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Chen N, Nakamura K, Watanabe K. Red background color biases gender categorization of human faces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7792. [PMID: 37179368 PMCID: PMC10182973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Color carries gender information (e.g., red-female). This study explored whether background color could influence the gender categorization of human faces. Visual stimuli were generated from faces whose sexually dimorphic content was morphed monotonically from female to male perception. The face stimulus was presented upright (Experiment 1) and inverted (Experiment 2) with three background colors (i.e., red, green, and gray). Participants were instructed to categorize the gender of the face stimulus as male or female by pressing one of two labelled keys. Results showed that a red background could bias the gender of an ambiguous upright face toward a female compared with green and gray background colors (Experiment 1). However, this red effect was diminished when the face stimulus was inverted (Experiment 2). These results suggest that red background color interacting with facial configuration features biases gender perception toward a female face, possibly through top-down processing of learned associations between the color red and femininity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Koyo Nakamura
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010, Vienna, Austria
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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Mochizuki M, Ota N. A matter of brightness, hue, or both? Gender–color associations in Japanese participants. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Santos J, Bittencourt I, Reis M, Chalco G, Isotani S. Two billion registered students affected by stereotyped educational environments: an analysis of gender-based color bias. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 9:249. [PMID: 35967484 PMCID: PMC9362687 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, educational technologies present several learning benefits to promote online education. However, there are several associated challenges, and some studies illustrate the limitations in elaborating educational technologies, called Design limitations. This aspect is responsible for unleashing various issues in the learning process, such as gender inequality, creating adverse effects on cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mediators, which opposes the fifth UN's Sustainable Development Goal. Therefore, many studies notice the harmful effects of stereotypes in educational technologies. These effects can be included in the design, like colors or other stereotyped elements, or how the activity is conducted. Based on this, the present study aimed to verify the predominance of color bias in educational technologies available on the WEB. This study developed a computational solution to calculate male and female color bias in the available educational technology web pages. The results suggest the prevalence of the development of educational technologies with a male color bias, with an imbalance among genders, without adequate customization for age groups. Furthermore, some environments, such as Computer Science, present a higher color bias for men when compared to women. Despite both scales being independent, results indicated interesting evidence of a substantial prevalence of colors associated with the male scale. According to the literature, this may be associated with dropout and lack of interest in female students, especially in sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jário Santos
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo (ICMC-USP), CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Ig Bittencourt
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil, CEP: 57072-970 Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Marcelo Reis
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil, CEP: 57072-970 Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Geiser Chalco
- Computer Science Center (C3), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS Brazil
| | - Seiji Isotani
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo (ICMC-USP), CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
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Hertz SG, Wood E, Gilbert J, Victor R, Anderson E, Desmarais S. Gender and Compensation: Understanding the Impact of Gender and Gender Stereotypes in Children's Rewards. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2018; 179:311-323. [PMID: 30362907 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2018.1512077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Children's understanding of rewards for task completion was examined in the context of gender, and gender-based stereotypes. Eighty-eight children (43 girls, Moverall = 58.39 months) completed a measure assessing gender-based occupational stereotypes. This measure, along with gender, was used to predict children's self-reward for undergoing the testing, as well as their reward for a fictional other child having undergone the same procedure. The methodology provided a novel approach for studying reward allocation in children, as it did not require children to divide resources between themselves and another child for completing the same task. An occupation-based stereotype measure was found to predict the self-reward, as well as the reward allocated to the other child. In addition, the participant's gender predicted self-reward, and an interaction between participant gender and gender of the experimenter contributed to predicting the other child reward. Overall, these findings suggest that gender and gender-based stereotyping have an impact on reward allocation of young children. Implications of these results in the context of reward allocation research among children and adult populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Hertz
- a Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Eileen Wood
- a Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jessica Gilbert
- a Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Rosemary Victor
- a Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Erin Anderson
- a Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Serge Desmarais
- b Department of Psychology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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González Conde D, Sueiro Domínguez E. Color y sexo. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACIÓN EN PSICOLOGÍA Y EDUCACIÓN 2017. [DOI: 10.17979/reipe.2017.0.04.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
La población infantil puede ser influenciada por los estereotipos de género que hay sobre los colores. En relación a este hecho, se llevó a cabo un estudio en el que participaron 50 niños/as de entre 4 y 7 años de edad. El objetivo principal era investigar cómo influye el sexo y la información relacionada con él en el uso y la elección de los colores que hacen ellos/as. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que los colores utilizados son diferentes dependiendo del sexo de la ilustración y que existen diferencias entre los colores favoritos de los niños y de las niñas.
