1
|
Muchadeyi MT, Hernandez-Villafuerte K, Di Tanna GL, Eckford RD, Feng Y, Meregaglia M, Peasgood T, Petrou S, Ubels J, Schlander M. Quality Appraisal in Systematic Literature Reviews of Studies Eliciting Health State Utility Values: Conceptual Considerations. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2024; 42:767-782. [PMID: 38551803 PMCID: PMC11180162 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of studies that generate health state utility values (HSUVs) and the impact of HSUVs on cost-utility analyses make a robust tailored quality appraisal (QA) tool for systematic reviews of these studies necessary. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to address conceptual issues regarding QA in systematic reviews of studies eliciting HSUVs by establishing a consensus on the definitions, dimensions and scope of a QA tool specific to this context. METHODS A modified Delphi method was used in this study. An international multidisciplinary panel of seven experts was purposively assembled. The experts engaged in two anonymous online survey rounds. After each round, the experts received structured and controlled feedback on the previous phase. Controlled feedback allowed the experts to re-evaluate and adjust their positions based on collective insights. Following these surveys, a virtual face-to-face meeting was held to resolve outstanding issues. Consensus was defined a priori at all stages of the modified Delphi process. RESULTS The response rates to the first-round and second-round questionnaires and the virtual consensus meeting were 100%, 86% and 71%, respectively. The entire process culminated in a consensus on the definitions of scientific quality, QA, the three QA dimensions-reporting, relevance and methodological quality-and the scope of a QA tool specific to studies that elicit HSUVs. CONCLUSIONS Achieving this consensus marks a pivotal step towards developing a QA tool specific to systematic reviews of studies eliciting HSUVs. Future research will build on this foundation, identify QA items, signalling questions and response options, and develop a QA tool specific to studies eliciting HSUVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muchandifunga Trust Muchadeyi
- Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Foundation under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karla Hernandez-Villafuerte
- Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Foundation under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care (DEASS), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Lugano, Switzerland
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel D Eckford
- Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Foundation under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Feng
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michela Meregaglia
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy
| | - Tessa Peasgood
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasper Ubels
- Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Foundation under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schlander
- Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Foundation under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
- Alfred Weber Institute for Economics (AWI), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Konski A, Deshmukh S, Klopp AH, Yeung AR, Westin SN, Thompson JS, Doncals DE, Cantuaria GHC, D'Souza DP, Chang A, Kundapur V, Mohan DS, Haas ML, Kim YB, Ferguson CL, Pugh SL, Kachnic LA, Bruner DW. Quality-adjusted survival in women with gynecologic malignancies receiving IMRT after surgery: A Ppatient Rreported Ooutcome study of NRG oncology's RTOG 1203. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 175:176-181. [PMID: 37393743 PMCID: PMC10527270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NRG/RTOG 1203 compared 3-D conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) to intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with endometrial or cervical cancer requiring post-operative radiotherapy after hysterectomy. The purpose of this study was to report the first quality-adjusted survival analysis comparing the two treatments. METHODS NRG/RTOG 1203 randomized patients having undergone hysterectomy to either 3DCRT or IMRT. Stratification factors included RT dose, chemotherapy, and disease site. The EQ-5D, both index and visual analog scale (VAS), were obtained at baseline, 5 weeks after the start of RT, 4-6 weeks post RT and 1 and 3-years post RT. EQ-5D index and VAS scores along with quality-adjusted survival (QAS) were compared between treatment arms using the t-test at a two-sided significance level of 0.05. RESULTS NRG/RTOG 1203 enrolled 289 patients of which 236 consented to participate in the patient reported outcome (PRO) assessments. QAS was higher in women treated with IMRT, 1374 vs 1333 days (p = 0.5) compared to patients treated with 3DCRT, but this difference was not statistically different. Patients treated with IMRT had less of a decline in VAS score 5 weeks post RT, -5.04, compared to patients treated with 3DCRT, -7.48, although not statistically significant (p = 0.38). CONCLUSION This is the first report of the use of the EQ-5D comparing two radiotherapy techniques in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies after surgery. While there were no significant differences in QAS and VAS scores between patients who received IMRT vs. 3DCRT, RTOG 1203 was not powered to show statistical differences in these secondary endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Konski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Senior Fellow Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, The Chester County Hospital, 701 E. Marshall Ave, West Chester, PA 19380, USA; Senior Fellow, Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, The Chester County Hospital, 701 E. Marshall Ave, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
| | - Snehal Deshmukh
- American College of Radiology, NRG Statistical and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, 50 South 16th Street, Suite 2800, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Ann H Klopp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, The University of Texas, Unit 1422, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anamaria R Yeung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, 2000 Southwest Archer Road PO Box 100385 Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, The University of Texas, Unit 1422, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Spencer Thompson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, 800 Northeast Tenth Street, Fifth Floor, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Desiree E Doncals
- SUMMA Akron City Hospital/ Cooper Cancer Center, 161 North Forge Street, Suite G90, Akron, OH 44304, USA
| | - Guilherme H C Cantuaria
- Northside Hospital, University Gynecologic Oncology 960 Johnson Ferry Road Northeast Suite 130 Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
