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Johari S, Johan MR, Khaligh NG. Organocatalytic Synthesis of (Hetero)arylidene Malononitriles Using a More Sustainable, Greener, and Scalable Strategy. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:704-716. [PMID: 38231061 DOI: 10.2174/0115701794268766231108110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE The establishment of a green and sustainable Knoevenagel condensation reaction in organic chemistry is still crucial. This work aimed to provide a newly developed metal-free and halogen-free catalytic methodology for the synthesis of CS and (hetero-) arylidene malononitriles in the laboratory and industrial scale. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of various carbonyl groups with malononitrile was investigated in ethanol, an ecofriendly medium, in the presence of seven nitrogen-based organocatalysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative study was conducted using two as-obtained and four commercially available nitrogen-based organocatalysts in Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The synthesis of CS gas (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) using a closed catalytic system was optimized based on their efficiency and greener approach. RESULTS The conversion of 100% and excellent yields were obtained in a short time. The products could be crystallized directly from the reaction mixture. After separating pure products, the residue solution was employed directly in the next run without any concentration, activation, purification, or separation. Furthermore, the synthesis of 2-chlorobenzylidenemahmonitrile (CS) was carried out on a large scale using imidazole as a selected nitrogen-based catalyst, afforded crystalline products with 95 ± 2% yield in five consecutive runs. CONCLUSION Energy efficiency, cost saving, greener conditions, using only 5 mol% of organocatalyst, high recyclability of catalyst, prevention of waste, recycling extractant by a rotary evaporator for non-crystallized products, demonstrated the potential commercial production of CS using imidazole in ethanol as an efficient and highly recyclable catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaimi Johari
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tanwar AS, Khatun MN, Chanu MA, Sarmah T, Im YH, Iyer PK. A water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte for selective and sensitive detection of carcinogenic chromium(VI). Analyst 2023; 148:6011-6019. [PMID: 37882495 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental water pollution caused by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a threat to living beings due to its carcinogenic nature. Herein, we report the synthesis of a highly fluorescent water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte PPMI and its application as a fluorescence sensor to monitor traces of carcinogenic Cr(VI) ions in water. PPMI was synthesized via the oxidative polymerization method followed by post-polymer functionalization. Fluorescent PPMI exhibited a photoluminescence quantum yield of 23.87 and displayed a rapid, very selective, and sensitive turn-off fluorescence signal in response to Cr(VI), with a significantly high quenching constant of 1.32 × 106 M-1. The mechanism of sensing was found to be static quenching. The limit of detection of this highly accessible analytical method was found to be in nanomolar ranges, i.e. 0.85 nM. Additionally, sensing on solid platforms such as economical paper strips was successfully achieved, which is very challenging and highly recommended for any reliable, portable, and economical analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Sain Tanwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mst Nasima Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | | | - Tapashi Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Yeon-Ho Im
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
- Centre of Nanotechnology and School for Health Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India.
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Parmar M, Vala RM, Patel HM. Importance of Hybrid Catalysts toward the Synthesis of 5 H-Pyrano[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2-ones/2,4-diones (Thiones). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1759-1816. [PMID: 36687108 PMCID: PMC9850783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyranopyrimidine core is a key precursor for medicinal and pharmaceutical industries due to its broader synthetic applications as well as its bioavailability. Among its four possible isomers, we found that 5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds have a wide range of applicability, and in recent years, they have been intensively investigated, but the development of the main core is found to be more challenging due to its structural existence. In this review article, we cover all of the synthetic pathways that are employed for the development of substituted 4-aryl-octahydropyrano/hexahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one (thiones) and 5-aryl-substituted pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidindione (2-thiones) derivatives through a one-pot multicomponent reaction using diversified hybrid catalysts such as organocatalysts, metal catalysts, ionic liquid catalysts, nanocatalysts, green solvents, catalyst-/solvent-free conditions, and miscellaneous catalysts as well as the mechanism and recyclability of the catalysts. This review mainly focuses on the application of hybrid catalysts (from 1992 to 2022) for the synthesis of 5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. This review will definitely attract the world's leading researchers to utilize broader catalytic applications for the development of lead molecules.