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González Conde D, Sueiro Domínguez E. Uso del color en la infancia. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACIÓN EN PSICOLOGÍA Y EDUCACIÓN 2017. [DOI: 10.17979/reipe.2017.0.04.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
En las preferencias de colores que tienen los niños y las niñas pueden percibirse estereotipos de género, responsables de la diferenciación entre colores masculinos, femeninos y neutros. Así lo demuestran los resultados obtenidos en dos investigaciones llevadas a cabo en las etapas de Educación Infantil y Primaria acerca del uso de los colores en la infancia. De ambas investigaciones se hablará en el presente trabajo, así como también de todo lo referente al color y a los procesos de percepción y concepción de los colores en la infancia, entre los cuatro y los siete años de edad.
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Ayalon L. Forever young: Visual representations of gender and age in online dating sites for older adults. J Women Aging 2017; 30:484-502. [DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2017.1330586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sex and Couples Therapy Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Karniol R, Artzi S, Ludmer M. Children's Production of Subject-Verb Agreement in Hebrew When Gender and Context are Ambiguous. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2016; 45:1515-1532. [PMID: 26911992 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-016-9419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Third and 5th grade Hebrew-speaking children performed two sentence completion tasks, one requiring the assignment of male, female, or gender-ambiguous names and the inflection of verbs for male-stereotyped, female-stereotyped, and gender-neutral activities, and the other task, of inflecting verbs for male- and female-stereotyped activities performed by children with gender-ambiguous names. The question of concern was whether when faced with the need to inflect verbs to match the conceptual gender of the sentence subject, the gender-stereotyped nature of the activities in question and children's own gender would play a role in resolving the dilemma created by gender-ambiguous names and contexts. In both parts of the study, we found that (1) children's own gender played a role in determining the pattern of verb inflection, and (2) children used their semantic knowledge regarding the gender-stereotyped nature of activities to inflect verbs so as to create subject-verb agreement. Hence, subject-verb agreement in children draws on both their grammatical and semantic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Karniol
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69908, Israel.
| | - Sigal Artzi
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69908, Israel
| | - Maya Ludmer
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69908, Israel
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Yang F, Li C. The color of gender stereotyping: The congruity effect of topic, color, and gender on health messages’ persuasiveness in cyberspace. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pink gives girls permission: Exploring the roles of explicit gender labels and gender-typed colors on preschool children's toy preferences. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldner L, Levi M. Children's family drawings, body perceptions, and eating attitudes: The moderating role of gender. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Environmental judgment in early childhood and its relationship with the understanding of the concept of living beings. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:87. [PMID: 23525605 PMCID: PMC3602634 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The evidence collected concerning the biocentric judgment that young children express when evaluating human actions on the environment leads some scholars to suggest that an essential understanding of the notion of living beings should appear earlier than previously believed. This research project aims to study that assumption. To this end, young children's choice when they are put in situation of having to compare and choose the most negative option between environmentally harmful actions and the breaking of social conventions are examined. Afterwards, the results are categorized in relation to those obtained from the study of children's grasp of the distinction between living beings and inanimate entities. The data is analysed according to the individuals' age and overall, it suggests a lack of relationship between environmental judgment and the understanding of the concept of living beings. The final results are discussed in keeping with recent research in the field of moral development that underscores the role that unconscious emotional processing plays in the individual's normative judgment.
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The Gender Marketing of Toys: An Analysis of Color and Type of Toy on the Disney Store Website. SEX ROLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-012-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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