Male Graduate Students at a “Women’s College”: Examining the Roles of Academic Motivation, Support, Connection, and Masculinity Ideology

Watch the tone of your voice! An exploration of dehumanization of women by gender nonconformity based on tone of voice, occupation and appearance

Dehumanization refers to the act of likening others to objects or animals. This, in turn, mitigates feelings of conscience, guilt, and moral obligation in the face of behaviors such as violence, mistreatment, or discrimination against the dehumanized individuals. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of which women with mismatching vocal tone, occupation and appearance to their gender expectations are dehumanized by others. To achieve this, we conducted a between-groups factorial design experiment. In the experiment, participants looked at the photo and listened to the voice of a target woman with either a gender congruent or incongruent vocal tone, occupation, or appearance. Participants indicated the extent to which human attributes were appropriate for this individual. The results revealed that the main effects of vocal tone and occupation were significant for both mechanistic and animalistic dehumanization. A target woman with a mismatched vocal tone and occupation was more dehumanized compared to those with a matched vocal tone and occupation. However, the interaction effect of vocal tone, occupation type, and appearance was found to be significant only for mechanistic dehumanization. Our study provides evidence to recent concerns that women may experience dehumanization due to their vocal tone and occupation.

Mediating effects of achievement emotions between peer support and learning satisfaction in graduate nursing students

Graduate nursing students experience considerable stress due to their multiple responsibilities, including professional responsibilities, graduate coursework and family commitments. Peer support can help graduate students overcome stress and may heavily influence their learning satisfaction. However, the mechanisms underlying the influence of peer support on learning satisfaction in graduate students remain unclear. Thus, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between peer support, achievement emotions (learner-specific emotions related to achievement activities) and learning satisfaction, as well as the mediating effects of achievement emotions among 225 graduate nursing students working in the Korean health care system. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing these variables. Pearson correlation was conducted to investigate the relationship between the variables and Baron and Kenny's regression analysis and Sobel test were conducted to examine the mediating effects of achievement emotions. Peer support correlated positively with positive achievement emotions and learning satisfaction and negatively with negative emotions. Positive emotions were positively and negative emotions were negatively, correlated with learning satisfaction. Achievement emotions mediated the relationship between peer support and learning satisfaction. Our findings indicate that peer support plays an important role in improving learning satisfaction, emphasizing the advantages of positive emotions and the disadvantages of negative emotions in graduate nursing students.

Are the Processes Underlying Discrimination the Same for Women and Men? A Critical Review of Congruity Models of Gender Discrimination

Although classic congruity models of gender discrimination (e.g., role congruity theory, lack of fit) predict negative outcomes for both women and men in gender-incongruent domains, the literature has focused almost exclusively on discrimination against women. A number of recent studies have begun to address the question of whether and under what circumstances men can also be the targets of gender discrimination. However, the results of these studies have so far been mixed. Therefore, the question of whether men, like women, also suffer discrimination when in gender incongruent roles and domains remains unclear. The goal of the present paper is to integrate and critically examine the burgeoning literature on gender discrimination against men in order to assess whether the symmetrical predictions of congruity models are supported. Through this close analysis and integration of the literature, I aim to identify remaining gaps in the research on gender discrimination. In particular, I propose that researchers of gender discrimination would benefit from expanding their scope beyond that of paid work.