| | - David P D'Souza
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, P.O. Box 5339, Stn Z, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Amy Chang
- Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Main Block, Lok Man Rd, Chai Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Vijayananda Kundapur
- Saskatoon Cancer Center, University of Saskatchewan, 20 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Dasarahally S Mohan
- Kaiser Permanente Cancer Treatment Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, 220 Oyster Point Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael L Haas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McGlinn Cancer Institute Reading, Reading Hospital Radiation Oncology Department, 420 South Fifth Avenue West Reading, PA 19611, USA
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Catherine L Ferguson
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta University Medical Center, Section of Hematology and Oncology, 1120 15th Street, BAA-5407 Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Stephanie L Pugh
- American College of Radiology, NRG Statistical and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, 50 South 16th Street, Suite 2800, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Lisa A Kachnic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYP/Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Deborah W Bruner
- Emory University Hospital/Winship Cancer Institute, 1599, Clifton Road, Northeast, Fourth Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Søgaard R, Diederichsen A, Lindholt J. The impact of population screening for cardiovascular disease on quality of life. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead055. [PMID: 37293138 PMCID: PMC10246813 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims To examine the impact of population screening-generated events on quality of life: invitation, positive test result, initiation of preventive medication, enrolment in follow-up at the surgical department, and preventive surgical repair. Methods and results A difference-in-difference design based on data collected alongside two randomized controlled trials where general population men were randomized to screening for cardiovascular disease or to no screening. Repeated measurements of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were conducted up to 3 years after inclusion using all relevant scales of the EuroQol instrument: the anxiety/depression dimension, the EuroQol 5-dimension profile index (using Danish preference weights), and the visual analogue scale for global health. We compare the mean change scores from before to after events for groups experiencing vs. not experiencing the events. Propensity score matching is additionally used to provide both unmatched and matched results. Invitees reported to be marginally better off than non-invitees on all scales of the EuroQol. For events of receiving the test result, initiating preventive medication, being enrolled in surveillance, and undergoing surgical repair, we observed no impact on overall HRQoL but a minor impact of being enrolled in surveillance on emotional distress, which did not persist after matching. Conclusion The often-claimed detrimental consequences of screening to HRQoL could not be generally confirmed. Amongst the screening events assessed, only two possible consequences were revealed: a reassurance effect after a negative screening test and a minor negative impact to emotional distress of being enrolled in surveillance that did not spill over to overall HRQoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Diederichsen
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muchadeyi MT, Hernandez-Villafuerte K, Schlander M. Quality appraisal for systematic literature reviews of health state utility values: a descriptive analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:303. [PMID: 36434521 PMCID: PMC9700894 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health state utility values (HSUVs) are an essential input parameter to cost-utility analysis (CUA). Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) provide summarized information for selecting utility values from an increasing number of primary studies eliciting HSUVs. Quality appraisal (QA) of such SLRs is an important process towards the credibility of HSUVs estimates; yet, authors often overlook this crucial process. A scientifically developed and widely accepted QA tool for this purpose is lacking and warranted. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively describe the nature of QA in published SRLs of studies eliciting HSUVs and generate a list of commonly used items. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase from 01.01.2015 to 15.05.2021. SLRs of empirical studies eliciting HSUVs that were published in English were included. We extracted descriptive data, which included QA tools checklists or good practice recommendations used or cited, items used, and the methods of incorporating QA results into study findings. Descriptive statistics (frequencies of use and occurrences of items, acceptance and counterfactual acceptance rates) were computed and a comprehensive list of QA items was generated. RESULTS A total of 73 SLRs were included, comprising 93 items and 35 QA tools and good recommendation practices. The prevalence of QA was 55% (40/73). Recommendations by NICE and ISPOR guidelines appeared in 42% (16/40) of the SLRs that appraised quality. The most commonly used QA items in SLRs were response rates (27/40), statistical analysis (22/40), sample size (21/40) and loss of follow up (21/40). Yet, the most commonly featured items in QA tools and GPRs were statistical analysis (23/35), confounding or baseline equivalency (20/35), and blinding (14/35). Only 5% of the SLRS used QA to inform the data analysis, with acceptance rates of 100% (in two studies) 67%, 53% and 33%. The mean counterfactual acceptance rate was 55% (median 53% and IQR 56%). CONCLUSIONS There is a considerably low prevalence of QA in the SLRs of HSUVs. Also, there is a wide variation in the QA dimensions and items included in both SLRs and extracted tools. This underscores the need for a scientifically developed QA tool for multi-variable primary studies of HSUVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muchandifunga Trust Muchadeyi
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Foundation Under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karla Hernandez-Villafuerte
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Foundation Under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Health Economics, WifOR institute, Rheinstraße 22, Darmstadt, 64283 Germany
| | - Michael Schlander
