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Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li J, Chen Y, Zuo M. A lower gender equality consciousness in rural and left-behind children: a latent class analysis. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1368023. [PMID: 39035092 PMCID: PMC11259033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1368023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective School age is a critical period for the development of individual gender equality consciousness. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential classes of school-age children's gender equality consciousness, influencing factors and their differences in gender role, thus providing targeted guidance for the formulation and implementation of gender equality education strategies. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1846 school-age children using the demographic information questionnaire, gender equality consciousness questionnaire and Bem Sex Role Inventory. A latent class analysis was performed to explore gender equality consciousness latent classes. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictors of class membership, and chi-square test was used to compare the gender role of each latent class. Results The average age of the included 1846 participants was 10.10 ± 1.82 years old. The proportion of boy, grade 6 and living in urban area, respectively, were 50.8, 25.3, and 60.2%. The only children was 16.3% and left-behind children was 22.5%. 60.5% of all children thought their parents had a good relationship. The core family structure in all participants was 54.1%. Mothers were the caregivers of most children (63.6%). The same-sex friends more than 3 was 73.5%, while opposite-sex friends ranged from 0 to 1 was 41.7%. Three latent classes were identified and labeled "high gender equality consciousness" class (20.6%), "moderate gender equality consciousness" class (42.3%) and "low high gender equality consciousness" class (37.1%). Factors affecting the different types of school-age children's gender equality consciousness include gender, grade, caregiver, place of residence, whether they are left-behind children and parental relationship. Rural and left-behind children are more likely to enter the "low gender equality consciousness" group. Children in the "low gender equality consciousness" group had a lower proportion of androgynous gender role. Conclusion Rural children and left-behind children are the priority groups for gender equality education. Gender role is the important predictors and intervention targets of children's gender equality consciousness. Educators or policy makers can formulate targeted intervention measures according to the influencing factors of potential classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Man Zuo
- Heyuan People’s Hospital, Guangdong, China
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Scheifele C, Steffens MC, Van Laar C. Which representations of their gender group affect men's orientation towards care? the case of parental leave-taking intentions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260950. [PMID: 34860838 PMCID: PMC8641870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Men are currently underrepresented in traditionally female care-oriented (communal) engagement such as taking parental leave, whereas they are overrepresented in traditionally male (agentic) engagement such as breadwinning or leadership. We examined to what extent different prototypical representations of men affect men's self-reported parental leave-taking intentions and more generally the future they can imagine for themselves with regard to work and care roles (i.e., their possible selves). We expected prototypes of men that combine the two basic stereotype dimensions of agency and communion to increase men's communal intentions. In two experiments (N1 = 132, N2 = 233), we presented male participants with contrived newspaper articles that described the ideal man of today with varying degrees of agency and communion (between-subjects design with four conditions; combined agentic and communal vs. agentic vs. communal vs. control condition). Results of Experiment 1 were in line with the main hypothesis that especially presenting a combination of agency and communion increases men's expectations for communal engagement: As compared to a control condition, men expected more to engage in caretaking in the future, reported higher parental leave-taking intentions, and tended to expect taking longer parental leave. Experiment 2 only partially replicated these findings, namely for parental leave-taking intentions. Both experiments additionally provided initial evidence for a contrast effect in that an exclusive focus on agency also increased men's self-reported parental leave-taking intentions compared to the control condition. Yet, exclusively emphasizing communion in prototypes of men did not affect men's communal intentions, which were high to begin with. We further did not find evidence for preregistered mechanisms. We discuss conditions and explanations for the emergence of these mixed effects as well as implications for the communication of gendered norms and barriers to men's communal engagement more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Scheifele
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- PhD Fellow of the Research Foundation–Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Melanie C. Steffens
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Colette Van Laar
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mus S, Rozas L, Barnoya J, Busse P. Gender representation in food and beverage print advertisements found in corner stores around schools in Peru and Guatemala. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:402. [PMID: 34717738 PMCID: PMC8557525 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to assess gender representation in food and beverage print advertisements. Results The study follows a quantitative descriptive approach. Using a content analysis technique, we assessed the gender representation in 200 food and beverage print advertisements found in corner stores located in four areas around schools in Lima, Peru, and Guatemala City, Guatemala (100 advertisements per country). A total of 36% of the print advertisements exhibited a male main character for the case of Guatemala, while in Peru 14% of the print advertisements presented a male main character. Furthermore, in Guatemala, 22% of the main characters were male animated characters. Moreover, 27% of the print advertisements in Guatemala and 17%, in Peru were visually male-oriented. Overall, male characters appeared alongside sports references and in varied settings, whereas female characters were usually holding or consuming the product. In conclusion, although the majority of variables used to assess the representation of gender in food and beverage print advertisements were gender-neutral, those showing gender representation were mostly male-oriented. Despite its limited findings, the study provides evidence for the formulation of public policies and educational content aimed to protect children’s and adolescents’ health from the effects of food marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mus
- Departamento de Investigación, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, 8-00 9th Avenue, 11th zone, 01011, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lucila Rozas
- Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación y Salud, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, 4600 Javier Prado Este Avenue, Tower A, 11th Floor, 15023, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquin Barnoya
- Departamento de Investigación, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, 8-00 9th Avenue, 11th zone, 01011, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Peter Busse
- Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación y Salud, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, 4600 Javier Prado Este Avenue, Tower A, 11th Floor, 15023, Lima, Peru.
