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Nagao R, Ueno Y, Furutani M, Kato K, Shen JR, Akimoto S. Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of PSI-LHCI from the red alga Cyanidium caldarium. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:315-323. [PMID: 36781711 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) have been diversified in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, and play an essential role in capturing light energy which is transferred to two types of photosystem cores to promote charge-separation reactions. Red algae are one of the groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, and their chlorophyll (Chl) a-binding LHCs are specifically associated with photosystem I (PSI). In this study, we purified three types of preparations, PSI-LHCI supercomplexes, PSI cores, and isolated LHCIs, from the red alga Cyanidium caldarium, and examined their properties. The polypeptide bands of PSI-LHCI showed characteristic PSI and LHCI components without contamination by other proteins. The carotenoid composition of LHCI displayed zeaxanthins, β-cryptoxanthins, and β-carotenes. Among the carotenoids, zeaxanthins were enriched in LHCI. On the contrary, both zeaxanthins and β-cryptoxanthins could not be detected from PSI, suggesting that zeaxanthins and β-cryptoxanthins are bound to LHCI but not PSI. A Qy peak of Chl a in the absorption spectrum of LHCI was shifted to a shorter wavelength than those in PSI and PSI-LHCI. This tendency is in line with the result of fluorescence-emission spectra, in which the emission maxima of PSI-LHCI, PSI, and LHCI appeared at 727, 719, and 677 nm, respectively. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of LHCI represented no 719 and 727-nm fluorescence bands from picoseconds to nanoseconds. These results indicate that energy levels of Chls around/within LHCIs and within PSI are changed by binding LHCIs to PSI. Based on these findings, we discuss the expression, function, and structure of red algal PSI-LHCI supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nagao
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Institute of Arts and Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Miyu Furutani
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo-Gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Li X, Yang G, Yuan X, Wu F, Wang W, Shen JR, Kuang T, Qin X. Structural elucidation of vascular plant photosystem I and its functional implications. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:432-443. [PMID: 34637699 DOI: 10.1071/fp21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, bryophytes and algae, the photosynthetic light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane where two transmembrane supercomplexes PSII and PSI work together with cytochrome b 6 f and ATP synthase to harvest the light energy and produce ATP and NADPH. Vascular plant PSI is a 600-kDa protein-pigment supercomplex, the core complex of which is partly surrounded by peripheral light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) that captures sunlight and transfers the excitation energy to the core to be used for charge separation. PSI is unique mainly in absorption of longer-wavelengths than PSII, fast excitation energy transfer including uphill energy transfer, and an extremely high quantum efficiency. From the early 1980s, a lot of effort has been dedicated to structural and functional studies of PSI-LHCI, leading to the current understanding of how more than 200 cofactors are kept at the correct distance and geometry to facilitate fast energy transfer in this supercomplex at an atomic level. In this review, we review the history of studies on vascular plant PSI-LHCI, summarise the present research progress on its structure, and present some new and further questions to be answered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; and School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Gongxian Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xinyi Yuan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Fenghua Wu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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3
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Shen JR. Structure, Function, and Variations of the Photosystem I-Antenna Supercomplex from Different Photosynthetic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:351-377. [PMID: 36151382 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a protein complex functioning in light-induced charge separation, electron transfer, and reduction reactions of ferredoxin in photosynthesis, which finally results in the reduction of NAD(P)- to NAD(P)H required for the fixation of carbon dioxide. In eukaryotic algae, PSI is associated with light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) subunits, forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. LHCI harvests and transfers light energy to the PSI core, where charge separation and electron transfer reactions occur. During the course of evolution, the number and sequences of protein subunits and the pigments they bind in LHCI change dramatically depending on the species of organisms, which is a result of adaptation of organisms to various light environments. In this chapter, I will describe the structure of various PSI-LHCI supercomplexes from different organisms solved so far either by X-ray crystallography or by cryo-electron microscopy, with emphasis on the differences in the number, structures, and association patterns of LHCI subunits associated with the PSI core found in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Bai T, Guo L, Xu M, Tian L. Structural Diversity of Photosystem I and Its Light-Harvesting System in Eukaryotic Algae and Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781035. [PMID: 34917114 PMCID: PMC8669154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the most efficient photoelectric apparatus in nature, converting solar energy into condensed chemical energy with almost 100% quantum efficiency. The ability of PSI to attain such high conversion efficiency depends on the precise spatial arrangement of its protein subunits and