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Zafar A, Imtiaz‐ud‐Din, Palgrave RG, Muhammad H, Yousuf S, Evans T. Physico-Chemical Properties of Magnetic Dicationic Ionic Liquids with Tetrahaloferrate Anions. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200229. [PMID: 36599708 PMCID: PMC9812754 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of imidazolium-based symmetrical and asymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids (DcILs) with alkyl spacers of different length and with [FeCl3 Br]- as counter ion have been synthesized. The synthesized DcILs are characterized by using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry, along with single-crystal XRD analysis. Physicochemical properties such as solubility, thermal stability and magnetic susceptibility are also measured. These compounds show low melting points, good solubility in water and organic solvents, thermal stability, and paramagnetism. The products of molar susceptibility and temperature (χmol ⋅T) for the synthesized DcILs have been found between 4.05 to 4.79 emu mol-1 K Oe-1 and effective magnetic moment values have also been determined to be compared to that expected from the spin-only approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anham Zafar
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1E 0AJUK
- Department of ChemistryQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad453208Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz‐ud‐Din
- Department of ChemistryQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad453208Pakistan
| | - Robert G. Palgrave
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1E 0AJUK
| | - Haji Muhammad
- Department of ChemistryFederal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and TechnologyKarachi75300Pakistan
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of KarachiKarachi75270Pakistan
| | - Tim Evans
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1E 0AJUK
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Raya I, Kandeel M, Alsultany FH, Altimari US, Aravindhan S. Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel and Efficient Zinc Nanomagnetic Catalyst for Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indah Raya
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshikh University, Kafrelshikh, Egypt
| | - Forat H. Alsultany
- Medical Physics Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Usama S. Altimari
- Departement of Chemistry, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Surendar Aravindhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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Zheng Z, Deng H, Cai Z, Liao X, Xu S. Synthesis of the Octameric Ring Containing Compound Caulerpin Using a Knoevenagel Reaction Catalyzed by an Amino Acid ‐ Ionic Liquid Solvent. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang‐Fan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jie Cai
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Jian Liao
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Hai Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
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Johari S, Halim SNA, Johan MR, Khaligh NG. Synthesis and characterization of 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl) butane dihydrate and 1,4-di(1H-2-methylimidazol-1-yl) butane tetrahydrate: A study of the methyl group effect on spectroscopic data, thermal properties, and the crystal structures. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zare A, Kohzadian A, Filian H, Nezhad MSG, Karami A. [Et3N-SO3H][MeSO3] as a highly efficient catalyst for the production of pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d′]dipyrimidines and bis(pyrazolyl)methanes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Recent Advances in Imidazolium-Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids as Organocatalysts: A Mini-Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030866. [PMID: 35160810 PMCID: PMC8838660 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) are gaining considerable space in the field of organocatalysis mainly due to the opportunities in offering new possible applicable structural variations. In addition to the well-known variables which made the ionic liquids (ILs) famous as the type of cation and anion used, the nature of the molecular spacer moiety turns out a further possibility to improve some physicochemical properties, for example, solubility, acidity, electrochemical behavior, and so on. For this reason, this class of ionic liquids has been considered as possible competitors to their corresponding monocationic salts in replacing common catalysts in organic synthesis, particularly in cases in which their bidentate nature could positively affect the catalytic activity. This mini-review is intended to highlight the progress carried out in the last six years in the field of organocatalysis, including DILs as such and as hybrids with polymers, nanomaterials, and composites.