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Teng F, Hu J, Chen Z, Poon KT, Bai Y. Sexism and the Effectiveness of Femvertising in China: A Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aley M, Hahn L. The Powerful Male Hero: A Content Analysis of Gender Representation in Posters for Children’s Animated Movies. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hust SJT, Rodgers KB, Cameron N, Li J. Viewers' Perceptions of Objectified Images of Women in Alcohol Advertisements and Their Intentions to Intervene in Alcohol-Facilitated Sexual Assault Situations. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 24:328-338. [PMID: 31038010 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2019.1604911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-facilitated sexual assault is a serious problem on college campuses, and bystander intervention has been shown to be a successful method in reducing sexual assaults. Although there are a number of factors associated with individuals' intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations, the media's cultural scripts that link alcohol consumption to sexual success may play a role. Alcohol advertisements, in particular, routinely portray women as sexual objects and often link alcohol consumption to sexual success; therefore, exposure to such content may be negatively associated with people's intentions to intervene in alcohol-facilitated sexual assault situations. Thus, the current study investigated if exposure to and perceptions of objectified images of women in alcoholic beverage advertisements were associated with college students' intentions to intervene in alcohol-facilitated sexual assault situations. Undergraduate college students (N = 1208) were randomly assigned to view three alcohol advertisements that either included highly-objectified or low-objectified women, and then they reported their perceptions of the women in each of the alcohol advertisements and their intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that individuals' perceptions of alcohol advertisements moderate the relationship between exposure to objectifying alcohol advertisements and intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J T Hust
- a The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | | | | | - Jiayu Li
- a The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
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Čuš Babič N, Ropert T, Musil B. Revealing faces: Gender and cultural differences in facial prominence of selfies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205893. [PMID: 30379895 PMCID: PMC6209219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An international sample of 2754 selfies uploaded to Instagram that form part of the Selfiecity (www.selfiecity.net) research project (selfies originating from Bangkok, Berlin, London, Moscow, New York, and Sao Paolo) were examined to assess the existence of facial prominence differences in depictions of males and females and the variability of facial prominence among cultures. Results show that gender stereotypical bias resulting in greater facial prominence in depictions of men is present in selfies. The control of image creation and selection for publication by the persons presented in the images do not diminish this gender based bias. Also, when gender is controlled, significant differences exist in facial prominence among different cultures. Comparisons with various socio-cultural indicators indicate possible correlations of gender stereotypical bias to self-expression values, freedom of choice, people's influence on government's decisions, protection of freedom of speech and people's influence on issues in the professional and communal environment. This research does not find a correlation of gender based bias in selfies with gender equality or inequality measures among cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Čuš Babič
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Koroška cesta, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tadevž Ropert
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Koroška cesta, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Musil
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Koroška cesta, Maribor, Slovenia
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigates if and why audience gender ratios vary between museum YouTube channels, including for museums of the same type.
Design/methodology/approach
Gender ratios were examined for public comments on YouTube videos from 50 popular museums in English-speaking nations. Terms that were more frequently used by males or females in comments were also examined for gender differences.
Findings
The ratio of female to male YouTube commenters varies almost a hundredfold between museums. Some of the difference could be explained by gendered interests in museum themes (e.g. military, art) but others were due to the topics chosen for online content and could address a gender minority audience.
Practical implications
Museums can attract new audiences online with YouTube videos that target outside their expected demographics.
Originality/value
This is the first analysis of YouTube audience gender for museums.
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Zawisza M, Luyt R, Zawadzka AM, Buczny J. Cross-Cultural Sexism and the Effectiveness of Gender (Non)Traditional Advertising: A Comparison of Purchase Intentions in Poland, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prieler M, Kohlbacher F. Face-ism from an International Perspective: Gendered Self-Presentation in Online Dating Sites Across Seven Countries. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bègue L, Sarda E, Gentile DA, Bry C, Roché S. Video Games Exposure and Sexism in a Representative Sample of Adolescents. Front Psychol 2017; 8:466. [PMID: 28408891 PMCID: PMC5374198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has indicated that many video games are saturated with stereotypes of women and that these contents may cultivate sexism. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between video game exposure and sexism for the first time in a large and representative sample. Our aim was also to measure the strength of this association when two other significant and well-studied sources of sexism, television exposure and religiosity, were also included in a multivariate model. A representative sample of 13520 French youth aged 11–19 years completed a survey measuring weekly video game and television exposure, religiosity, and sexist attitudes toward women. Controlling for gender and socioeconomic level, results showed that video game exposure and religiosity were both related to sexism. Implications of these results for future research on sexism in video games are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Sarda
- LIP-PC2S, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
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Khalil R, Moustafa AA, Moftah MZ, Karim AA. How Knowledge of Ancient Egyptian Women Can Influence Today's Gender Role: Does History Matter in Gender Psychology? Front Psychol 2017; 7:2053. [PMID: 28105022 PMCID: PMC5215293 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are considered desirable or appropriate for a person based on their sex. However, socially constructed gender roles can lead to equal rights between genders but also to severe disadvantages and discrimination with a remarkable variety between different countries. Based on social indicators and gender statistics, "women in the Arab region are on average more disadvantaged economically, politically, and socially than women in other regions." According to Banduras' social learning theory, we argue that profound knowledge of the historical contributions of Ancient Egyptian female pioneers in science, arts, and even in ruling Egypt as Pharaohs can improve today's gender role in Egypt and Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, this article provides an elaborate review of the gender role of women in Ancient Egypt, outlining their prominence, influence, and admiration in ancient societies, and discusses the possible psychological impact of this knowledge on today's gender role. We suggest that future empirical research should investigate how enhancing the knowledge of women from Ancient Egypt can improve today's gender role in Egypt and the Middle East. Bandura's social learning theory is outlined as a possible framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Khalil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Science and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Z Moftah
- Department of Zoology, Neuroplasticity and Pain, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Karim
- Department of Prevention, Health Psychology and Neurorehabilitation, SRH Mobile UniversityRiedlingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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