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Poonia K, Singh P, Ahamad T, Le QV, Phan Quang HH, Thakur S, Mishra AK, Selvasembian R, Hussain CM, Nguyen VH, Raizada P. Sustainability, performance, and production perspectives of waste-derived functional carbon nanomaterials towards a sustainable environment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141419. [PMID: 38360410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The survival of humanity is severely threatened by the massive accumulation of waste in the ecosystem. One plausible solution for the management and upcycling of waste is conversing waste at the molecular level and deriving carbon-based nanomaterial. The field of carbon nanomaterials with distinctive properties, such as exceptionally large surface areas, good thermal and chemical stability, and improved propagation of charge carriers, remains a significant area of research. The study demonstrates recent developments in high-value carbon-based photocatalysts synthesis from various waste precursors, including zoonotic, phytogenic, polyolefinic, electronic, and biomedical, highlighting the progression as photocatalysts and adsorbents for wastewater treatment and water splitting applications. This review highpoints the benefits of using waste as a precursor to support sustainability and circular economy and the risks associated with their use. Finally, we support that a sustainable society will eventually be realized by exploring present obstacles and potential steps for creating superior carbon-based nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Poonia
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India
| | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Hoang Phan Quang
- Faculty of Biology and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh- 8, 173229, India.
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Han SJ, Xu L, Liu P, Wu JL, Labiadh L, Fu ML, Yuan B. Recycling Graphite from Spent Lithium Batteries for Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation to Obtain Clean Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300845. [PMID: 37525963 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is regarded as an attracting sustainable strategy for obtaining portable water from seawater and wastewater, and the recycle of waste materials to fabricate efficient photothermal materials as evaporator to efficiently utilize solar energy is very critical, but still difficult. To this purpose, graphite recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs) was realized using a simple acid leaching method, and a reconstructed graphite-based porous hydrogel (RG-PH) was subsequently fabricated by crosslinking foaming method. The incorporation of reconstructed graphite (RG) improves the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and the light absorption performance significantly. The evaporation rate of optimized RG-PH can constantly reach 3.4278 kg m-2 h-1 for desalination under a one solar irradiation, and it also showed the excellent salt resistance in various salty water. Moreover, RG-PH has a strong elimination of a variety of organic contaminants in wastewater, including the typical volatile organic compound of phenol. This research shows the potential application of flexible and durable solar evaporators made from waste materials in purifying seawater and wastewater, not only contributing to carbon neutrality by recycling graphite from SLIBs, but also ensuring the cost-effectiveness harvest of solar energy for constantly obtaining clean water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Han
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Pan Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Li Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Lazhar Labiadh
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, P. R. China
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3
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Tian H, Graczyk-Zajac M, Kessler A, Weidenkaff A, Riedel R. Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium-ion Batteries: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2308494. [PMID: 38102959 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by these batteries reaching the end of their lifespan. With retired EVs becoming more prevalent, recycling and reusing their components, particularly graphite, has become imperative as the world transitions toward electric mobility. Graphite constitutes ≈20% of LIBs by weight, making it a valuable resource to be conserved. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the current global graphite mining landscape and explores potential opportunities for the "second life" of graphitefrom depleted LIBs. Various recycling and reactivation technologies in both industry and academia are discussed, along with potential applications for recycled graphite forming a vital aspect of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, this review addresses the future challenges faced by the recycling industry in dealing with expired LIBs, encompassing environmental, economic, legal, and regulatory considerations. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in recycling and reusing graphite from retired LIBs, offering valuable insights for forthcoming large-scale recycling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Tian
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, Durlacher Allee 93, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Magdalena Graczyk-Zajac
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, Durlacher Allee 93, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alois Kessler
- EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, Durlacher Allee 93, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anke Weidenkaff
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Materials Recycling and Resource Strategy (IWKS), Brentanostraße 2a, 63755, Alzenau, Germany
| | - Ralf Riedel
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Tian H, Graczyk-Zajac M, De Carolis DM, Tian C, Ricohermoso EI, Yang Z, Li W, Wilamowska-Zawlocka M, Hofmann JP, Weidenkaff A, Riedel R. A facile strategy for reclaiming discarded graphite and harnessing the rate capabilities of graphite anodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130607. [PMID: 37056017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphite negative electrodes are unbeaten hitherto in lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) due to their unique chemical and physical properties. Thus, the increasing scarcity of graphite resources makes smart recycling or repurposing of discarded graphite particularly imperative. However, the current recycling techniques still need to be improved upon with urgency. Herein a facile and efficient hydrometallurgical process is reported to effectively regenerate aged (39.5 %, 75 % state-of-health, SOH) scrapped graphite (SG) from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Ultimately, the first cycle reversible capacity of SG1 (SOH = 39.5 %) improved from 266 mAh/g to 337 mAh/g while 330 mAh/g (98 %) remain after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The reversible capacity for the first cycle of SG2 (SOH = 75 %) boosted from 335 mAh/g to 366 mAh/g with the capacity retention of 99.3 % after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, which is comparable with the benchmark commercial graphite. The regenerated graphites RG1 and RG2 exhibit excellent output characteristics even increasing the rate up to 4 C. This is the best rate level reported in the literature to date. Finally, the diffusion coefficient of Li ions during deintercalation and intercalation in the regenerated graphites have been measured by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), determining values 2 orders-of-magnitude higher than that of the spent counterparts. Taking advantage of the synergistic effect of acid leaching and heat treatment, this strategy provides a simple and up-scalable method to recycle graphitic anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Tian
