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Cropley M, Rydstedt LW, Chelidoni O, Ollis L, Querstret D. Work-related rumination declines with age but is moderated by gender. Work 2023; 76:587-594. [PMID: 36872828 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much is known about the physical effects of work and health, but less is known about how older workers unwind mentally from work, and their post-work ruminative thinking. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the association between age, gender and two types of work-related rumination: affective rumination, and problem-solving pondering. METHODS This study utilized a sample of 3991 full-time employees (working 30 or more hours per week), who were stratified into five age bands (18-25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55, and 56-65 yrs.). RESULTS Affective rumination was found to significantly decline in the older age groups (46 + yrs.), but this finding was moderated by gender. Males reported lower work-related rumination over the entire age range, but the greatest difference between males and females was observed in the 56-65 age category. The results for problem-solving pondering mirrored those of affective rumination but with the only exception that there was no significant difference in gender between those aged 18-25 years. CONCLUSION These findings add to our understanding about how workers (between different age groups) mentally switch off from work and highlight the need for interventions to help older workers mentally recover from the effects of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cropley
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Psychology, Inland School of Business and Social Sciences (HHS), Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Leif W Rydstedt
- Department of Psychology, Inland School of Business and Social Sciences (HHS), Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Olga Chelidoni
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Lucie Ollis
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Dawn Querstret
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogic Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, UK
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He J, Liu Y, Cheng C, Fang S, Wang X, Yao S. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the 10-Item Ruminative Response Scale Among Undergraduates and Depressive Patients. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:626859. [PMID: 34122165 PMCID: PMC8187760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Rumination is considered as a key process in the mechanism of depression. Assessing rumination is important for both research and clinical practice. The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) is a widely-used instrument to measure rumination. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-10) in a large sample of Chinese undergraduates and depressive patients. Methods: A total of 1,773 university students and 286 clinical patients with major depressive disorder finished the Chinese version of the RRS10, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the two-factor structure (reflection and brooding) of the RRS-10. The correlations among RRS-10, STAI, and BDI were explored in two samples. In addition, the measurement invariance of the RRS-10 across gender, time, and groups with and without depressive symptoms were further investigated. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also evaluated. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the two-factor structure of RRS-10 fitted reasonably both in undergraduates (CFI = 0.933, TLI = 0.905, RMSEA = 0.071, SRMR = 0.035) and depressive patients (CFI = 0.941, TLI = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.077, SRMR = 0.057). The results of the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis supported the full strict invariance across genders and across groups (undergraduates and depressive patients). The full strong invariance over time was also supported by MGCFA. Besides, the RRS-10 showed acceptable internal consistency and good stability. Conclusions: The RRS-10 has good reliability and validity in different samples and over time, which demonstrated that RRS-10 is a valid measurement instrument to assess rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue He
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lei X, Zhong M, Liu Y, Xi C, Ling Y, Zhu X, Yao S, Yi J. Psychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale in Chinese university students. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:152. [PMID: 28454569 PMCID: PMC5410038 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination increases vulnerability to depression, exacerbates and perpetuates negative moods. This study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-10) in a large undergraduate sample. METHODS A sample of 5,236 university students finished the RRS and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the two-factor structure and the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 across gender. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, correlations among RRS, RRS-10 and CES-D were also explored. In addition, gender difference on rumination and the relationship between rumination and depression were further investigated. RESULTS The two-factor model of RRS-10 fit the data reasonably and had acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability in Chinese undergraduates sample. And the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 was acceptable across gender in Chinese university students. Findings in respect of latent means and manifest means revealed non-significant gender difference in RRS-10. Besides, participants with high-level rumination had more depressive symptoms than those with low-level rumination. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the RRS-10 showed good psychometric properties and was measurement invariant across gender in undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Lei
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- 0000 0004 0368 7397grid.263785.dCenter for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Chang Xi
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Yu Ling
- grid.257160.7Education Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China ,0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China ,0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Yi
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China. .,Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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Sex differences in cocaine/heroin users: drug-use triggers and craving in daily life. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:29-37. [PMID: 23357742 PMCID: PMC3664120 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of sex differences have shown that men and women with drug-use disorders differ in course and outcome and in cue-induced activation of putative brain "control network" areas. We evaluated sex differences in daily functioning and subjective events related to drug use with ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHODS EMA data were collected from cocaine- and heroin-using outpatients (72 men; 42 women) in methadone maintenance in 2-5 randomly prompted (RP) entries per day and in participant-initiated entries for heroin or cocaine use or craving, for up to 25 weeks. Urine drug screens were conducted three times weekly. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures logistic regression, using sex as a predictor of responses. RESULTS In RP reports, women and men reported significantly different patterns of drug-cue exposure, with women significantly more likely to report having seen cocaine or been tempted to use in the past hour. Women also had higher craving after past-hour exposure to drug cues. In reports of drug use, women, compared to men, were more likely to report that they had used more cocaine than they had meant to, tended to feel guilty more often after drug use, and to have used despite trying not to use. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide real-time behavioral evidence that women respond differently than men to exposure to drug cues and to drug use, consistent with laboratory and brain-imaging findings. This information may be useful for development of sex-specific treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Starting in adolescence and continuing through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression. According to the response styles theory (RST), gender differences in depression result, in part, from women's tendency to ruminate more than men. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate gender differences in rumination in adults (k = 59; N = 14,321); additionally, an analysis of subtypes of rumination - brooding and reflection - was conducted (k = 23). Fixed effects analyses indicated that women scored higher than men in rumination (d = .24, p < .01, SEd = .02), brooding (d = .19, p < .01, SEd = .03) and reflection (d = .17, p < .01, SEd = .03); there was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias across studies for these effect sizes. Although statistically significant, the effect sizes for gender differences in rumination were small in magnitude. Results are discussed with respect to the RST and gender differences in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
- Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Mark A. Whisman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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