binding cofactors. The PSI structures of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, namely cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae, and plants, have undergone great variation during their evolution, especially in eukaryotic algae and vascular plants for which light-harvesting complexes (LHCI) developed that surround the PSI core complex. A detailed understanding of the functional and structural properties of this PSI-LHCI is not only an important foundation for understanding the evolution of photosynthetic organisms but is also useful for designing future artificial photochemical devices. Recently, the structures of such PSI-LHCI supercomplexes from red alga, green alga, diatoms, and plants were determined by X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). These findings provide new insights into the various structural adjustments of PSI, especially with respect to the diversity of peripheral antenna systems arising via evolutionary processes. Here, we review the structural details of the PSI tetramer in cyanobacteria and the PSI-LHCI and PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes from different algae and plants, and then discuss the diversity of PSI-LHCI in oxygenic photosynthesis organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lirong Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Bolychevtseva YV, Tropin IV, Stadnichuk IN. State 1 and State 2 in Photosynthetic Apparatus of Red Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1181-1191. [PMID: 34903149 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imbalanced light absorption by photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) in oxygenic phototrophs leads to changes in interaction of photosystems altering the linear electron flow. In plants and green algae, this imbalance is mitigated by a partial migration of the chlorophyll a/b containing light-harvesting antenna between the two photosystem core complexes. This migration is registered as fluorescence changes of the pigment apparatus and is termed the reverse transitions between States 1 and 2. By contrast, the molecular mechanism of State 1/2 transitions in phycobilisome (PBS)-containing photosynthetics, cyanobacteria and red algae, is still insufficiently understood. The suggested hypotheses - PBS movement along the surface of thylakoid membrane between PSI and PSII complexes, reversible PBS detachment from the dimeric PSII complex, and spillover - have some limitations as they do not fully explain the accumulated data. Here, we have recorded changes in the stationary fluorescence emission spectra of red algae and cyanobacteria in States 1/2 at room temperature, which allowed us to offer an explanation of the existing contradictions. The change of room temperature fluorescence of chlorophyll belonged to PSII was revealed, while the fluorescence of PBS associated with the PSII complexes remained during States 1/2 transitions at the stable level. Only the reversible dissociation of PBS from the monomeric PSI was revealed earlier which implied different degree of surface contact of PBS with the two photosystems. The detachment of PBS from the PSI corresponds to ferredoxin oxidation as electron carrier and the increase of cyclic electron transport in the pigment apparatus in State I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Bolychevtseva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Ivan V Tropin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor N Stadnichuk
- Timiryasev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127726, Russia.
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Ling N, Li W, Xu G, Qi Z, Ji C, Liu X, Cui D, Sun Y. Transcriptomic sequencing reveals the response of Dunaliella salina to copper stress via the increased photosynthesis and carbon mechanism. Mol Omics 2021; 17:769-782. [PMID: 34254634 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is one of the essential microelements for plants and algae. It can stimulate growth and photosynthesis at low concentration but inhibit them at higher concentration. The knowledge of molecular response mechanisms to copper stress in green algae is still limited. The responses of the green algae Dunaliella salina to Cu stress were studied using the physiochemical indexes and RNA-seq analysis. The physiochemical indexes such as growth rate, the content of chlorophyll and soluble sugar, photosynthesis and peroxidase activity were all changed in D. salina under Cu stress. In addition, a total of 3799 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control and Cu-treated group. Among these, 2350 unigenes were up-regulated whereas 1449 were down-regulated. Here, the DEGs encoding proteins relevant to photosynthesis, carbon assimilation and carbohydrate mechanism were significantly up-regulated in the Cu-treated group. In addition, the unigenes encoding proteins involved in the antioxidant system and heat shock proteins were also up-regulated, and these were consistent with the expression patterns based on TPM (transcripts per million) values. This study shows that the enhanced growth and photosynthesis and carbon mechanism in D. salina can be triggered by copper, which will lay a firm foundation for future breeding and carotenoid production, further highlighting the underlying application of D. salina as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China. and Engineering Research Center for Medicines, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Weilu Li
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Guiguo Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Zheng Qi
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China. and Engineering Research Center for Medicines, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Chenfeng Ji
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China. and Engineering Research Center for Medicines, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Di Cui
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
| | - Yuan Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China. and Engineering Research Center for Medicines, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, China.