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Agarwal S, Sethiya A, Soni J, Sahiba N, Teli P. An Overview of Recent Advances in the Catalytic Synthesis of Substituted Pyrans. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Agarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur
| | - Ayushi Sethiya
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur
| | - Jay Soni
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur
| | - Nusrat Sahiba
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur
| | - Pankaj Teli
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur
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Rahmanzadeh A, Daneshvar N, Shirini F, Tajik H. Comparison of the efficiency of two dicationic ionic liquids catalysts based on perchloric acid for the protection of alcohols. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Aleaba G, Khedmatgozar Asadi S, Daneshvar N, Shirini F. Introduction of [2,2'-Bipyridine]-1,1'-Diium Perchlorate as a Novel and Highly Efficient Dicationic Brönsted Acidic Organic Salt for the Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-Arylmethylene Isoxazole-5(4 H)-One Derivatives in Water. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2005641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Aleaba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Darvishzad S, Daneshvar N, Shirini F, Tajik H. Knoevenagel condensation in aqueous media promoted by 2,2′-bipyridinium dihydrogen phosphate as a green efficient catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kulhánek J, Pytela O, Bureš F, Klikar M. Small Heterocyclic D‐π‐D‐π‐A Push‐Pull Molecules with Complex Electron Donors. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kulhánek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 53210 Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Pytela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 53210 Czech Republic
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 53210 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 53210 Czech Republic
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Hassanzadeh F, Daneshvar N, Shirini F, Mamaghani M. Introduction of a new bis-derivative of succinimide (Bis-Su) as a sustainable and efficient basic organo-catalyst for the synthesis of arylidene malononitrile and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives under green conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Efimov IV, Kulikova LN, Zhilyaev DI, Voskressensky LG. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Isocyanides with Activated Methylene Group. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Efimov
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Larisa N. Kulikova
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Zhilyaev
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
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Hassanzadeh F, Shirini F, Mamaghani M, Daneshvar N. Introduction of Succinimide as A Green and Sustainable Organo-Catalyst for the Synthesis of Arylidene Malononitrile and Tetrahydrobenzo[b] pyran Derivatives. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:155-163. [PMID: 32646356 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200709170916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE In this work, we tried to introduce a non-toxic and stable organic compound named succinimide as a green and efficient organo-catalyst for the promotion of the synthesis of arylidene malononitrile and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives. Using this method led to a clean procedure to achieve these types of bioactive compounds without a specific purification step. The rate and yield of the reactions were excellent, and also succinimide showed acceptable reusability as the catalyst. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a 25 mL round-bottom flask, [A: a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), malononitrile (1.1 mmol) and B: a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1.0 mmol), malononitrile (1.1 mmol)] and succinimide (0.2 mmol) in H2O/ EtOH [5 mL (1:1)] was stirred at 80 °C for an appropriate time. After completion of the reaction, which was monitored by TLC [n-hexane-EtOAc (7:3)], the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid product was filtered, washed several times with cold distilled water to obtain the corresponding pure product. RESULTS After the optimization of the conditions and amount of the catalyst, a series of aromatic aldehydes containing either-electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents were successfully used for both of the reactions. The reactions rates and yields under the selected conditions were excellent. The nature and electronic properties of the substituents had no obvious effect on the rate and yield of the reaction. Meanwhile, the catalyst showed acceptable reusability for these two reactions. CONCLUSION In this work, we have introduced Succinimide as a green and safe organo-catalyst for the efficient synthesis arylidene malononitrile and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives. The results showed that the catalyst had excellent efficiency in green aqueous media and also the reusability of the catalyst was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Hassanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Mamaghani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nader Daneshvar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
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Biglari M, Shirini F, Mahmoodi NO, Zabihzadeh M, Mashhadinezhad M. A choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent promoted three-component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and pyrano[2,3-d] pyrimidinone (thione) derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zabihzadeh M, Shirini F, Tajik H, Daneshvar N. [H-Pyrr][HSO4] as an Efficient Ionic Liquid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Xanthenes, Tetraketones, and Triazolo[2,1-b]quinazolinones. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1708419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zabihzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hassan Tajik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nader Daneshvar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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