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Kolagkis PX, Galathri EM, Kokotos CG. Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:379-426. [PMID: 38410780 PMCID: PMC10896228 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis X Kolagkis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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2
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Pang Q, Zuo WF, Zhang Y, Li X, Han B. Recent Advances on Direct Functionalization of Indoles in Aqueous Media. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200289. [PMID: 36722727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoles and their derivatives have dominated a significant proportion of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and play an essential role in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, pesticides, and advanced materials. Compared with conventional synthetic strategies, direct functionalization of indoles provides straightforward access to construct diverse indole scaffolds. As we enter an era emphasizing green and sustainable chemistry, utilizing environment-friendly solvents represented by water demonstrates great potential in synthesizing valuable indole derivatives. This review aims to depict the critical aspects of aqueous-mediated indoles functionalization over the past decade and discusses the future challenges and prospects in this fast-growing field. For the convenience of readers, this review is classified into three parts according to the bonding modes (C-C, C-N, and C-S bonds), which focus on the diversity of indole derivatives, the prominent role of water in the chemical process, and the types of catalyst systems and mechanisms. We hope this review can promote the sustainable development of the direct functionalization of indoles and their derivatives and the discovery of novel and practical organic methods in aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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3
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Khanna L, Mansi, Yadav S, Misra N, Khanna P. “In water” synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes: a review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1957113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Khanna
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Yadav
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Moyano A, Serrano-Pertierra E, Salvador M, Martínez-García JC, Piñeiro Y, Yañez-Vilar S, Gónzalez-Gómez M, Rivas J, Rivas M, Blanco-López MC. Carbon-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoflowers for Biosensors Based on Lateral Flow Immunoassays. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E80. [PMID: 32707868 PMCID: PMC7460469 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoflowers coated by a black carbon layer (Fe3O4@C) were studied as labels in lateral flow immunoassays. They were synthesized by a one-pot solvothermal route, and they were characterized (size, morphology, chemical composition, and magnetic properties). They consist of several superparamagnetic cores embedded in a carbon coating holding carboxylic groups adequate for bioconjugation. Their multi-core structure is especially efficient for magnetic separation while keeping suitable magnetic properties and appropriate size for immunoassay reporters. Their functionality was tested with a model system based on the biotin-neutravidin interaction. For this, the nanoparticles were conjugated to neutravidin using the carbodiimide chemistry, and the lateral flow immunoassay was carried out with a biotin test line. Quantification was achieved with both an inductive magnetic sensor and a reflectance reader. In order to further investigate the quantifying capacity of the Fe3O4@C nanoflowers, the magnetic lateral flow immunoassay was tested as a detection system for extracellular vesicles (EVs), a novel source of biomarkers with interest for liquid biopsy. A clear correlation between the extracellular vesicle concentration and the signal proved the potential of the nanoflowers as quantifying labels. The limit of detection in a rapid test for EVs was lower than the values reported before for other magnetic nanoparticle labels in the working range 0-3 × 107 EVs/μL. The method showed a reproducibility (RSD) of 3% (n = 3). The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) rapid test developed in this work yielded to satisfactory results for EVs quantification by using a precipitation kit and also directly in plasma samples. Besides, these Fe3O4@C nanoparticles are easy to concentrate by means of a magnet, and this feature makes them promising candidates to further reduce the limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Moyano
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry & Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.); (E.S.-P.)
| | - Esther Serrano-Pertierra
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry & Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.); (E.S.-P.)
| | - María Salvador
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (J.C.M.-G.); (M.R.)
| | - José Carlos Martínez-García
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (J.C.M.-G.); (M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Piñeiro
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (Y.P.); (S.Y.-V.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.)
| | - Susana Yañez-Vilar
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (Y.P.); (S.Y.-V.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.)
| | - Manuel Gónzalez-Gómez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (Y.P.); (S.Y.-V.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.)
| | - José Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (Y.P.); (S.Y.-V.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.)
| | - Montserrat Rivas
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (J.C.M.-G.); (M.R.)
| | - M. Carmen Blanco-López
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry & Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.); (E.S.-P.)
