Density functional theory and topological analysis on the hydrogen bonds in cysteine–propanoic acid complexes

From Gas Phase Observations to Solid State Reality: The Identification and Isolation of Trinuclear Salicylaldoximato Copper Complexes

Conditions have been identified in which phenolic aldoximes and ketoximes of the types used in commercial solvent extraction processes can be doubly deprotonated and generate polynuclear Cu complexes with lower extractant:Cu molar ratios than those found in commercial operations. Electrospray mass spectrometry has provided an insight into the solution speciation in extraction experiments and has identified conditions to allow isolation and characterization of polynuclear Cu-complexes. Elevation of pH is effective in enhancing the formation of trinuclear complexes containing planar {Cu₃-μ₃-O}⁴⁺ or {Cu₃-μ₃-OH}⁵⁺ units. DFT calculations suggest that such trinuclear complexes are more stable than other polynuclear species. Solid structures of complexes formed by a salicylaldoxime with a piperidino substituent ortho to the phenolic OH group (L⁹H₂) contain two trinuclear units in a supramolecular assembly, {[Cu₃OH(L⁹H)₃(ClO₄)](ClO₄)} ₂, formed by H-bonding between the central {Cu₃-μ₃-OH}⁵⁺ units and oxygen atoms in the ligands of an adjacent complex. Whilst the lower ligand:Cu molar ratios provide more efficient Cu-loading in solvent extraction processes, the requirement to raise the pH of the aqueous phase to achieve this will make it impractical in most commercial operations because extraction will be accompanied by the precipitation (as oxyhydroxides) of Fe(III) which is present in significant quantities in feed solutions generated by acid leaching of most Cu ores.