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7
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Yan Q, Zhao L, Wang W, Pi X, Han G, Wang J, Cheng L, He YK, Kuang T, Qin X, Sui SF, Shen JR. Antenna arrangement and energy-transfer pathways of PSI-LHCI from the moss Physcomitrella patens. Cell Discov 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33589616 PMCID: PMC7884438 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants harvest light energy utilized for photosynthesis by light-harvesting complex I and II (LHCI and LHCII) surrounding photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII), respectively. During the evolution of green plants, moss is at an evolutionarily intermediate position from aquatic photosynthetic organisms to land plants, being the first photosynthetic organisms that landed. Here, we report the structure of the PSI–LHCI supercomplex from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp) at 3.23 Å resolution solved by cryo-electron microscopy. Our structure revealed that four Lhca subunits are associated with the PSI core in an order of Lhca1–Lhca5–Lhca2–Lhca3. This number is much decreased from 8 to 10, the number of subunits in most green algal PSI–LHCI, but the same as those of land plants. Although Pp PSI–LHCI has a similar structure as PSI–LHCI of land plants, it has Lhca5, instead of Lhca4, in the second position of Lhca, and several differences were found in the arrangement of chlorophylls among green algal, moss, and land plant PSI–LHCI. One chlorophyll, PsaF–Chl 305, which is found in the moss PSI–LHCI, is located at the gap region between the two middle Lhca subunits and the PSI core, and therefore may make the excitation energy transfer from LHCI to the core more efficient than that of land plants. On the other hand, energy-transfer paths at the two side Lhca subunits are relatively conserved. These results provide a structural basis for unravelling the mechanisms of light-energy harvesting and transfer in the moss PSI–LHCI, as well as important clues on the changes of PSI–LHCI after landing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujing Yan
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiong Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingpeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi-Kun He
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China.
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. .,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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8
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Zheng Z, He B, Xie X, Wang G. Co-suppression in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) Reveals the Role of PyLHCI in Light Harvesting and Generation Switch. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:160-171. [PMID: 32965671 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The red macroalga Pyropia yezoensis is an economically important seaweed widely cultured in Asian countries and is a model organism for molecular biological and commercial research. This species is unique in that it utilizes both phycobilisomes and transmembrane light-harvesting proteins as its antenna system. Here, one of the genes of P. yezoensis (PyLHCI) was selected for introduction into its genome to overexpress PyLHCI. However, the co-suppression phenomenon occurred. This is the first documentation of co-suppression in algae, in which it exhibits a different mechanism from that in higher plants. The transformant (T1) was demonstrated to have higher phycobilisomes and lower LHC binding pigments, resulting in a redder color, higher sensitivity to salt stress, smaller in size, and slower growth rate than the wildtype (WT). The photosynthetic performances of T1 and WT showed similar characteristics; however, P700 reduction was slower in T1. Most importantly, T1 could release a high percentage of carpospores in young blades to switch generation during its life cycle, which was rarely seen in WT. The co-suppression of PyLHCI revealed its key roles in light harvesting, stress resistance, and generation alternation (generation switch from gametophytes to sporophytes, and reproduction from asexual to sexual).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Bangxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangce Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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9
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Parys E, Krupnik T, Kułak I, Kania K, Romanowska E. Photosynthesis of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells in blue, red, and white light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:61-73. [PMID: 33231791 PMCID: PMC7728651 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis and respiration rates, pigment contents, CO2 compensation point, and carbonic anhydrase activity in Cyanidioschizon merolae cultivated in blue, red, and white light were measured. At the same light quality as during the growth, the photosynthesis of cells in blue light was significantly lowered, while under red light only slightly decreased as compared with white control. In white light, the quality of light during growth had no effect on the rate of photosynthesis