Use of nano-CuY zeolite as an efficient and eco-friendly nanocatalyst for facile synthesis of perimidine derivatives

Copper borate (CuB4O7)-promoted multi-component green synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole derivatives and evidence of in situ conversion of copper borate (CuB4O7) into Cu(OAc)2 in the presence of NH4OAc

A green, efficient, and straightforward methodology for the three-component synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole has been developed under solvent-free conditions using unconventional CuB₄O₇ as a promoter. This green approach encouragingly provides access to a library of 2,4,5-tri-arylimidazole. Also, we have been able to isolate the compound (5) and (6) in situ, which provides an insight into the direct conversion of CuB₄O₇ into copper acetate in the presence of NH₄OAc under solvent-free condition. The main advantage of this protocol includes an easy reaction procedure, short reaction time, and easy work up of the product without using any tedious separation method.

2-(1H-Imidazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine

The novel compound 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine was obtained in very good yield via a known eco-friendly protocol. The product was isolated in pure form as a solvate by simple filtration from the crude mixture. Its structure was assigned by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and was confirmed by high resolution MS and single crystal XRD. The temperature of methanol release was determined by DSC and the energy of the process theoretically estimated.

An efficient green protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles in the presence of ZSM-11 zeolite as a reusable catalyst

In this study, we have synthesized a series of ZSM-11 zeolite catalysts using tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide as a structure-directing agent through a highly efficient hydrothermal method. The series of catalysts were studied by different techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDS, pyridine-FT-IR spectroscopy, and BET analysis. We focused on varying reaction time intervals from 18 to 48 hours to investigate the effect on catalytic activities of the synthesized series of catalysts. The percentages of aluminum increased in the framework of zeolites with increasing crystallinity, surface area, external surface area, and acidity in the series of ZSM-11 zeolites by increasing the time from 18 to 48 h. Then, we studied the catalytic activity of a series of ZSM-11 zeolites and found that the ZSM-11 zeolite (48 h) possesses higher catalytic activity towards the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles under solvent-free conditions. The present protocol scored well with excellent yield, short reaction time, clean reaction profiles, low catalyst loading, and no tedious workup. The catalyst (ZSM-11 zeolite 48 h) was recycled and reused in five runs without any considerable loss of activity and product yield.

A new perimidine-based fluorescent turn-on chemosensor for selective detection of Cu2+ ions

Two new molecules based on 2-(2-alkoxy-1-naphthyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-perimidine are synthesized. The binding properties are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy showing that one of the products (2a) can selectively bind Cu2+ with fluorescence enhancement.

Design of a new multi-functional catalytic system Ni/SO3H@zeolite-Y for three-component synthesis of N-benzo-imidazo- or -thiazole-1,3-thiazolidinones

In this investigation, a nanoporous zeolite-NaY supported sulfonic acid was synthesized and Ni(ii) ions were successfully stabilized on SO₃H@zeolite-Y (Ni/SO₃H@zeolite-Y). This novel type of zeolitic nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques including FT-IR, FE-SEM, TGA, BET and EDX. Ni/SO₃H@zeolite-Y was used as a multi-functional and highly active nanocatalyst for the three-component synthesis of 3-benzimidazolyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones and new 3-benzthiazoleyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones via cyclocondensation of 2-aminobenzimidazole or 2-aminobenzothiazole, aromatic aldehydes and thioglycolic acid in acetone-H₂O at room temperature. This economical chemical procedure has advantages such as excellent yield in short reaction times, convenient manipulation and high purity of products, applicability to a broad range of substrates, and the use of a nontoxic and heterogeneous acid catalyst with good reusability.

Perimidines: a unique π-amphoteric heteroaromatic system

Data on the physicochemical characteristics, theoretical calculations, reactivity and synthetic methods for perimidines are summarized. Although perimidine and some of its simple 2-substituted derivatives were obtained by Sachs back in 1909, their chemistry and key physical properties remained unknown until the early 1970s. Subsequent studies revealed many fundamental features of the perimidine system, previously not encountered in the heterocyclic series. The first comprehensive review on perimidines was published forty years ago. The period that has passed since 1980 led to the emergence of new directions and trends. Several hundred new publications have appeared, the generalization of which has become the main purpose of this article. This primarily concerns the obtaining of highly nucleophilic and stable perimidine carbenes, new methods of electrophilic substitution and oxidation, establishment of a close relationship between perimidines and proton sponges, and modern theoretical calculations. Based on perimidines, many different polycondensed systems have been obtained. Applied research has developed especially rapidly in recent years. Many new compounds based on perimidines related to chemosensors, analytical reagents, dyes, metal catalysts, electronic devices, nanotechnology, and medical chemistry have been proposed. Some information under review is presented as Supplementary Materials. It contains six tables, which include data on the basicity constants of perimidines, details of some synthetic methods for perimidines and fused analogs and also a list of biological activities of perimidines.

The bibliography includes 387 references.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Perimidines and their Applications

Perimidines are versatile scaffolds and a fascinating class of N-heterocycles that have evolved significantly in recent years due to their immense applications in life sciences, medical sciences, and industrial chemistry. Their ability of molecular interaction with different proteins, complex formation with metals, and distinct behavior in various ranges of light makes them more appealing and challenging for future scientists. Various novel technologies have been developed for the selective synthesis of perimidines and their conjugated derivatives. These methods extend to the preparation of different bioactive and industrially applicable molecules. This review aims to present the most recent advancements in perimidine synthesis under varied conditions like MW radiation, ultrasound, and grinding using different catalysts such as ionic liquids, acid, metal, and nanocatalyst and also under green environments like catalyst and solvent-free synthesis. The applications of perimidine derivatives in drug discovery, polymer chemistry, photo sensors, dye industries, and catalytic activity in organic synthesis are discussed in this survey. This article is expected to be a systematic, authoritative, and critical review on the chemistry of perimidines that compiles most of the state-of-art innovation in this area.

Fe3O4/SO3H@zeolite-Y as a novel multi-functional and magnetic nanocatalyst for clean and soft synthesis of imidazole and perimidine derivatives

In this study, SO₃H@zeolite-Y was synthesized by the reaction of chlorosulfonic acid with zeolite-NaY under solvent-free conditions, which was then supported by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to give SO₃H@zeolite-Y (Fe₃O₄/SO₃H@zeolite-Y) magnetic nanoparticles. Several techniques were used to evaluate the physical and chemical characterizations of the zeolitic nanostructures. Fe₃O₄-loaded sulfonated zeolite was applied as a novel multi-functional zeolite catalyst for the synthesis of imidazole and perimidine derivatives. This efficient methodology has some advantages such as good to excellent yield, high purity of products, reusability of nanocatalyst, simple reaction conditions, environmental friendliness and an economical chemical procedure from the viewpoint of green chemistry.

Fe₃O₄/SO₃H@zeolite-Y was applied as a novel, effective and environmentally friendly magnetic nanocatalyst for the synthesis of imidazole and perimidine scaffolds.