting Off the Electron Flow to Ferredoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9683-9692. [PMID: 35696645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of photosynthetic machinery with a nonoxidative approach is a powerful but challenging strategy for the selective inhibition of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Acetylacetone (AA) was recently found to be a target-selective cyanocide for Microcystis aeruginosa, but the cause and effect in the studied system are still unclear. By recording of the chemical fingerprints of the cells at two treatment intervals (12 and 72 h with 0.1 mM AA) with omics assays, the molecular mechanism of AA in inactivating Microcystis aeruginosa was elucidated. The results clearly reveal the effect of AA on ferredoxin and the consequent effects on the physiological and biochemical processes of Microcystis aeruginosa. In addition to its role as an electron acceptor of photosystem I, ferredoxin plays pivotal roles in the assimilation of nitrogen in cyanobacterial cells. The effect of AA on ferredoxin and on nonheme iron of photosystem II first cut off the photosynthetic electron transfer flow and then interrupted the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which ultimately might affect carbon fixation and nitrogen assimilation metabolisms. The results here provide missing pieces in the current knowledge on the selective inhibition of cyanobacteria, which should shed light on the better control of harmful blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihebai Yilimulati
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Verburg I, van Veelen HPJ, Waar K, Rossen JWA, Friedrich AW, Hernández Leal L, García-Cobos S, Schmitt H. Effects of Clinical Wastewater on the Bacterial Community Structure from Sewage to the Environment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:718. [PMID: 33807193 PMCID: PMC8065902 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study pertains to measure differences in bacterial communities along the wastewater pathway, from sewage sources through the environment. Our main focus was on taxa which include pathogenic genera, and genera harboring antibiotic resistance (henceforth referred to as "target taxa"). Our objective was to measure the relative abundance of these taxa in clinical wastewaters compared to non-clinical wastewaters, and to investigate what changes can be detected along the wastewater pathway. The study entailed a monthly sampling campaign along a wastewater pathway, and taxa identification through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that clinical and non-clinical wastewaters differed in their overall bacterial composition, but that target taxa were not enriched in clinical wastewater. This suggests that treatment of clinical wastewater before release into the wastewater system would only remove a minor part of the potential total pathogen load in wastewater treatment plants. Additional findings were that the relative abundance of most target taxa was decreased after wastewater treatment, yet all investigated taxa were detected in 68% of the treated effluent samples-meaning that these bacteria are continuously released into the receiving surface water. Temporal variation was only observed for specific taxa in surface water, but not in wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Verburg
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (I.V.); (H.P.J.v.V.); (L.H.L.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (A.W.F.); (S.G.-C.)
| | - H. Pieter J. van Veelen
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (I.V.); (H.P.J.v.V.); (L.H.L.)
| | - Karola Waar
- Izore, Centrum Infectieziekten Friesland, 8900 JA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (A.W.F.); (S.G.-C.)
| | - Alex W. Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (A.W.F.); (S.G.-C.)
| | - Lucia Hernández Leal
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (I.V.); (H.P.J.v.V.); (L.H.L.)
| | - Silvia García-Cobos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (A.W.F.); (S.G.-C.)
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (I.V.); (H.P.J.v.V.); (L.H.L.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Yang M, Zhu Z, Zhuang Z, Bai Y, Wang S, Ge F. Proteogenomic Characterization of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus flavus Reveals Novel Genes Involved in Aflatoxin Production. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100013. [PMID: 33568340 PMCID: PMC7950108 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), a pathogenic fungus, can produce carcinogenic and toxic aflatoxins that are a serious agricultural and medical threat worldwide. Attempts to decipher the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway have been hampered by the lack of a high-quality genome annotation for A. flavus. To address this gap, we performed a comprehensive proteogenomic analysis using high-accuracy mass spectrometry data for this pathogen. The resulting high-quality data set confirmed the translation of 8724 previously predicted genes and identified 732 novel proteins, 269 splice variants, 447 single amino acid variants, 188 revised genes. A subset of novel proteins was experimentally validated by RT-PCR and synthetic peptides. Further functional annotation suggested that a number of the identified novel proteins may play roles in aflatoxin biosynthesis and stress responses in A. flavus. This comprehensive strategy also identified a wide range of posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including 3461 modification sites from 1765 proteins. Functional analysis suggested the involvement of these modified proteins in the regulation of cellular metabolic and aflatoxin biosynthetic pathways. Together, we provided a high-quality annotation of A. flavus genome and revealed novel insights into the mechanisms of aflatoxin production and pathogenicity in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youhuang Bai