at low O2 and high CO2 concentration, whereas their atmospheric level caused only slight decrease. Blue light reduced markedly photosynthesis rate of cells grown in white and red light, whereas the effect of red light was not so great. Only cells grown in the blue light showed increased respiration rate following the period of both the darkness and illumination. Cells grown in red light had the greatest amount of chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, while those in blue light had more phycocyanin. The dependence on O2 concentration of the CO2 compensation point and the rate of photosynthesis indicate that this alga possessed photorespiration. Differences in the rate of photosynthesis at different light qualities are discussed in relation to the content of pigments and transferred light energy together with the possible influence of related processes. Our data showed that blue and red light regulate photosynthesis in C. merolae for adjusting its metabolism to unfavorable for photosynthesis light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz Parys
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kułak
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Kania
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Chang L, Tian L, Ma F, Mao Z, Liu X, Han G, Wang W, Yang Y, Kuang T, Pan J, Shen JR. Regulation of photosystem I-light-harvesting complex I from a red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae in response to light intensities. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:287-297. [PMID: 32766997 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms use different means to regulate their photosynthetic activity in respond to different light conditions under which they grow. In this study, we analyzed changes in the photosystem I (PSI) light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) supercomplex from a red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, upon growing under three different light intensities, low light (LL), medium light (ML), and high light (HL). The results showed that the red algal PSI-LHCI is separated into two bands on blue-native PAGE, which are designated PSI-LHCI-A and PSI-LHCI-B, respectively, from cells grown under LL and ML. The former has a higher molecular weight and binds more Lhcr subunits than the latter. They are considered to correspond to the two types of PSI-LHCI identified by cryo-electron microscopic analysis recently, namely, the former with five Lhcrs and the latter with three Lhcrs. The amount of PSI-LHCI-A is higher in the LL-grown cells than that in the ML-grown cells. In the HL-grown cells, PSI-LHCI-A completely disappeared and only PSI-LHCI-B was observed. Furthermore, PSI core complexes without Lhcr attached also appeared in the HL cells. Fluorescence decay kinetics measurement showed that Lhcrs are functionally connected with the PSI core in both PSI-LHCI-A and PSI-LHCI-B obtained from LL and ML cells; however, Lhcrs in the PSI-LHCI-B fraction from the HL cells are not coupled with the PSI core. These results indicate that the red algal PSI not only regulates its antenna size but also adjusts the functional connection of Lhcrs with the PSI core in response to different light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Chang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Tian
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaochi Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 20, Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Structural basis for energy transfer in a huge diatom PSI-FCPI supercomplex. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5081. [PMID: 33033236 PMCID: PMC7545214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatom is an important group of marine algae and contributes to around 20% of the global photosynthetic carbon fixation. Photosystem I (PSI) of diatoms is associated with a large number of fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c proteins (FCPIs). We report the structure of PSI-FCPI from a diatom Chaetoceros gracilis at 2.38 Å resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. PSI-FCPI is a monomeric supercomplex consisting of 12 core and 24 antenna subunits (FCPIs), and 326 chlorophylls a, 34 chlorophylls c, 102 fucoxanthins, 35 diadinoxanthins, 18 β-carotenes and some electron transfer cofactors. Two subunits designated PsaR and PsaS were found in the core, whereas several subunits were lost. The large number of pigments constitute a unique and huge network ensuring efficient energy harvesting, transfer and dissipation. These results provide a firm structural basis for unraveling the mechanisms of light-energy harvesting, transfer and quenching in the diatom PSI-FCPI, and also important clues to evolutionary changes of PSI-LHCI. Diatoms are marine algae with an important role in global photosynthetic carbon fixation. Here, the authors present the 2.38 Å cryo-EM structure of photosystem I (PSI) in complex with its 24 fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding (FCPI) antenna proteins from the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis, which provides mechanistic insights into light-energy harvesting, transfer and quenching of the PSI-FCPI supercomplex.