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Health Economics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Foundation Under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Alfred Weber Institute for Economics (AWI), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kucnerowicz K, Pietrzak A, Cholewiński W, Martenka P, Marszałek A, Burchardt E, Strzesak E. The quality-adjusted life-years in the oncological patients' health-related quality of life. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13562. [PMID: 35945241 PMCID: PMC9363419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncological treatment can significantly affect patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which should be monitored to ensure our patients’ well-being. The often-used HRQoL measurer is the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) indicator of the disease burden, describing both quality and quantity of life lived. The main aim of the study was to discuss the methodology and usefulness of evaluating QALYs using the HRQoL questionnaires: EuroQoL (EQ)-5 dimensions-3 levels (EQ-5D-3L) and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) in 32 cervical cancer patients. We obtained the questionnaire and calculated QALYs based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) method. In our study, the total scoring of the EQ-Index, EQ-VAS evaluation was 2620 and 2409 points, respectively, which corresponds with the QALYs value of 26.2 and 24.9, respectively. We expressed the QALYs outcome into the economic equivalent of nearly 900,000 US dollars (USD) as the total health profit for both the patients and the healthcare system. Obtaining the QALY factor can help establish the medical management’s influence on the patients’ HRQoL and improve the healthcare services to ensure the best health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kucnerowicz
- Medical Services Records Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Pietrzak
- Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland. .,Nuclear Medicine Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Witold Cholewiński
- Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Martenka
- Radiotherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszałek
- Oncologic Pathology and Prophylaxis, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Burchardt
- Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Erwin Strzesak
- Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Katanyoo K, Thavorncharoensap M, Chaikledkaew U, Riewpaiboon A. A comparison of six approaches for measuring utility values among patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 22:107-117. [PMID: 33745394 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1906224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several instruments are available to measure health utility values. However, limited studies have not yet comprehensively assessed the agreement among these instruments. This study therefore aimed to investigate the performance and agreement of six instruments for utility measures: EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L (cTTO model), EQ-5D-5L (DCE model), EQ-5D-5L (Hybrid model), TTO, and VAS, among locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients in Thailand. METHODS We compared utility scores derived from six approaches using Friedman's test. We also assessed the agreement of utility scores between each pairwise comparison by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS The mean (SD) utility values derived from six approaches were as follows: 0.755 ± 0.248 (EQ-5D-3L), 0.801 ± 280 (TTO), 0.806 ± 0.156 (VAS), 0.871 ± 0.184 (cTTO model), 0.875 ± 0.168 (Hybrid model), and 0.900 ± 0.142 (DCE model). Significant differences across six approaches were found in Friedman's test. The ICC showed high agreement between EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L, and very high agreement between all three models of EQ-5D-5L. The Bland-Altman plots showed wide limit of agreement, except the pairwise comparison, between each model of the EQ-5D-5L. CONCLUSION TTO, VAS, EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L could not be used interchangeably in LACC patients. The impact of using different instruments on economic evaluation findings warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Katanyoo
- Social, Economic and Administrative Pharmacy (SEAP) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montarat Thavorncharoensap
- Social Administrative Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Chaikledkaew
- Social Administrative Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthorn Riewpaiboon
- Social Administrative Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tran TXM, Park J, Lee J, Jung YS, Chang Y, Cho H. Utility of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to measure primary health outcomes in cancer patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 2020; 29:1723-1739. [PMID: 33058000 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on how the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measure system is used to assess patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in cancer patients. METHODS We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified through searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and additional manual review of the publications listed on the PROMIS website. We included studies measuring outcomes, including physical function, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression in cancer patients. Eligible articles included interventional and observational studies published in English between 2009 and 2019. RESULTS A total of 1789 records were identified and screened by three reviewers, 118 articles were reviewed in full text, and 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies used the PROMIS measure system to prospectively assess longitudinal changes in PROs; the number of measurements ranges from 2 to 4 with the time points of follow-up set at 3, 6, and 12 months after the baseline assessment. Depression and fatigue were the most frequently measured outcomes. Fixed-length short forms with four items were the most common measure types. A transition toward utilizing a web- or smartphone-based electronic tool was observed to limit the burden of the conventional paper-based survey to collect and store PROs. CONCLUSION The PROMIS measure system is increasingly popular to measure PROs in cancer patients with acceptance of its various short forms and electronic-based systems to administer data electronically. Findings from this review highlight various aspects of PROMIS and may help health professionals in their choice of PRO tools for optimizing care and support for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Xuan Mai Tran
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Park
- Division of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonki Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuh-Seog Jung
- Cancer Knowledge and Information Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Chang
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- National Cancer Survivorship Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoon Cho
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|