Quantum mechanical study of the reaction of CO2 and ethylene oxide catalyzed by metal–salen complexes: effect of the metal center and the axial ligand

Insights into the Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide and Propylene Oxide Ring-Opening Copolymerization Using a Co(III)/K(I) Heterodinuclear Catalyst

A combined computational and experimental investigation into the catalytic cycle of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide ring-opening copolymerization is presented using a Co(III)K(I) heterodinuclear complex (DeacyA. C.Co(III)/Alkali-Metal(I) Heterodinuclear Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO₂ and Propylene Oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2020, 142( (45), ), 19150−1916033108736). The complex is a rare example of a dinuclear catalyst, which is active for the copolymerization of CO₂ and propylene oxide, a large-scale commercial product. Understanding the mechanisms for both product and byproduct formation is essential for rational catalyst improvements, but there are very few other mechanistic studies using these monomers. The investigation suggests that cobalt serves both to activate propylene oxide and to stabilize the catalytic intermediates, while potassium provides a transient carbonate nucleophile that ring-opens the activated propylene oxide. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that reverse roles for the metals have inaccessibly high energy barriers and are unlikely to occur under experimental conditions. The rate-determining step is calculated as the ring opening of the propylene oxide (ΔG_calc^† = +22.2 kcal mol^–1); consistent with experimental measurements (ΔG_exp^† = +22.1 kcal mol^–1, 50 °C). The calculated barrier to the selectivity limiting step, i.e., backbiting from the alkoxide intermediate to form propylene carbonate (ΔG_calc^† = +21.4 kcal mol^–1), is competitive with the barrier to epoxide ring opening (ΔG_calc^† = +22.2 kcal mol^–1) implicating an equilibrium between alkoxide and carbonate intermediates. This idea is tested experimentally and is controlled by carbon dioxide pressure or temperature to moderate selectivity. The catalytic mechanism, supported by theoretical and experimental investigations, should help to guide future catalyst design and optimization.

Mechanistic guidelines in nonreductive conversion of CO2: the case of cyclic carbonates

This perspective provides general mechanistic guidelines for the catalytic formation of cyclic organic carbonates from CO₂ and cyclic ethers.