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Battchikova N, Muth-Pawlak D, Aro EM. Proteomics of cyanobacteria: current horizons. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 54:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yang M, Lin X, Liu X, Zhang J, Ge F. Genome Annotation of a Model Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Using an Integrated Proteogenomic Pipeline. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1292-1307. [PMID: 30176371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms comprise a diverse and ecologically important group of eukaryotic phytoplankton that significantly contributes to marine primary production and global carbon cycling. Phaeodactylum tricornutum is commonly used as a model organism for studying diatom biology. Although its genome was sequenced in 2008, a high-quality genome annotation is still not available for this diatom. Here we report the development of an integrated proteogenomic pipeline and its application for improved annotation of P. tricornutum genome using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data. Our proteogenomic analysis unambiguously identified approximately 8300 genes and revealed 606 novel proteins, 506 revised genes, 94 splice variants, 58 single amino acid variants, and a holistic view of post-translational modifications in P. tricornutum. We experimentally confirmed a subset of novel events and obtained MS evidence for more than 200 micropeptides in P. tricornutum. These findings expand the genomic landscape of P. tricornutum and provide a rich resource for the study of diatom biology. The proteogenomic pipeline we developed in this study is applicable to any sequenced eukaryote and thus represents a significant contribution to the toolset for eukaryotic proteogenomic analysis. The pipeline and its source code are freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/gapeproteogenomic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaohuang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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8
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Growth of Cyanobacteria Is Constrained by the Abundance of Light and Carbon Assimilation Proteins. Cell Rep 2018; 25:478-486.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Spät P, Klotz A, Rexroth S, Maček B, Forchhammer K. Chlorosis as a Developmental Program in Cyanobacteria: The Proteomic Fundament for Survival and Awakening. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1650-1669. [PMID: 29848780 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria that do not fix atmospheric nitrogen gas survive prolonged periods of nitrogen starvation in a chlorotic, dormant state where cell growth and metabolism are arrested. Upon nutrient availability, these dormant cells return to vegetative growth within 2-3 days. This resuscitation process is highly orchestrated and relies on the stepwise reinstallation and activation of essential cellular structures and functions. We have been investigating the transition to chlorosis and the return to vegetative growth as a simple model of a cellular developmental process and a fundamental survival strategy in biology. In the present study, we used quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to describe the proteomic landscape of a dormant cyanobacterium and its dynamics during the transition to vegetative growth. We identified intriguing alterations in the set of ribosomal proteins, in RuBisCO components, in the abundance of central regulators and predicted metabolic enzymes. We found O-phosphorylation as an abundant protein modification in the chlorotic state, specifically of metabolic enzymes and proteins involved in photosynthesis. Nondegraded phycobiliproteins were hyperphosphorylated in the chlorotic state. We provide evidence that hyperphosphorylation of the terminal rod linker CpcD increases the lifespan of phycobiliproteins during chlorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Spät
- From the ‡Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,¶Proteome Center Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Klotz
- From the ‡Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Rexroth
- §Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Boris Maček
- ¶Proteome Center Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- From the ‡Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
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10
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Angeleri M, Muth-Pawlak D, Aro EM, Battchikova N. Study of O-Phosphorylation Sites in Proteins Involved in Photosynthesis-Related Processes in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Application of the SRM Approach. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4638-4652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Angeleri
- Molecular Plant Biology,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Dorota Muth-Pawlak
- Molecular Plant Biology,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Natalia Battchikova
- Molecular Plant Biology,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Weisz DA, Gross ML, Pakrasi HB. The Use of Advanced Mass Spectrometry to Dissect the Life-Cycle of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 27242823 PMCID: PMC4862242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a photosynthetic membrane-protein complex that undergoes an intricate, tightly regulated cycle of assembly, damage, and repair. The available crystal structures of cyanobacterial PSII are an essential foundation for understanding PSII function, but nonetheless provide a snapshot only of the active complex. To study aspects of the entire PSII life-cycle, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used in conjunction with biochemical techniques. In this article, we present the MS-based approaches that are used to study PSII composition, dynamics, and structure, and review the information about the PSII life-cycle that has been gained by these methods. This information includes the composition of PSII subcomplexes, discovery of accessory PSII proteins, identification of post-translational modifications and quantification of their changes under various conditions, determination of the binding site of proteins not observed in PSII crystal structures, conformational changes that underlie PSII functions, and identification of water and oxygen channels within PSII. We conclude with an outlook for the opportunity of future MS contributions to PSII research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Weisz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Himadri B. Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Vuorijoki L, Isojärvi J, Kallio P, Kouvonen P, Aro EM, Corthals GL, Jones PR, Muth-Pawlak D. Development of a Quantitative SRM-Based Proteomics Method to Study Iron Metabolism of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:266-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vuorijoki
- Molecular
Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Isojärvi
- Molecular
Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pauli Kallio
- Molecular
Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kouvonen
- Turku
Proteomics Facility, Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular
Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Garry L. Corthals
- Turku
Proteomics Facility, Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrik R. Jones
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Muth-Pawlak
- Molecular
Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku
Proteomics Facility, Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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