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Ashraf MA, Liu Z, Peng WX, Gao C. New Copper Complex on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient Reusable Nanocatalyst for Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines in Water. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Khatami M, Iravani S, Varma RS, Mosazade F, Darroudi M, Borhani F. Cockroach wings-promoted safe and greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their insecticidal activity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:2007-2014. [PMID: 31451901 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simpler and biocompatible greener approaches for the assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) have been the focus lately which have minimum environmental damage and often entails the use of natural biomolecules to synthesize NPs. Such greener synthesis of nanoparticles has capitalized on the use of microbes, fungi, and plants using biological resources. In this study, Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) wings' extract (chitin-rich) is studied as a novel biomaterial for the first time to synthesize silver NPs (less than 50 nm); chitin is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose on earth. The physicochemical properties of these NPs were analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The insecticidal effect of ensuing NPs was examined on the mortality of Aphis gossypii under laboratory conditions; 48 h after treatments of A. gossypii with silver NPs (100 μg/ml), the mortality rate in treated aphids was about 40% (an average), while an average percentage of losses in the control sample was about 10%. These results indicate the lethal effect of green-synthesized silver NPs on A. gossypii, in vitro. Greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles using American cockroach wings and their insecticidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Khatami
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Farideh Mosazade
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Borhani
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Investigation of γ-AlOOH and NiWO4-coated boehmite micro/nanostructure under UV/visible light photocatalysis. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Core@shell Nanoparticles: Greener Synthesis Using Natural Plant Products. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among an array of hybrid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles comprise of two or more materials, such as metals and biomolecules, wherein one of them forms the core at the center, while the other material/materials that were located around the central core develops a shell. Core-shell nanostructures are useful entities with high thermal and chemical stability, lower toxicity, greater solubility, and higher permeability to specific target cells. Plant or natural products-mediated synthesis of nanostructures refers to the use of plants or its extracts for the synthesis of nanostructures, an emerging field of sustainable nanotechnology. Various physiochemical and greener methods have been advanced for the synthesis of nanostructures, in contrast to conventional approaches that require the use of synthetic compounds for the assembly of nanostructures. Although several biological resources have been exploited for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles, but plant-based materials appear to be the ideal candidates for large-scale green synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. This review summarizes the known strategies for the greener production of core-shell nanoparticles using plants extract or their derivatives and highlights their salient attributes, such as low costs, the lack of dependence on the use of any toxic materials, and the environmental friendliness for the sustainable assembly of stabile nanostructures.
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Ye L, Cai SH, Wang DX, Wang YQ, Lai LJ, Feng C, Loh TP. Photoredox Catalysis Induced Bisindolylation of Ethers/Alcohols via Sequential C-H and C-O Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2017; 19:6164-6167. [PMID: 29112428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-engaged 2-fold site-selective alkylation of indole derivatives with aliphatic ethers or alcohols has been accomplished for easy access to symmetric 3,3'-bisindolylmethane derivatives. The experimental data suggest a sequential photoredox catalysis induced radical addition and proton-mediated Friedel-Crafts alkylation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Sai-Hu Cai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ding-Xing Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Qiu Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Jie Lai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Fang L, Wang G, Guo W. Rational synthesis of core-shell Fe3O4@thermally crosslinked PANI nanostructures based on a PVP-mediated in-situ polymerization strategy: Towards a stable catalyst support for 12-tungstophosphoric acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Utilization of flow chemistry in catalysis: New avenues for the selective synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Rafiee E, Eavani S. Heterogenization of heteropoly compounds: a review of their structure and synthesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogenization of different types of heteropoly compoundsviasix popular methods from those published over the past recent 15 years is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rafiee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - S. Eavani
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
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