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Graczyk-Zajac
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, Durlacher Allee 93, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dario M De Carolis
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chuanmu Tian
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Iii Ricohermoso
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zhiwu Yang
- Qinghai Taifeng Pulead Lithium-Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Tongan Road 139, 810021 Xining, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Monika Wilamowska-Zawlocka
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anke Weidenkaff
- Fraunhofer IWKS, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany; Materials and Resources, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Riedel
- Dispersive Solids, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Niu B, Xiao J, Xu Z. Advances and challenges in anode graphite recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129678. [PMID: 36104906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been one of the fast-growing and largest quantities of solid waste in the world. Spent graphite anode, accounting for 12-21 wt% of batteries, contains metals, binders, toxic, and flammable electrolytes. The efficient recovery of spent graphite is urgently needed for environmental protection and resource sustainability. Recently, more and more studies have been focused on spent graphite recycling, while the advance and challenges are rarely summarized. Hence, this study made a comprehensive review of graphite recycling including separation, regeneration, and synthesis of functional materials. Firstly, the pretreatment of graphite separation was overviewed. Then, the spent graphite regeneration methods such as leaching, pyrometallurgy, their integration processes, etc. were systematically introduced. Furthermore, the modification strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance were discussed. Subsequently, we reviewed in detail the synthesis of functional materials using spent graphite for energy and environmental applications including graphene, adsorbents, catalysts, capacitors, and graphite/polymer composites. Meanwhile, we briefly compared the economic and environmental benefits of graphite regeneration and other functional materials production. Finally, the technical bottlenecks and challenges for spent graphite recycling were summarized and some future research directions were proposed. This review contributes to spent LIBs recycling more efficiently and profitably in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 07100, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Z, Wei W, Chen H, Ni BJ. Recent advances in waste-derived functional materials for wastewater remediation. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2022; 1:86-104. [PMID: 38075525 PMCID: PMC10702907 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution is a major concern for public health and a sustainable future. It is urgent to purify wastewater with effective methods to ensure a clean water supply. Most wastewater remediation techniques rely heavily on functional materials, and cost-effective materials are thus highly favorable. Of great environmental and economic significance, developing waste-derived materials for wastewater remediation has undergone explosive growth recently. Herein, the applications of waste (e.g., biowastes, electronic wastes, and industrial wastes)-derived materials for wastewater purification are comprehensively reviewed. Sophisticated strategies for turning wastes into functional materials are firstly summarized, including pyrolysis and combustion, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method, co-precipitation, and ball milling. Moreover, critical experimental parameters within different design strategies are discussed. Afterward, recent applications of waste-derived functional materials in adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, electrochemical treatment, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are analyzed. We mainly focus on the development of efficient functional materials via regulating the internal and external characteristics of waste-derived materials, and the material's property-performance correlation is also emphasized. Finally, the key future perspectives in the field of waste-derived materials-driven water remediation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Yi C, Zhou L, Wu X, Sun W, Yi L, Yang Y. Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Webs Containing Cu–Magnetite/Graphene Oxide for Cell Viability, Antibacterial Performance, and Dye Decolorization from Aqueous Solutions. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yu J, Lin M, Tan Q, Li J. High-value utilization of graphite electrodes in spent lithium-ion batteries: From 3D waste graphite to 2D graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123715. [PMID: 33113723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The graphite electrodes of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have a good crystalline composition and layered structure, and the recovery potential is promising. However, the internal and external surfaces of the waste graphite are often polluted with various organic and inorganic impurities, which seriously restrict its high-value utilization. Herein, the microstructure and surface analysis of waste graphite at variable scales were carried out systematically to reveal the types and occurrence status of impurities and their influence on the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) using a modified Hummers method. The results show that the graphite surface contaminants are polyvinylidene fluoride binder, LiPF6 electrolyte and LiF residue from the solid electrolyte interface, while residual lithium (Li2CO3) and CuO were found to have invaded the crystal structure of graphite. Fortunately, the modified Hummers method can effectively remove these complicated associated impurities and prevent their re-contamination on the GO surface. More importantly, the modified Hummers method can not only destroy the longitudinal molecular bonds between graphite layers, but also splice them horizontally to form 2D GO, which is verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images. This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-value utilization of waste graphite in spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minsong Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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