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Persson M, Aizawa S, André N, Barabash S, Saito Y, Harada Y, Heyner D, Orsini S, Fedorov A, Mazelle C, Futaana Y, Hadid LZ, Volwerk M, Collinson G, Sanchez-Cano B, Barthe A, Penou E, Yokota S, Génot V, Sauvaud JA, Delcourt D, Fraenz M, Modolo R, Milillo A, Auster HU, Richter I, Mieth JZD, Louarn P, Owen CJ, Horbury TS, Asamura K, Matsuda S, Nilsson H, Wieser M, Alberti T, Varsani A, Mangano V, Mura A, Lichtenegger H, Laky G, Jeszenszky H, Masunaga K, Signoles C, Rojo M, Murakami G. BepiColombo mission confirms stagnation region of Venus and reveals its large extent. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7743. [PMID: 36522338 PMCID: PMC9755131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The second Venus flyby of the BepiColombo mission offer a unique opportunity to make a complete tour of one of the few gas-dynamics dominated interaction regions between the supersonic solar wind and a Solar System object. The spacecraft pass through the full Venusian magnetosheath following the plasma streamlines, and cross the subsolar stagnation region during very stable solar wind conditions as observed upstream by the neighboring Solar Orbiter mission. These rare multipoint synergistic observations and stable conditions experimentally confirm what was previously predicted for the barely-explored stagnation region close to solar minimum. Here, we show that this region has a large extend, up to an altitude of 1900 km, and the estimated low energy transfer near the subsolar point confirm that the atmosphere of Venus, despite being non-magnetized and less conductive due to lower ultraviolet flux at solar minimum, is capable of withstanding the solar wind under low dynamic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Persson
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - S Aizawa
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - N André
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Y Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Harada
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D Heyner
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Orsini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A Fedorov
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C Mazelle
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Futaana
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - L Z Hadid
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Volwerk
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G Collinson
- National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B Sanchez-Cano
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A Barthe
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - E Penou
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S Yokota
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - V Génot
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - J A Sauvaud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - D Delcourt
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Fraenz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Modolo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Pierre Marie Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Guyancourt, France
| | - A Milillo
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H-U Auster
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - I Richter
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Z D Mieth
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P Louarn
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C J Owen
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, UK
| | - T S Horbury
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - K Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - H Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M Wieser
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - T Alberti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A Varsani
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - V Mangano
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A Mura
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G Laky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - H Jeszenszky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - K Masunaga
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C Signoles
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - M Rojo
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - G Murakami
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Orsini S, Milillo A, Lichtenegger H, Varsani A, Barabash S, Livi S, De Angelis E, Alberti T, Laky G, Nilsson H, Phillips M, Aronica A, Kallio E, Wurz P, Olivieri A, Plainaki C, Slavin JA, Dandouras I, Raines JM, Benkhoff J, Zender J, Berthelier JJ, Dosa M, Ho GC, Killen RM, McKenna-Lawlor S, Torkar K, Vaisberg O, Allegrini F, Daglis IA, Dong C, Escoubet CP, Fatemi S, Fränz M, Ivanovski S, Krupp N, Lammer H, Leblanc F, Mangano V, Mura A, Rispoli R, Sarantos M, Smith HT, Wieser M, Camozzi F, Di Lellis AM, Fremuth G, Giner F, Gurnee R, Hayes J, Jeszenszky H, Trantham B, Balaz J, Baumjohann W, Cantatore M, Delcourt D, Delva M, Desai M, Fischer H, Galli A, Grande M, Holmström M, Horvath I, Hsieh KC, Jarvinen R, Johnson RE, Kazakov A, Kecskemety K, Krüger H, Kürbisch C, Leblanc F, Leichtfried M, Mangraviti E, Massetti S, Moissenko D, Moroni M, Noschese R, Nuccilli F, Paschalidis N, Ryno J, Seki K, Shestakov A, Shuvalov S, Sordini R, Stenbeck F, Svensson J, Szalai S, Szego K, Toublanc D, Vertolli N, Wallner R, Vorburger A. Inner southern magnetosphere observation of Mercury via SERENA ion sensors in BepiColombo mission. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7390. [PMID: 36450728 PMCID: PMC9712576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury's southern inner magnetosphere is an unexplored region as it was not observed by earlier space missions. In October 2021, BepiColombo mission has passed through this region during its first Mercury flyby. Here, we describe the observations of SERENA ion sensors nearby and inside Mercury's magnetosphere. An intermittent high-energy signal, possibly due to an interplanetary magnetic flux rope, has been observed downstream Mercury, together with low energy solar wind. Low energy ions, possibly due to satellite outgassing, were detected outside the magnetosphere. The dayside magnetopause and bow-shock crossing were much closer to the planet than expected, signature of a highly eroded magnetosphere. Different ion populations have been observed inside the magnetosphere, like low latitude boundary layer at magnetopause inbound and partial ring current at dawn close to the planet. These observations are important for understanding the weak magnetosphere behavior so close to the Sun, revealing details never reached before.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orsini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy.