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12
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Zheng Z, Gu W, Gao S, Wang G. Characterization of photosynthetic protein complexes in conchocelis and blades of Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta). ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Xie X, Lu X, Wang L, He L, Wang G. High light intensity increases the concentrations of β-carotene and zeaxanthin in marine red macroalgae. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Pan X, Cao P, Su X, Liu Z, Li M. Structural analysis and comparison of light-harvesting complexes I and II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148038. [PMID: 31229568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental biological process involving the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. The initial photochemical and photophysical events of photosynthesis are mediated by photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Both PSII and PSI are multi-subunit supramolecular machineries composed of a core complex and a peripheral antenna system. The antenna system serves to capture light energy and transfer it to the core efficiently. Both PSII and PSI in the green lineage (plants and green algae) and PSI in red algae have an antenna system comprising a series of chlorophyll- and carotenoid-binding membrane proteins belonging to the light-harvesting complex (LHC) superfamily, including LHCII and LHCI. However, the antenna size and subunit composition vary considerably in the two photosystems from diverse organisms. On the basis of the plant and algal LHCII and LHCI structures that have been solved by X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy we review the detailed structural features and characteristic pigment properties of these LHCs in PSII and PSI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Light harvesting, edited by Dr. Roberta Croce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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15
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Antoshvili M, Caspy I, Hippler M, Nelson N. Structure and function of photosystem I in Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:499-508. [PMID: 29582227 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of photosynthesis from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to higher plants has been driven by the need to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. The red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae is a primitive organism, which is capable of performing photosynthesis in extreme acidic and hot environments. The study of its photosynthetic machinery may provide new insight on the evolutionary path of photosynthesis and on light harvesting and its regulation in eukaryotes. With that aim, the structural and functional properties of the PSI complex were investigated by biochemical characterization, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. PSI was purified from cells grown at 25 and 42 °C, crystallized and its crystal structure was solved at 4 Å resolution. The structure of C. merolae reveals a core complex with a crescent-shaped structure, formed by antenna proteins. In addition, the structural model shows the position of PsaO and PsaM. PsaG and PsaH are present in plant complex and are missing from the C. merolae model as expected. This paper sheds new light onto the evolution of photosynthesis, which gives a strong indication for the chimerical properties of red algae PSI. The subunit composition of the PSI core from C. merolae and its associated light-harvesting antennae suggests that it is an evolutionary and functional intermediate between cyanobacteria and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Antoshvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Caspy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathan Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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16
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Wang W, Yu LJ, Xu C, Tomizaki T, Zhao S, Umena Y, Chen X, Qin X, Xin Y, Suga M, Han G, Kuang T, Shen JR. Structural basis for blue-green light harvesting and energy dissipation in diatoms. Science 2019; 363:363/6427/eaav0365. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are abundant photosynthetic organisms in aquatic environments and contribute 40% of its primary productivity. An important factor that contributes to the success of diatoms is their fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCPs), which have exceptional light-harvesting and photoprotection capabilities. Here, we report the crystal structure of an FCP from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, which reveals the binding of seven chlorophylls (Chls) a, two Chls c, seven fucoxanthins (Fxs), and probably one diadinoxanthin within the protein scaffold. Efficient energy transfer pathways can be found between Chl a and c, and each Fx is surrounded by Chls, enabling the energy transfer and quenching via Fx highly efficient. The structure provides a basis for elucidating the mechanisms of blue-green light harvesting, energy transfer, and dissipation in diatoms.
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17
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Mimicry and functions of photosynthetic reaction centers. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1279-1288. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of photosynthetic reaction centers (PRCs) have been modeled by designing and synthesizing electron donor–acceptor ensembles including electron mediators, which can mimic multi-step photoinduced charge separation occurring in PRCs to obtain long-lived charge-separated states. PRCs in photosystem I (PSI) or/and photosystem II (PSII) have been utilized as components of solar cells to convert solar energy to electric energy. Biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells composed of PSII have also been developed for solar-driven water splitting into H2 and O2. Such a strategy to bridge natural photosynthesis with artificial photosynthesis is discussed in this minireview.
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18
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Unique organization of photosystem I-light-harvesting supercomplex revealed by cryo-EM from a red alga. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4423-4428. [PMID: 29632169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722482115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two photosystems present in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms and functions to harvest and convert light energy into chemical energy in photosynthesis. In eukaryotic algae and higher plants, PSI consists of a core surrounded by variable species and numbers of light-harvesting complex (LHC)I proteins, forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of PSI-LHCR from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae in two forms, one with three Lhcr subunits attached to the side, similar to that of higher plants, and the other with two additional Lhcr subunits attached to the opposite side, indicating an ancient form of PSI-LHCI. Furthermore, the red algal PSI core showed features of both cyanobacterial and higher plant PSI, suggesting an intermediate type during evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The structure of PsaO, existing in eukaryotic organisms, was identified in the PSI core and binds three chlorophylls a and may be important in harvesting energy and in mediating energy transfer from LHCII to the PSI core under state-2 conditions. Individual attaching sites of LHCRs with the core subunits were identified, and each Lhcr was found to contain 11 to 13 chlorophylls a and 5 zeaxanthins, which are apparently different from those of LHCs in plant PSI-LHCI. Together, our results reveal unique energy transfer pathways different from those of higher plant PSI-LHCI, its adaptation to the changing environment, and the possible changes of PSI-LHCI during evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
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