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Verebélyi K, Szabó Á, Réti Z, Szarka G, Villányi Á, Iván B. Highly Efficient Cationic Polymerization of β-Pinene, a Bio-Based, Renewable Olefin, with TiCl4 Catalyst from Cryogenic to Energy-Saving Room Temperature Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065170. [PMID: 36982242 PMCID: PMC10048798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers based on renewable monomers are projected to have a significant role in the sustainable economy, even in the near future. Undoubtedly, the cationically polymerizable β-pinene, available in considerable quantities, is one of the most promising bio-based monomers for such purposes. In the course of our systematic investigations related to the catalytic activity of TiCl4 on the cationic polymerization of this natural olefin, it was found that the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) initiating system induced efficient polymerization in dichloromethane (DCM)/hexane (Hx) mixture at both −78 °C and room temperature. At −78 °C, 100% monomer conversion was observed within 40 min, resulting in poly(β-pinene) with relatively high Mn (5500 g/mol). The molecular weight distributions (MWD) were uniformly shifted towards higher molecular weights (MW) in these polymerizations as long as monomer was present in the reaction mixture. However, chain–chain coupling took place after reaching 100% conversion, i.e., under monomer-starved conditions, resulting in considerable molecular weight increase and MWD broadening at −78 °C. At room temperature, the polymerization rate was lower, but chain coupling did not occur. The addition of a second feed of monomer in the polymerization system led to increasing conversion and polymers with higher MWs at both temperatures. 1H NMR spectra of the formed polymers indicated high in-chain double-bond contents. To overcome the polarity decrease by raising the temperature, polymerizations were also carried out in pure DCM at room temperature and at −20 °C. In both cases, rapid polymerization occurred with nearly quantitative yields, leading to poly(β-pinene)s with Mns in the range of 2000 g/mol. Strikingly, polymerization by TiCl4 alone, i.e., without any additive, also occurred with near complete conversion at room temperature within a few minutes, attributed to initiation by adventitious protic impurities. These results convincingly prove that highly efficient carbocationic polymerization of the renewable β-pinene can be accomplished with TiCl4 as catalyst under both cryogenic conditions, applied widely for carbocationic polymerizations, and the environmentally benign, energy-saving room temperature, i.e., without any additive and cooling or heating. These findings enable TiCl4-catalyzed eco-friendly manufacturing of poly(β-pinene)s, which can be utilized in various applications, and in addition, subsequent derivatizations could result in a range of high-added-value products.
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Enferadi-Kerenkan A, Do TO, Kaliaguine S. Heterogeneous catalysis by tungsten-based heteropoly compounds. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the recent works on heterogeneous catalytic applications of polyoxotungstates in liquid-phase organic reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trong-On Do
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
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Heterogeneous amino acid-based tungstophosphoric acids as efficient and recyclable catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang S, Xu C, Zhai G, Zhao M, Xian M, Jia Y, Yu Z, Liu F, Jian F, Sun W. Bifunctional catalyst Pd–Al-MCM-41 for efficient dimerization–hydrogenation of β-pinene in one pot. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A new type of bimetallic palladium and aluminum incorporated mobile crystalline materials (Pd–Al-MCM-41) as bifunctional catalysts has been hydrothermally synthesized.
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Sanchez LM, Thomas HJ, Climent MJ, Romanelli GP, Iborra S. Heteropolycompounds as catalysts for biomass product transformations. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2016.1248721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The influence of surface coverage on the catalytic activity of silica-supported heteropolyacids. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-015-0924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Adsorption–desorption and catalytic properties of SBA-15 supported cesium salts of 12-molybdophosphoric acid for the dehydration of ethanol. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-015-0832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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