| | - A Milillo
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - A Varsani
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - S Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - S Livi
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E De Angelis
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - T Alberti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - G Laky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - H Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M Phillips
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Aronica
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - E Kallio
- Aalto University, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Wurz
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - J A Slavin
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - I Dandouras
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J M Raines
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - J Zender
- ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Dosa
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G C Ho
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - R M Killen
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | | | - K Torkar
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - O Vaisberg
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - I A Daglis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Space Center, Athens, Greece
| | - C Dong
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - S Fatemi
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Fränz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ivanovski
- Astronomincal Observatory, INAF, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Lammer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - V Mangano
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - A Mura
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Rispoli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - M Sarantos
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - H T Smith
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - M Wieser
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | | | | | - G Fremuth
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - F Giner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - R Gurnee
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Hayes
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - H Jeszenszky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - B Trantham
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - J Balaz
- Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - M Delva
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - M Desai
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Galli
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Grande
- Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - M Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - I Horvath
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K C Hsieh
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R Jarvinen
- Aalto University, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R E Johnson
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - A Kazakov
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - K Kecskemety
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Kürbisch
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - M Leichtfried
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - S Massetti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - D Moissenko
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Moroni
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Noschese
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - F Nuccilli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - N Paschalidis
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J Ryno
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Seki
- University of Tokyo, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Shestakov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Shuvalov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - R Sordini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - F Stenbeck
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J Svensson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - S Szalai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Szego
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Toublanc
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - N Vertolli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Wallner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - A Vorburger
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Grava C, Killen RM, Benna M, Berezhnoy AA, Halekas JS, Leblanc F, Nishino MN, Plainaki C, Raines JM, Sarantos M, Teolis BD, Tucker OJ, Vervack RJ, Vorburger A. Volatiles and Refractories in Surface-Bounded Exospheres in the Inner Solar System. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:61. [PMID: 34720217 PMCID: PMC8550778 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles and refractories represent the two end-members in the volatility range of species in any surface-bounded exosphere. Volatiles include elements that do not interact strongly with the surface, such as neon (detected on the Moon) and helium (detected both on the Moon and at Mercury), but also argon, a noble gas (detected on the Moon) that surprisingly adsorbs at the cold lunar nighttime surface. Refractories include species such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum, all of which have very strong bonds with the lunar surface and thus need energetic processes to be ejected into the exosphere. Here we focus on the properties of species that have been detected in the exospheres of inner Solar System bodies, specifically the Moon and Mercury, and how they provide important information to understand source and loss processes of these exospheres, as well as their dependence on variations in external drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Grava
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Mehdi Benna
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alexey A Berezhnoy
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Jasper S Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | | | - Masaki N Nishino
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Jim M Raines
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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